ti%"i" m-; \/l?<^ THE BULLETIN OF THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RALEIGH Vol. 36, No. 1. JANUARY, 1915 Whole No. 205 LIBRARY &*rAN«CAL QARUfcilS ANNUAL REPORT OF FARMERS' INSTITUTES PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION. Entered at the Postoffice at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter, February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900. Edwaeds & Broughton Feinting Co. State Printers STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE W. A. Geaham, Commissioner, ex officio Chairman, Raleigh. t w LATHAM Belhaven . Pir.t District. ^- W. Barnes Lucama Second District. R L. \\ OODARD . Pamlico Third District. Clarence Poe Raleigh Fourth District. ?■ i^-J^n'^'^ H'^^^ K'^er Fifth District. A T. McCallum Red Springs Sixth District. C C. Wright Hunting Creek Seventh District. Wjlmam BLED.SOE Gale Eighth District. W. J. Shuford Hickory Ninth District. A. CANNON Horse Shoe Tenth District. OFFICERS AND STAFF W- A. GRAHAM Commissioner. J^^^J^AS CAKR Secretary and Purchasing Agent. Miss Sarah D. Jones Bookkeeper. 5' ^; ^Pfr^^'A Bulletin Superintendent. T " T,V KI^GIORE State Chemist, Director Test Farms. J- J^I- PiC'KEL Feed Chemist. W. G. Haywood Fertilizer Chemist. J- '■i- JACK.SON Assistant Chemi-^t. ^- S. Dewar Assistant Chemist. if. B. Hart Assistant Chemist. J- R- Mullen Assistant Chemist. R W. COLLETT Assistant Director Test Farms. H. H. BRIMLEY Curator of Museum. T. W. Adickes Assistant Curator FRANKLIN SHERMAN, Jr '..... Entomo'cgist! S. C. Clapp Assistant Entomologist in Field Work. B. B. PLOWE Veterinarian. H. P. Plowe Assistant Veterinarian. E. G. HARfjETT Assistant Veterinarian. W. N. HUTT Horticulturist. R. G. HlLL.^ Assistant Horticulturist. T. B. PARKER Director of Farmers' Institutes. Mrs. Carrie Hudgins Garren. . . .Assistant to Director of Farmers' Institutes. R. L. Sloan Assistant to Director of Farmers' Institutes. W. M. ALLEN Chemist and Chief, Division Food and Oil Inspection. E. W. Thornton Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection. C. E. Bell Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection. Leland B. Rhodes Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection. C. B. WILLIAMS Agronomist. J. K. Plu.m.mer Soil Chemist. W. F. Pate Agronomist in Soils. R. Y. Winters Plant Breeding. G. M. Garren Assistant Agronomist in Crops. *W. E. Hearn State Soil Agent, Soil Survey. L. L. Brinkley Soil SurveV. S. O. Perkins Soil SurveV. R. C. Jurney Soil Survev. J. L. BURGESS Agronomist and Botanist. Miss S. D. Allen •. Assistant to Botanist. C. H. Waldron Assistant Agronomist and Botanist. Miss Louise A. Rademacher Assistant to Botanist. DAN T. GRAY Chief in Animal Industry. W. H. Eaton •. Dairy Experimenter. fALVlN J. Reed Dairy Farming. Stanley Combs Assistant in Dairy Farming. tE. H. M.iTHEWSON Tobacco Investigations. tC. R. Hudson Farm Demonstration Work. JT. E. Brotine Assistant in Charge of Bovs' Clubs. JA. K. Robertson Assistant in Bovs' Clubs. JMiss Jane S. McKimmon .Assistant in Charge of Girls' Clubs. JMiss Margaret Scott Assistant in Girls' Clubs. F. N. McDF^VELL, Assistant Director Edgecombe Test Farm, Rocky Mount, N. C. F. T. Meacham, Assistant Director Iredell Test Farm, Statesville, N. C. JOHN H. Jefferies, Assistant Director Pender Test Farm, Willard, N .C. F. S. PucKETT, Assistant Director Transylvania and Buncombe Test Farms, Swannanoa, N. C. E. G. Moss, Assistant Director Granville Test Farm, Oxford, N. C. *Assigned by the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture. tAssigned by the Bureau of Animal Husbandry, United States Department of Agriculture. tin cooperation with Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Kaleigh, N. C, December 8, 1914. Hon. W. a. Graham, Commissioner of Agriculture, Ealeigh, N. C. Sir :— Herewith find my annual report of Farmers' and Women's In- stitutes for the current year, which I recommend for the January, 1915, Bulletin. Respectfully, T. B. Parker, Directors of Farmers' Institutes. Approved for printing: "W. A. Graham, Commissioner. REPORT OF FARMERS' INSTITUTES, 1914 By T. B. Paekek, Director of Farmers' Institutes. From December 1, 1913, to November 30, 1914, the following number of institutes were lield in the State under the auspices of the State De- partment of Agriculture: 250 regular institutes for men, 9 special or Orchard Demonstration Institutes, and 2 institutes for negroes, with a total attendance of 35,632. There were held at the same time and places 240 regular institutes for women with an attendance of 33,227, with an additional attendance of 2,960 at local institutes, making the total attendance at women's institutes 36,187, or a grand total for men and women of 71,819, against 57,805 for last year. _ The demand for institutes was much greater this year than m any previous year. FARMERS' INSTITUTES, 1914. County Alamance. Date Alexander. Alleghany. Anson. Ashe. Avery Beaufort. Bertie. Bladen Brunswick. Buncombe. Aug. 17 Aug. 18 Aug. 19 Aug. 20 July 31 Sept. 14 Sept. 15 Sept. 16 Aug. 8 Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Aug. 20 Sept. 17 Sept. 18 Sept. 19 Sept. 22 Jan. 19 Jan. 20 Jan. 21 Jan. 24 Oct. 27-28 Feb. 16 Feb. 17 Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Sept Place Sept. 30 Burke j Aug. 5 Aug. 6 Cabarrus ' Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Caldwell Aug. Aug. Elon College Maywood - Spring Graded School ... Hawfield Graded SchooL Taylorsville Glade Valley Sparta - Whitehead McFarlan Polkton Wadesboro Ansonville Scottville Grassy Creek Jefferson Banners Elk Bath.. Aurora Washington Pantego Bath Mars Hill Windsor Tarheel Winnabow Mt. Pisgah Ash Swannaiioa Sand Hill Hildebran Hickory Grove S. H Rimer Concord.. Collettsville Hudson Lecturers Hendricks, Curtis, Garren. Hendricks, Curtis, Garren. Hendricks, Curtis, Garren. Hendricks, Curtis, Garren. Kerr, French, Young. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Chrisman, Young, Parker, T. F. Chrisman, Young, Parker, T. F. Chrisman, Young, Parker, T. F. Chrisman, Sloan, Kerr. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Sherman, Latham, Sloan. Sherman, Latham, Sloan. Sherman, Latham, Sloan. Sherman, Latham, Sloan. Latham, Sloan. Sherman, Rives. Sherman, Rives. Garren, Hill, Robertson. Garren, Hill, Robertson. Garren, Hill, Robertson. Garren, Hill, Robertson. Garren, Hill. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, Garren. Kerr, French, Young. Kerr, French, Young. Hendricks, Curtis, Owen. Hendricks, Curtis, Owen, Sloan. Kerr, French, Young. Kerr, French, Young. 6 The Bulletin FARMERS' INSTITUTES, 1914— Continued. County Date C!aTTi(ien Jan. 31 Feb. 10 July 29 July 30 Aug. 14 Aug. 15 Aug. 17 Aug. 18 Aug. 19 Aug. 20 Aug. 21 Aug. 22 Aug. 29 July 24 Sept. 15 Sept. 18 Sept. 19 Jan. 29 Sept. 16 Sept. 17 Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Aug. 13 Aug. 15 Feb. 7 Feb. 9 Feb. 10 Feb. 11 Feb. 6 Feb. 7 Jan. 21 Jan. 24 Feb. 2 Feb. 3 July 24 On rt,pret Oaswpll 1 Ohatham Ohowan Clay Columbus Cumberland Currituck Davidson __ Davie Aug. 1 Aug. 5 Aug. 6 July 27 Duplin - July 28 Jan. 30 Durham Feb. 2 July 25 Edgecombe July 27 Aug. 21 April — Forsyth Jan. 19 July 25 Franklin. ._ _ _ _. Aug. 15 Aug. 19 Aug. 20 . Feb. 25 Gaston _- . Aug. 17 • Gates - Aug. 18 Aug. 21 . Feb. 9 Granville . Feb. 27 Guilford Feb. 28 . July 29 Place Lecturers Camden C. H Newport Leasburg Semora Cloninger's Farm Rockett, S. H Catawba Terrells S. H -. St. James S. H Shuford's Farm Providence S. H.. KilUanS. H Minerva S. H Siler City- Ranger Murphy Andrews Edenton__ .., Brasstown ._ Hayesville Casar__ Behvood Shelby Waco Old Dock White ville Chadbourn__ Tabor Beech Grove ErnuL King Hiram S. H Stedman Coin jock-- Newbern's Landing.. Enterprise Boston S. H Cedar Springs S. H.- Clarksburg Farmington Center Church Calypso Concord Mineral Springs Lowe's Grove S. H.- Bahama Dixie S. H Battleboro Clemmons Below's Creek Burke's Grove Cold Springs Louisburg -. Sunnyside S. H Eakers S. H Stanley Eure Stovall Creedmoor Pleasant Garden Sherman, Burgess, Sloan. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Scott, Parker, T. B., Cunningham. Scott,. Parker, T. B., Cunningham. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Robinson, Shuford, Combs. Hendricks, Garren. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, Perkins. Sherman, Burgess, Sloan. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, Perkins. Kerr, French, Combs. Kerr, French, Combs. Kerr, French, Combs. Kerr, French, Combs. Garren, Hill. Garren, Shaw. Garren, Shaw. Garren, Shaw. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Garren, Hill, Robertson. Garren, Hill, Robertson. Sherman, Rives. Sherman, Rives. French, Sloan. Hendricks, Garren, Shook. Hendricks, Garren, Shook. Parker, T. B., Holmes. Kerr, French, Sloan. Kerr, French, Sloan. Kerr, Newell. Kerr, Newell. Scott, Parker, T. B. Scott, Parker, T. B. Hendricks, Curtis, Garren. Burgess. Kerr, Newell. French, Sloan. Scott, Eaton. Scott, Garren. Scott, Garren. Parker, T. B., Garren, Sloan. French, Parker, T. F., Combs. French, Parker, T. F., Combs. French, Parker, T. F., Combs. Sherman, Rives. Garren, Sloan. Garren, Parker, T. B. Hendricks, Shook, Garren. The Bulletin FARMERS' INSTITUTES, 1914— Continued. County- Date Hertford. Hoke. Hyde. Iredell- Jackson.. Johnston. Jones. Lee... Lenoir. Lincoln- Macon. Madison. McDowell. Martin Mecklenburg- Mitchell. Montgomery. Place Guilford July 30 July 31 I Aug. 1 Aug. 21 Halifax.--- : Jan. 21 Feb. 23 Harnett : Feb. 17 Haywood I Sept. 10 Sept. 11 Sept. 12 Henderson Sept. 2 Sept. 5 Sept. 8 Sept. 9 Feb. 10 Feb. 11 Feb. 18 July 29 Jan. 22 Jan. 23 July 29 July 30 Aug. 1 Aug. 14 Sept. ,26 Jan. 15 Jan. 15 Jan. 16 Feb. 5 Oct. 9 Oct. 10 Jan. 24 Feb. 11 Aug. 19 Aug. 20 Sept. 21 Sept. 22 Sept. 23 Sept. 24 Sept. 25 Sept. 28 Sept. 29 Aug. 7 Jan. 22 Feb. 7 June 4 Aug. 13 Aug. 17 Aug. 18 Mar. 6 Sept. 4 Aug. 12 Aug. 13 Aug. 1 Aug. 4 Aug. 5 Aug. 6 July 24 July 25 Moore- McLeansburg Jamestown B attleground Colfax...: Scotland Neck Aurelian Springs. . Duke Bethel Rock Springs Waynesville Liberty S. H Mills River. _ Dana Fletcher Winton Murfreesboro Ahoskie Raeford 3wan Quarter Sladesville Cool Springs Eupeptic Springs. Test Farm Mooresville.-- Cullowhee Pleasant Hill Micro Sandy Grove Pollocksville Broadway Sanford LaGrange Kinston .. Reepsville Lincolnton Franklin^ Maxwell Otto. West Hill S. H.. Hidgonville. Marshall- Mars Hill- Marion. Oak City. Williamston. Parmele (colored). Huntersville. Carolina Academy. Mint Hill- Biddle University- Biddle University- Bakersville- Spruce Pine. Candor. Star. Troy -. Mt. Gilead Bethlehem Church. Glendon Lecturers Hendricks, Shook, Garren. Hendricks, Shook, Garren. Scott, Sloan. Scott, Garren. Kerr, Newell. Garren, Parker, T. B. Garren, Parker, Graham, Hill. Parker, Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, Cheshire, Perkins. Parker, Cheshire, Perkins. Sherman, Rives. Sherman, Rives. Sherman, Rives. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Newman. Sherman, Latham, Sloan. Sherman, La.tham, Sloan. Kerr, French, Sloan. Kerr, French, Sloan. Kerr, French, Young. Hendricks, Curtis, Owen, Sloan. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, McCracken. Garren, Hill. Sherman, McLean, Sloan. Garren, Hill. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Garren, Sloan. Garren, Sloan. Kerr, Newell. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. French, Parker, T. F., Combs. French, Parker, T. F., Combs. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, McCracken. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, McCracken. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, McCracken. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, McCracken. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, McCracken. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, McCracken. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, McCracken. Kerr, French, Parker, Garren. Kerr, Newell. Sherman, Rives. Sloan. Hendricks, Curtis, Owen, Sloan. Chrisman, Kerr, Sloan. Chrisman, Kerr, Sloan. Garren, Sloan. Sloan, Graeber. Parker, Garren, Holmes. Parker, Garren, Holmes. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Newman. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Sloan. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Sloan. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Sloan. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Newman. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Newman. The Bulletin FARMERS' INSTITUTES, 1914— Continued. County Moore. Nash. New Hanover. Northampton- Onslow. Orange Pamlico Pasquotank- Pender Date Perquimanf Person Pitt Place Lecturers July 27 July 25 July 30 July 31 Jan. 15 Jan. 16 Jan. 31 Feb. 12 Feb. 13 Feb. 14 Feb. 4 Feb. 12 Aug. 22 Feb. 9 Feb. 4 Feb. 5 Jan. 29 Feb. 2 Feb. 3 Mar. 17-18 Nov. 4-5 Jan. 30 July 28 Jan. 17 Jan. 23 I Feb. 14 Polk I Sept. 7 Randolph July 25 July 27 July 28 Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Aug. 3 Aug. 10 Jan. 19 Jan. 20 Jan. 23 Feb. 12 Oct. 17 July 31 Aug. 13 Aug. 14 Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 15 Aug. 21 Aug. 22 Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 14 Jan. 17 Jan. 26 Jan. 27 Jan. 28 Jan. 31 Richmond- Robeson. Rockingham- Rowan. Cameron Aberdeen West End Big Oak Stanhope... _- Nashville Wrightsboro Conway Lasker Rich Square Harris Creek S. H. Richlands Hillsboro Bayboro Elizabeth City Salem Atkinson Burgaw WiUard Watha. Watha. Rutherford - Sampson- Hertf ord Chub Lake Grimesland Grifton Greenville Columbus Pleasant Ridge Liberty .Providence S. H Seagrove Farmer. EUerbe Springs. Rockingham Antioch Lumber Bridge St. Pauls . Fairmont Back Swamp Ruffin New Bethel Academy. Stoneville -I-. Rockwell China Grove Mt. Ulla Liberty S. H Woodleaf Forest City Golden Dobbin's S. H Newton Grove Piney Green Garland Harrells Store Beulah S. H Clinton (colored) Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Newman. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Newman. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Newman. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Newman. Kerr, Newell. Kerr, Newell. Garren, Hill. Sherman, Rives. Sherman, Rives. Sherman, Rives. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Scott, Garren, Parker, T. B. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Sherman, Rives. Sherman, Rives. Garren, Hill, Eaton, Dr. Smith. Garren, Hill, Eaton, Dr. Smith. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Parker, Garren, Sloan. Hutt, Hudson, Sloan, Hargett, Mc- Vean. Sherman, Biu-gess, Sloan. Scott. Parker, T. B., Cuningham. Sherman, McLean, Sloan. Kerr, Newell. Kerr, Newell, Sloan. Parker, T. B., Cheshire. Hendricks, Garren. Hendricks, Garren. Hendricks, Garren, Shook. Hendricks, Garren, Shook. Hendricks, Garren, Shook. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Sloan. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Young. Garren, Robertson, Shaw. Garren, Robertson, Shaw. Garren, Robertson, Hill. Garren, Robertson, Shaw. Parker, T. B. Scott, Parker, T. B., Sloan. Scott, Eaton. Scott, Eaton. Hendricks, Shook. Hendricks, Curtis, Owen. Hendricks, Curtis, Owen. Chrisman, Kerr, Sloan. French, Combs, Parker, T. F. French, Combs, Kerr. Kerr, French, Combs. Kerr, French, Combs. Garren, Hill. Garren, Hill, Eaton. Garren, Hill, Eaton. Garren, Hill, Eaton. Kerr, Newell. Parker, T. B. The Bulletin FARMERS' INSTITUTES, 1914— Continued. County Stanly Aug. 6 Aug. 7 Aug. 7 Stokes j Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Date Location Surry. Swain. Aug. 17 Aug. 18 Sept. 14 Transylvania Sapt. 3 Sept. 4 Tyrrell Jan. 27 Union Aug. 13 Aug. 14 Aug. 15 Aug. 19 Washington Jan. 28 Feb. 6 Watauga Sept. 21 [ Sept. 23 Wayne Jan. 26 Jan. 27 Jan. 28 Jan. 29 Wilkes ' Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Aug. 5 Aug. 6 Aug. 7 I Sept. 14 Wilson Jan. 16 I Jan. 17 Yadkin . Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Yancey Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 11 Endy, S. H Richfield Norwood Walnut Cove Danbury Piney Grove Church. Pilot Mountain __ Bryson City Selica Blantyre Columbia Marsh ville Marvin. Waxhaw Indian Trail Creswell _ _._ Plymouth Valle Crucis Boone Seven Springs Memorial Church Falling Creek Smith's Chapel Dudley (colored) Millers Creek Beaver Creek... _ Boomer Newhope Church Clingman S. H Trap Hill Stantonsburg Rock Ridge Hamptonville Boone ville Burns ville Bald Creek Daybook Lecturers Hendricks, Shook. Hendricks, Shook. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Sloan. Scott, Eaton, Sloan. Scott, Eaton. Scott, Garren. Scott, Garren. Parker, T. B., Cheshire, Perkins. Garren. Garren, Dr. Owen. Sherman, Burgess, Sloan. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Young. Chrisman, Parker, T. F., Young. Chrisman, Parker, Sloan. Chrisman, Kerr, Sloan. Sherman, Burgess, Sloan. Sherman, Rives. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Kerr, Newell. Kerr, Newell. Kerr, Newell. Kerr, Newell. Parker, T. B. Scott. Scott, Robinson. Scott, Robinson. Scott, Robinson. Scott, Robinson. Sherman, Hudson, Reed. Sherman, McLean, Sloan. Kerr, Newell. Scott, Sloan. Scott, Sloan. Parker, T. B., Garren, Holmes. Parker, T. B., Garren, Holmes. Parker, T. B., Garren, Holmes. LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS. Name . O Subjects Browne, T. E.... ! 5 District Demonstration Agent. Burgess, J. L j 9 Agronomist, Department of Agriculture. Cheshire, J. W Secretary North Carolina Audubon Soc. Chrisman, W. G.. Veterinarian V. P. I.' Combs, Stanley. Assistant in Dairy Farming, N. C. CUNINGHAM. J. S Special Agent in Tobacco Investigation. 35 25 12 Peanut Culture. Corn Culture. Farm Crops. Soil Building. The Value of Birds. Diseases of Live Stock. Growing Live Stock. Dairy Farming. Tobacco Culture. 10 The Bulletin LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS-Continued Name Curtis, R. S Assistant in Animal Husbandry. Eaton, W. H _ Dairy Expert. French, A. L... Farmer. Garren, G. M Assistant Agronomist, Department of Agri- culture. Hargett, E. G ._ Assistant Veterinarian, Department of Ag- riculture. Hendricks, M. J Farmer. Hill, R. G Assistant Horticulturist. Holmes, J. S... ; State Forester. Hudson, C. R... Farm Demonstration Work. HUTT, W. N State Horticulturist. Johnson, J. M Expert in Farm Management, U. S. De- partment of Agriculture. Kerr, J. P Farmer. Latham, J. F Farmer. McCracken, R. p..- Farmer. McLean, T. D District Demonstration Agent. McVean, J. D Pig Clubs. Millsaps, E. S ,. District Demonstration Agent. Newell, F. B Farmer, Demonstration Agent. Newm.\n, C. L Professor of Agriculture, Agricultural and Mechanical College. Owen, F. D U. S. Department of Agriculture. Parker, T. B Director ot Farmers' Institutes, Depart- ment of Agriculture. Pahker, T. F .. Professor of Agriculture, Porto Rico. Perkins, E. L.. Farmer, Demonstration Agent. 3T3 1-1 d . a) 25 24 20 2 2 2 52 27 Subjects Beef Production. Silo and Silage. Care and Feeding of Dairy Cows. Butter Making. Soil Improvement with Live Stock. Soil Improvement. Corn Culture. Legumes. Preventing Diseases. Wheat Culture. Corn Culture. Apple Culture. Vegetable Gardens. Forest Protection. Soil Building. Corn Culture. Pecan Growing. Orchard Management. Farm Management. Poultry. Harvesting Corn. Crop Rotation. Renovation of Wornout Land. Beef Production. Drainage. Cotton Growing. Soil Improvement. Swine Management. Corn Culture. Cotton Culture. Cooperation. Cover Crops. Soil Improvement. Cotton Culture. Comm rcial Fertilizers Hog Cholera and its Prevention. Commercial Fertilizers. Corn and Cotton Culture. Soil Building. Mixing Fertilizers. Cotton Culture. Cover Crops. Soil Improvement. The Bulletin LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS— Continued. 11 Name I— I d OS Reed, A. J Dairy Specialist, U. S. Department of Agri- culture. Rives, J. R Farmer. Robertson, A. K Assistant in Boys' Corn Clubs. Robinson, John W. Farmer. Shaw, S. B -- Assistant Horticulturist, Department of Agriculture. Sherman, Franklin, Jr State Entomologist, Department of Agri- culture. Scott, R. W Farmer. Shook, L. W Assistant Swine Investigations. Shuford, W. J Sloan, R. L Assiatant Director Farmers' Institutes, Department of Agriculture. Williams, C. B Assistant Director Experiment Station, Department of Agriculture. Young, H. C --.- Instructor A. & M. College. 14 14 12 10 38 25 14 60 Subjects 14 Dairying. Cooperation. Corn Growing. Dairying. Cooperation. Apple Culture. Spraying and Spray Materials. Insect Pests and Their Control. Diversified Farming. Live Stock. Cooperation. Crop Rotation. Soil Fertility. Farm Crops. Lime and its Use. Plant Diseases. County and Local Farmers' Institute Organizations. Farmers' Institute Committees are appointed in all the counties where institutes are held. The duties of the members of the committees are to suggest places where the institutes are to be held, topics for discussion, advertise the meetings, look after the comfort of those attending the meetings, see that the house or hall in which the institute is to be held is put in good order before the hour for the institute to meet. Farmers' clubs, local Farmers' Alliances, and local Farmers' Unions can greatly help the institutes by cooperating with the local institute committees and the conductor of the institute party. Such cooperation is Avelcomed. CHAIRMEN OF COUNTY AND LOCAL FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEES.. County Chairman of Committee PostofEce \laniance C. R. Cates Mefjane. Elon OoUpse W. P. Lawrence - Elon College. Spring Graded School Alpxandpr Prof. E. P. Dixon , Saxapahaw. J. H. Smith Taylorsville. Alleghany S. F. Thompson - Walls. 12 The Bulletin CHAIRMEN OF COUNTY AND LOCAL FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued County Anson: McFarlan Polkton Wadesboro Ansonville Ashe Scottsville Beaufort Bath Bertie .- Mars Hill- Bladen Council Tarheel- Clarkton Abbottsburg Brunswick --- Ash..-. Shallotte Supply -. Cool Run School House Buncombe: Democrat Swannanoa Burke Hickory Grove Cabarrus Rimer Harrisburg Mt. Pleasant Caldwell Colletts ville Hudson Camden Carteret Caswell Leasburg.'- Chatham: Bynum Farrington Goldston Siler City Cherokee Murphy Andrews Chowan Clay Brasstown Ogden Elf Cleveland Casar Belwood Waco Columbus Tabor Whiteville Old Dock Hallsboro Chairman of Committee W. J. McLendon.. J. W. Kiker T. H. Knotts S. M. Clark John Dent Ed. Shepherd W. D. Grimes J. B. Archbell C. W. Spruill Josiah Brown R. B. Cromartie:. T. A. Jones S. P. Metcalf W. J. Cox _ F. S. Averitt Jack Johnson R. M. Long E. M. Parker O. B. Sellers J. M. Hewett Postoffice S. H. F. S. J. M. J. A. R. D. M. W C. L. W. H G. M C. H. C. E. W. G, D. N J. F. w. s Carter. 1 Puckett Coulter Lackey Goodman. . AUman Sims . Fisher Goforth,... Holloway. Conley Ferebee . McCain_._ Walters Dixon R. L. Ward J. E. Womble I. P. Coggins J. R. Paschal G. B. Walker B. M. Ledford D. W. Whisenhunt.. Z.'W. Evans W. T. Bumgarner... Carl Scroggs G. S. McClure W. A. Cassada J. T. Gardner . A. A. Warlick J. B. Short C. C. Beam D. Boughner Minos Meares Dr. W. Ross Davis. C. W. Suggs J. A. Wyche Morven. Polkton. Wadesboro. Ansonville. Jefferson. Scottsville. Washington. Bath. Quitsna. Coleraine. Elizabethtown. Zara. Tarheel. Clarkton. Abbottsburg. Winnabow. Ash. Shallotte. Supply. Shallotte. Democrat. Swannanoa. Connelly Springs. Morganton. Concord. Concord, No. i. Harrisburg. Mt. Pleasant. Lenoir. CoUettsville. Lenoir, No. 3. Gregory. Newport. Blanche. Leasburg. Riggsbee. Apex, No. 4. Bear Creek. Siler City. Andrews. Ranger. Andrews. Tyner. Hayes ville. Brasstown. Ogden. Hayesville, No. 1. Shelby. Casar. Belwood. Waco. Chadbourn. Tabor. Whiteville. Old Dock. Hallsboro. The Bulletin 13 CHAIRMEN OF COUNTY AND LOCAL FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued. County Craven Vanceboro --. Beach Grove... Ernul.. Cumberland Stedman King Hiram Currituck Davidson: Boston S. H Cedar Springs Enterprise Davie Farmington Center Church Mock, S. H Duplin Calypso Rose Hill Faison — Durham Mineral Spiings Lowe's Grove Edgecombe Conetoe Whitakers Speed Forsyth Belew's Creek Burke Grove Cold Spring Clemmons Franklin Franklinton _ Gaston Sunnyside S. H Chapel Church Gates Eure Granville Stovall - Creedmoor Greene Grimsley's Church. Guilford: Pleasant Garden... McLeansburg. _ Jamestown Battleground Colfax Halifax Scotland Neck Littleton Aurelian Springs... Harnett Coats Duke Haywood Bethel Rock Hill Chairman of Committee W. H. Bray O. McLawhorne... G. T. Richardson. D. P. Whitford.... W. H. Downing... R. S. Autry J. H. Smith J. J. Ferebee Postoffice D. S. Hayworth.... J. R. Grouse Luther Nifong W. R. Clement A. W. Ellis E. B. Barneycastle. B. S. Orrell J. A. Shine J. T. Albritton Maury Ward H. J. Faison J. M. Gray A. C. Weatherly.... J. C. High G. T. DeBerry N. B. Dawson M. J. Battle B. F. Shelton A. B. Atwood J. E. Sapp P. E. Burke C. E. Ebert.. T. W. Griffith T. B. Wilder J. C. Winston E. D. Thompson... H. S. Sellers E. A. Hurley W. J. Boone T. E. Story E. G. Moss C. L. Lewis. C. H. Cozart W. R. Dixon J. T. Dixon C. E. Hockart.... Junius Boone W. L. Kivett J. C. Frazier W. L. Gibbons... J. H. Sherrod.... G. W. Bryan Claude Sessoms.. J. R. Patterson... C. McArtan T. D. Stewart.... A. F. Fowler Dr. G. D. Green. M. D. Kinsland.. J. H. Allison New Bern. Vanceboro. New Bern. Askin. Fayetteville. Stedman. Hope Mills. Shawboro. High Point. Cid. Winston-Salem, No. 4. Mocksville. Farmington. Mocksville. Advance. Faison. Mt. Olive. Rose Hill. Faison. Durham. Gorman. Durham. Tarboro. Conetoe. Whitakers. Speed. Winston-Salem. Belew's Creek. Winston-Salem, No. 1. Winston-Salem. Clemmons. Louisburg. Franklinton. Stanley. Kings Mountainr Gastonia. Drum Hill. Eure. Creedmoor. Stovall. Creedmoor. Snow Hill. Farmville. Pleasant Garden. McLeansburg. High Point. Guilford College. Colfax. Enfield. Scotland Neck. Littleton. Littleton. LilUngton. Coats. Duke. Waynesville. Waynesville. Dellwood. 14 The Bulletin CHAIRMEN OF COUNTY AND LOCAL FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued. County- Chairman of Committee PostoflBce Haywood: Canton Henderson Green River S. H.. Dana _-. Liberty..- Hertford Ahoskie Murfreesboro.. Hoke Hyde Middletown Iredell Mooresville Cool Springs Eupeptic Springs.. Jackson: Quallatown Cullowhee Johnston Kenly Benson Jones.- Pollocksville Lenoir LaGrange. Lee Lincoln. McDowell Macon Maxwells. H Otto Higdonville West's Mill Madison.. Mars Hill M artin Oak City Mecklenburg Huntersville Carolina Academy Bains Academy Mitchell Spruce Pine Montgomery Candor Star Mt. Gilead Moore.-. Bethlehem Church Glendon Cameron Aberdeen West End Big Oak Nash Stanhope H. S New Hanover E. F. J. P. J. W. Sam. R. A. A.I. A. E. J. J. W. M Chas J. S. J. W. T. J. J. L. J. K. G. Murry.. Fletcher Ward L. Rau McKillop.. Parker Garrett Parker . McLean.-. . Brinn Mann Sherrill Williams Abernathy. Patterson.. J. E. Rogers F. H. Brown W. M. Sanders L. B. Boyette J. F. Lee T. C. Whitaker... A. H. White G. F. Loftin J. E. Jones J. R. Rives. T. J. Ramseur E. S. Frisbie . Arthur Siler C. B. Yeargan D. P. Cabe Parker Moore J. W. Murry L. M. Bryan A. F. Sprinkle... - S. E. Hardison.-- N. M. Worsley C. C. Moore A. B. McAuley R. M. Bryant D. A. Henderson- Jos. Bowditch N. S. Lawrence-.. Clyde Caple D. C. Ewing- G. N. Scarboro... R. A. Bruton T. D. McLean.-.. J. A. Fry A. J. Jones N. P. McPherson. D. J. Campbell... W. P. Corcoran ... D. C. McKinnie.. S. F. Austin S. H. Brantley—. Wm. Gregerson... Canton. Fletcher. Zirconia. Henderson ville. Hendersonville. Winton. Ahoskie. Murfreesboro. Raeford. Swan Quarter. Middletown. Statesville, No. 6. Mooresville. Elmwood. Statesville. Whittier. Cullowhee. Smithfield. Kenly. Benson. Trenton. Pollocksville. Kinston. LaGrange. Santord. Lincolnton. Marion. Franklin. Franklin. Otto. EUijay. West's Mill. Marshall. Mars Hill. Williamston. Oak City. Charlotte. Huntersville. Matthews, No. 17. Matthews, No. 19. Toecane. Spruce Pine. Troy. Candor. Star. Mt. Gilead. Carthage. Carthage. Glendon. Cameron. Aberdeen. West End. Bisco. Nashville. Springhope. Castle Hayne. The Bulletin 15 CHAIRMEN OF COUNTY AND LOCAL FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEE S-Continued. County Northampton Rich Square Lasker Conway Onslow Richlands Harris Creek Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Weeksville Pender Atkinson Willard. ._- Perquimans Person Pitt Grifton Grimesland Polk . Randolph: Pleasant Ridge... Liberty _. Providence S. H. Seagrove Farmer Richmond- Ellerbe- Robeson Parkton St. Paul Lumber Bridge. . Fairmont Red Springs Rockingham Ruffin New Bethel Rowan: Rockwell China Grove Mt. Ulla Liberty S. H Rutherford Forest City Ellenboro Sampson Newton Grove. . Roseboro Garland Spring Branch.. Scotland. : . . . Stanly Endy S. H Richfield Stokes. Walnut Cove Surry : Piney Grove Pilot Mountain. Swain Chairman of Committee J. W. Jessup W. E. Spivey C. S. Lasker J. O. Flythe J. L. Nicholson.. J. M. Francke H. H. Shepherd.. A. H. Rimnier... G. T. Farnell R. N. Morgan H. M. Pritchard. W. M. Hand Geo. J. Moore J. H. Jeffries J. O. White J. W. Younger... J. F. Evans J. P. Quinerly H. J. Smith T. T. Ballinger.. J. O. Forester J. M. Williams S. W. White O. D. Lawrence... L. M. Kearn W. C. Leak... E. L. Pegram J. A. McAllister W. S. Cobb G. M. D. Howard. Neil Shaw __ N. T. Andrews J. D. McLean J. V. Price ._ John L. Williams. - J. S. McCollum... PostoflBce Rich Square. Rich Square. Lasker. Conway. Richlands. Richlands. Cyrus. Hillsboro. Bayboro. Elizabeth City. Weeksville. Burgaw. Atkinson. Willard. Hertford. Roxboro. Greenville. Grifton. Grimesland. Tryon. Ramseur. Liberty. Climax. Seagrove. Farmer. Rockingham. Ellerbe. Lumberton. Parkton. St. Paul. Lumber Bridge. Fairmont. Red Springs. Madison. Pelham. Madison. C. H.Fisher Rockwell. M. A. Stirewalt China Grove. J. K. Goodman Mt. Ulla. P. N. Trexler Gold Hill. J. M. Jones Ruthertordton. G. T. Moore Forest City. G. S. Harrill Ellenboro. S. H. Hobbs _■ \ Clinton. J. W! Bryan Newton Grove. D. W. Culbreth.. J. D. Johnson W. A. Jackson W. N. McKenzie. S. J. Lynch W. A. Harward-. E. D. Cogging I. G. Ross Roseboro. Garland. Cooper. Gibson. Shankle. Bridgeport. New London. Walnut Cove. Chap. Bodenheimer ' Germanton J. L. Jackson Mt. Airy. D. J. Denney ; Pinnacle. R. L. Sandidge ' Bryson City. 16 The Bulletin CHAIRMEN OF COUNTY AND LOCAL FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEES-Continued. County Transylvania.- Selica --- Tyrrell Union: Marsbville - Marvin Waxhaw Indian TraU Vance. Middleburg Wake Warren Wise Washington Creswell Wayne Smith Chapel Pikeville Hood Swamp Falling Creek Memorial Church.. Seven Springs Wilkes Millers Creek Beaver Creek Boomer New Hope Church. Clingman S. H Wilson Yadkin Hamptonville Yancey.. Chairman of Committee Postoffice W. H. Grogan : Brevard. C. C. Duckworth Selica. W. W. Sawyer Columbia. F. A. Marsh. Marshville. G. W. Sutton Waxhaw. J. R. Eason.. __ Waxhaw. J. W. Rollings Indian Trail. J. B. Allen Henderson. J. K. Plummer Middleburg. W. H. Chamblee, Jr Zebulon. H. T. Macon Warrenton. P. R. Perkinson Wise. T. W. Blount Roper. W. T. Hopkins .-_ Creswell. J. M. Mitchell Goldsboro. W. B. Hood... Mt. Olive. E. T. Crawford Pikeville. J. F. Smith Aaron. G. M. Warrick Goldsboro, No. 4. C. D. Hooks Fremont. G. G. Quinn ' Seven Springs. A. G. Hendren Straw. J. M. Gaither.. Wilkesboro. T. J. James North Wilkesboro. M. S. Gibbs Boomer. J. J. Hendren Gilreath. T. F. Callaway j Ronda. E. B. Dean ; Wilson. A. S. Speer BoonviUe. D. D. Angell E. F. Watson. Hamptonville. Burnsville. STATE FARMERS' CONVENTION. B. F. Shelton.. W. S. Pharr.... J. B. Sellars.... D. P. Whitford T. E. Browne.. President j Speed, N. C. Vice-President ' Charlotte, N. C. Vice-President i Maxton, N. C. Vice-President. Secretary Askin, N. C. Raleigh. N. C. WOMEN'S INSTITUTES, 1914. County Date Place Lecturers Aug. 17 Aug. 18 Aug. 19 Aug. 20 Oct. 23 July 31 Sept. 14 Sept. 15 Sept. 16 Aug. 8 Aug. 11 Elon College Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Maywood Spring Graded School Hawfields Graded School. Springhope . Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Hudgins. Taylorsville.. Mrs. Hollo well. Miss Parris. Alleehanv Glade Valley Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Sparta Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Whitehead.. Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Anson. ... McFarlan... Polkton Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. The Bulletin WOMEN'S INSTITUTES, 1914— Continued. 17 County Anson. Ashe Avery — Beaufort Bertic- Bladen Brunswick. Buncombe- Burke Cabarrus-. Caldwell... Camden. Carteret. Caswell- - Catawba- Date Aug. 12 Aug. 20 19 20 21 24 Chatham. Cherokee- Chowan.- Clay Cleveland. Columbus Sept. 17 Sept. 18 Sept. 19 Sept. 22 Oct. 28 Jan Jan Jan Jan Feb. 16 Feb. 17 Jan. 22 Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Sept Sept. 30 Aug. 5 Aug. 6 Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Jan. 31 Feb. 10 July 29 July 30 Aug. 14 Aug. 15 Aug. 17 Aug. 18 Aug. 19 Aug. 20 Aug. 21 Aug. 22 Aug. 29 July 24 Sept. 15 Sept. 18 Sept. 19 Jan. 29 Sept. 16 Sept. 17 Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Aug. 13 Aug. 15 Feb. 7 Feb. 9 Place H. Wadesborc Ansonville... Mrs. Redfern's S. McFarlan.-I Dr. McLendon's Morven Polkton Ansonville Wadesboro Scottville Grassy Creek Jefferson. Banners Elk Bath --. Bath Aurora... Washington . . . Pantego Mars Hill Windsor. Tarheel Winnabow Mt. Pisgah :.. Thomas S. H Ash Swannanoa Sand Hill Hildebran - Hickory Grove Rimer Concord Collettsvilb Hudson Camden C. H Newport Leasburg ■. Semora Cloninger's Farm Rockett S. H Catawba Terrell's Store St. James S. H Shuford's Farm j Providence S. H - I Killian S. H Minerva S. H Siler City Ranger Murphy Andrews Edenton Brasstown Hayesvill? Casar Belwood Shelby Waco-. Old Dock White ville Lecturers Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt. Mrs. Hutt. Mrs. Hutt. Mrs. Hutt. Mrs. Hutt. Mrs. Hutt. Mrs. Hutt., Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Miss Hudgins. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Webb, Mrs. Hollowoll. Miss Webb, Mrs. Hollowell. Miss Webb, Mrs. Hollowell. Miss Webb, Mrs. Hollowell. Miss Webbj Mrs. Hollowell. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Yoder, Miss Setzer. Mrs. Yoder, Miss Setzer. Mrs. Nifong, Miss Yoder. Mrs. Nifong, Miss Yoder. Mrs. Nifong, Miss Yoder. Mrs. Nifong, Miss Setzer, Miss Yoder. Mrs. Nifong, Miss Yoder. Miss Sstzer, Mrs. Robinson. Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. 18 The Bulletin WOMEN'S INSTITUTES, 1914— Continued. County Columbus... Craven Cumberland Currituck — Davidson — Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe.. Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Granville Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood.. Henderson Hertford--. Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Date Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. July Aug. Aug. Aug. July July Jan. Feb. July July Aug. Jan. July Aug. Aug. Aug. Feb. Aug. Aug. Aug. Feb. Feb. Feb. July July July Aug. Aug. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Feb. Feb. Feb. July Jan. Jan. July July Aug. Aug. Sept. Place Chadbourn Tabor Beech Grove Ernul ."... King Hiram S. H... Stedman Coinjock Newbern's Landing. Enterprise Boston S. H Cedar Springs I Clarksburg Farmington Center Church Calypso Concord Mineral Springs Lowe's Grove Bahama Battleboro Dixie S. H Clemmons Belew's Creek Burke's Grove Cold Springs Louisburg Sunnyside S. H Eakers S. H Stanley Eure Stovall Creedmoor Pleasant Garden McLeansburg- Jamestown Battleground Colfax Enfield Scotland Neck Aurelian Springs Duke .• Bethel Rock Springs Way nesville Liberty S. H Mills River Dana Fletcher Winton Murfreesboro Ahoskie Raeford Swan Quarter Sladesville Cool Springs Eupeptic Springs Test Farm- Mooresville Cullowhee Lecturers Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Mahler. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Parker, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Mrs. Hollowell, Mrs. Parris. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins,. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Hudgins. Miss Hudgins. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Hudgins. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Hudgins. The Bulletin- women's INSTITUTES, 1914— Continued. 19 County Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir. ._ Macon.-- Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell- Date 15 15 16 5 9 10 24 11 22 7 7 13 Montgomery. Moore- Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank... Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Oct. Oct. Jan. Feb. Sept. 21 Sept. 22 Sept. 23 Sept. 24 Sept. 25 Sept. 28 Sept. 29 Jan. Feb. Aug. Aug, Aug. 17 Aug. 18 Mar. 6 June 4 Aug. 12 Aug. 13 Aug. 1 Aug. 4 Aug. 5 Aug. 6 July 24 July 25 July 27 July 28 July 30 July 31 Jan. 15 Jan. 16 Jan. 31 Feb. 12 Feb. 13 Feb. 14 Feb. Feb. Aug. Feb. Feb. Feb. Jan. Feb. Feb. Mar. 17-18 Nov. 4-5 Jan. 30 July 28 Jan. 17 Jan. 23 Feb. 14 Place 4 12 22 9 4 5 29 2 3 Pleasant Hill Micro Sandy Grove Pollocksville Broadway Sanf ord LaGrange Kinston Franklin Maxwell S. H Otto West Hill Higdonville Marshall Mars Hill Oak City Williamston Marion Huntersville '.. Carolina Academy- Mint Hill Biddle University. . Biddle University.. Bakersville Spruce Pine Candor Star Troy- Mt. Gilead Bethlehem Church. Glendon Cameron Aberdeen.- West End Big Oak- Stanhope Nashville Wrightsboro Conway Lasker Rich Square-- - Harris Creek S. H.. Richlands Hillsboro Bayboro Elizabeth City Salem Atkinson Burgaw Willard Watha. Watha Hertford Chublake--- Grimesland- Grifton - Greenville--. Lecturers Miss Webb, Mrs. Hollowell. Mi.ss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Webb, Mrs. Hollowell. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Mi.ss Hudgins, Miss Scott. Miss Hudgins, Miss Scott. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. .Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgin.s, Mrs. .Slagle. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Parris. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Miss Hudgins. Mrs. Orr. Miss Parker, Miss Arey. Miss Parker, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Miss Hudgins, Miss Webb. Miss Hudgins, Miss Webb. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Hollowell. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Hutt. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Hudgins, Miss Webb. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. 20 The Bulletin WOMEN'S INSITTUTES, 1914— Continued. County Polk Randolph. Richmond. Robeson- Rockingham. Rowan. Rutherford. Sampson. Stanly _. Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union __. Washington.. Watauga Wayne. Wilkes. Date Sept. 7 July 25 July 27 July 28 Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Aug. 3 Aug. 10 Oct. 30-31 Jan. 19 Jan. 20 Jan. 23 Feb. 12 Oct. 17 July 31 Aug. 13 Aug. 14 Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 15 Aug. 21 Aug. 22 Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 14 Jan. 17 Jan Jan Jan Jan Aug. 6 Aug. 7 Aug. 7 Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Aug. 17 Aug. 18 Sept. 14 Sept. 3 Sept. 4 Jan. 27 Aug. 13 Aug. 14 Aug. 15 Aug. 19 Jan. 28 Feb. 6 Sept. 21 Sept. 23 Jan. 26 Jan. 27 Jan. 28 Jan. 29 Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Aug. 5 Aug. 6 Place Columbus Pleasant Ridge Liberty... Providence S. H Seagrove Farmer EUerbe Springs Rockingham _. Rockingham _ . Antioch Lumber Bridge St. Paul Fairmont Back Swamp Ruffin. New Bethel Stoneville Rockwell China Grove Mount UUa Liberty S. H Woodleaf Forest City. Golden Dobbins S. H Newton Grove Piney Green Garland Harrells Store Beulah S. H Clinton (colored) ... Endy S. H Norwood Richfield Walnut Cove Danbury Piney Grove Church Pilot Mountain Bryson City Seliea Blantyre Columbia... Marshville Marvin Waxhaw Indian Trail Creswell Plymouth Valle Crucis Boone Seven Springs Memorial Church Falling Creek Smith's Chapel Dudley (Colored)... Millers Creek Beaver Creek Boomer New Hope Church.. Lecturers Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt. Mrs. HoUowell, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Webb. Mrs. Hutt. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Arey. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Mahler. Mrs. Hollowell, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Miss Webb, Mrs. Robinson. Miss Hudgins. Miss Hudgins. MisB Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Hudgins, Mrs. Slagle. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Mrs. Hutt, Miss Clement. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Ward, Mrs. Maddry. Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahlsr. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. The Bulletin WOMENS' INSTITUTE— Continued. 21 County Wilkes. Wilson- Yadkin Yancey Date Aug. 7 Sept. 4 Jan. 16 Jan. 17 Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 11 Location Clingman S. H Trap Hill Stantonsburg.. Rock Ridge Hamptonville.. Boonville Burnsville Bald Creek Daybook Lecturers Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Ward, Miss Cassidey. Miss Ward, Miss Carroll. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Hudgins, Miss Mahler. Miss Parker, Miss Arey. Miss Parker, Miss Arey. Miss Parker, Miss Arey. LECTURERS AND SUBJECTS. Name -I o Subjects Arey, Miss Beulah Carholl, Miss Laura H. Cassidey, Miss Lula Clement, Miss Linda HoLLOWELL, Mrs. W. R... Hudgins, Miss Carrie HuTT, Mrs. W. N Mahler, Miss Louise Parker, Miss Katharine Parris, Miss Maria Robinson, Mrs. J. W Slagle, Mrs. Henry Ward, Miss Jane E ___ Webb, Miss Lucie 12 21 12 25 53 65 30 50 10 18 27 25 38 53 Bread Making. Kitchen Conveniences. Milk in the Home. Making Pin Money. Community Organization. Sanitary Closets and Flies. School Lunches. Bread Making. Care of Infants. Value of Foods. Bread Making. The Country Woman and Her Relation to Home and Community. The Country Home. Child Training. Canning. Home Nursing. Influence of Foods. Care of Infants. What to Do Till the Doctor Comes. Kitchen Conveniences. Biscuit Demonstration. Bread Making. Breads and Bread Making. Health Hints. Bread Making. Salads. Sanitation in Country. Curing of Meat. Home Conveniences. Country Women's Organizations. Home Care of the Sick. Bread Making. Fireless Cooker. Bread Making. The Bulletin County and Local Women's Organizations. The plan of organization of the women's institute is similar to that for men. Active interested women are selected for chairmen and secre- taries and they are given the best committees that can be selected to assist them. The officers and committees are expected to work up in- terest in women's institutes and endeavor to get the cooperation of the progressive farm women of the community in securing attendance at their local meetings and also at the annual institutes. They are ex- pected to hold meetings at their convenience during the year to discuss among themselves questions pertaining to their work. They should invite the women of the community to join them at their meetings and take part in the discussions. CHAIRMEN WOMEN'S INSTITUTE COMMITTEES. Alamance: Maywood Hawfields Alexi\nder Alleghany Scottsville Anson McFarlan Polkton..- Ashe Grassy Creek_. Beaufort Bath Aurora Pantego Bertie Bladen Brunswick Mt. Pisgah Buncombe Cabarrus. Rimer Caldwell: Granite Falls- Oak Hill Camden Carteret Caswell Semora Chatham Cherokee. _. Ranger Murphy Clay- Brasstown Cleveland .- Columbus Old Dock Mt. Tabor.... Chowan Craven Ernul... - Cumberland: King Hiram. Mrs. B. M. Faucette — Miss Mamie Schoo Mrs. W. J. Reece Mrs. T. J. Carson Mrs. E. K. Plummer... Mrs. J. G. Boylin Mrs. W. G. McLendon. Mrs. L. L. Cameron — Mrs. C. H. Smithdeal. Mrs. Ed. Greer Mrs. H. W. Carter Mrs. T. A. Brooks Mrs. B. T. Bonner Mrs. J. B. R'.'spass Miss Clara M. Pigg Mrs. M. R. Roberson.. Mrs. Jack Johnson Mrs. G. W. Kirby Miss Dala Alexander.. Mrs. G. F. Barnhardt. Mrs. J. A. Suther Mrs. J. M. Yount Miss Little Deal Mrs. J. B. Anderson Mrs. H. F. Pridgen Miss Bessie Thompson. Mrs. Geo. Lansdell Mrs. D. L. Webster Mrs. Geo. Walker Mrs. B. L. Fox Mrs. C. A. Brown Mrs. G. M. Cherry Miss Cenie Clayton Mrs. W. H. Crowder Mrs. L. C. White Miss Ethel Snow Mrs. Viola Carmichael. Mrs. Jas. A. Boyce Miss Reba Morton Mrs. T. J. Eaton.. Miss P. M. Pool. Burlington. Haw River. Liledoun. Sparta. Scottsville. Wadesboro. McFarlan. Polkton. Jefferson. Grassy Creek. Washington. Bath. Aurora. Pantego. Coleraine. Tarheel. Winnabow. Supply. Swannanoa. Concord. Concord. Granite Falls. Lenoir. Camden. Newport. Leasburg. Semora. Siler City. Andrews. Ranger. Murphy. Hayesville. Brasstown. Lattimore. Vineland. Old Dock. Mt. Tabor. Edenton. New Bern, No. 2. Vanceboro. Hope Mills. The Bulletin CHAIRMEN WOMEN'S IBSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued. J3 Currituck: Coinjock Newbern's Landing- Davidson: Clarksburg Enterprise Cedar Springs Boston S. H Davie Center Cliurch Duplin Concord S. H.. Durham: Mineral Springs Lowe's Grove _ Bahama. Edgecombe Forsyth: Clemmons Belew's Creek Burke's Grove Cold Spring Franklin Gaston Gates Granville Stovall Guilford: Battleground Colfax Pleasant Garden McLeansville Jamestown Halifax Aurelian Springs Haywood Rock Springs.- Way nesville Henderson Liberty Mills River Dana- Hertford Ahoskie -_ Hoke Hyde Iredell: Cool Spring Eupeptic Springs. -- Mooresville Jackson Jones Johnston: Pleasant Hill -. Sandy Grove- - Micro Lenoir Lincoln: Iron Station Reepsville McDowell Macon -- Miss Nettie Overton. Mrs. J. M. Newbern- Mrs. M. M. A. Baker. Mrs. M. E. Mock Mrs. J. R. Crouse Mrs. B. E. Payne Mrs. J. B. Tabor Mrs. W. A. GrifKn— - Mrs. Jas. Albritton.-- Mrs. S. W. Newkirk- Mrs. Tom Hicks Miss Carrie Green Mrs. J. W. Winstead- Mrs. B. F. Shelton... Mrs. T. W. Griffith—. Mrs. Essi? Strader Mrs. H. W. Johnson- - Mrs. C. E. Everett---. Miss Mary Arrington- Mrs. Lilly Kiser Miss Bettie Harrell Mrs. J. H. Perry Mrs. I. Green Mrs. J. L. Hawkins Miss Mattie Gibbons Mrs. Frank Foust Mrs. W. S. Dick Mrs. Emma Horney Mrs. Enoch Simmons Mrs. J. R. Patterson Mrs. J. H. Plott Mrs. A. J. McCracken... Miss Mary Davis Mrs. J. P. Fletcher Mrs. Nannie Worley Mrs. Frank Cathey Mrs. R. H. Scadin Mrs. J. C. Scarborough. Mrs. B. E. Copeland Mrs. T. B. Upchurch..-- Miss Susan A. Braddy.. Miss Mabel Swan Mrs. R. L. Alexander- Mrs. C. V. Alexander- Mrs. A. C. Reynolds.. Mrs. G. R. Hughes-... Mrs. J. W. Creech Mrs. Herman Blackman. Mrs. Maxwell Mrs. Bessie Vick Mrs. S. N. Brown-- Mrs. L. S. Kiser Mrs. Chas. Burgin. Mrs. Geo. Bidwell-- Coinjock. Jarvisburg. Thomasville. Enterprise. Cid. Thomasville. Farmington. Mocksville. Calypso. Magnolia. Gorman. Durham. Bahama. Speed. Clemmons. Walnut Cove. Winston-Salem, No. 1. Winston-Salem, No. 6. Louisburg. Crouse. Eure. Creedrtioor. Stovall. Brown Summit. Colfax. Pleasant Garden. : McLeansville. Jamestown. Scotland Neck. Littleton. Canton. Clyde. Waynesville. Fletcher. Hendersonville. Fletcher. Dana. Winton. Ahoskie. Raeford. Scranton. Elmwood. Harmony. Moores\'ille. Cullowhee. Pollocksville. Benson. Beasley. Micro. Grifton. Iron Station. Reepsville. Old Fort. Franklin. 24 The Bulletin CHAIRMEN WOMEN'S INSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued. Macon: Maxwell School Otto West Mills Higdonville Madison Marshall M artin Mecklenburg: Huntersville Carolina Academy Bains Academy Mitchell Montgomery Candor Star.- Mt. Gilead Moore: Bethlehem Church Glendon Cameron Aberdeen West End Big Oak Nash: Stanhope S. H Battleboro New Hanover Northampton Conway Lasker Onslow Harris Creek Orange Pamlico _ Pasquotank Salem Pender Burgaw WiUard Watha Person Pitt: Grimesland..- Grifton. Polk... Randolph: Pleasant Ridge Liberty Seagrove Farmer Richmond EUerbe Robeson: Antioch '.. Lumber Bridge St. Paul Fairmont Rockingham: Ruffin__ New Bethel Stoneville. _ Mrs. T. M. Slagle. [ Franklin. Mrs. Chas. McClure Franklin. Miss Nannie West West Mills. Miss Sallie Gray Cullasaja. Mrs. R. L. Runion Mars Hill. Miss Ollie Hendricks Marshall. Mrs. T. W. Davenport j Oak City. Mrs. R. E. Henderson i Huntersville. Mrs. Badger Bryant. Matthews. Mrs. Thos. Mann.. ; Matthews. Mrs. M. J. Bowditch j Toecane. Mrs. Claudius Dockery | Troy. Mrs. O. W. Burkhead I Candor. Mrs. Jonah Leech ' Star. Mrs. L. P. Bird Mt. Gilead. Miss Cecil Seawell Carthage. Mrs. M. E. Maness Glendon. Mrs. H. P. McPherson .__ Miss Mary Page Miss Mary VonCannon West End. Miss Blanche McKinnon Biscoe. Mrs. Robt. Ricks Mrs. T. E. PoweU.... Mrs. E. T Herring... Miss Luella Brown. .. Mrs. Chas. J. Garris. Mrs. J. S. Rose Miss Macy Weeks Miss Elva Walton Mrs. A. H. Rimer Mrs. G. T. FarneU... Mrs. R. N. Morgan.. Mrs. S. J. Parsons Mrs. J. Carvin. Mrs. D. W. Murray.. Miss Bettie Hall Mrs. L. B. Saunders. Mrs. Ella Winstead... Mrs. C. M. Jonts Mrs. M. L. Worthington. Mrs. Saml. Edwards Mrs. C. E. Macon Miss Ida Williams Mrs. D. A. Cornelison.. Mrs. Frances Hubbard. Mrs. J. O. Elbrbe Mrs. E. L. Pegram Mrs. L. B. Skipper Mrs. L. C. Hubbard.. Mrs. J. C. Blanchard. Mrs. E. B. Hayes Mrs. J. L. Williams Mrs. John Wilson Mrs. Wm. .4. Rob?rts. Stanhope. Whitakers. Wilmington. George. Conway. Lasker. Richlands. Jacksonville. Hillsboro. Bayboro. Elizabeth City. Weeksville. Atkinson. Burgaw. Rose Hill. Watha. Woodsdale. Grimesland. Grifton. Tryon. Ramseur. Liberty. Seagrove. Farmer. Rockingham. Elbrbe. Red Springs. Lumber Bridge, St. Paul. Fairmont. Pelham. Madison. Stoneville. The Bulletin CHAIRMEN WOMEN'S INSTITUTE COMMITTEES— Continued. 25 Rowan: Rockwell China Grove- Mrs. M. J. Cline_.. Mrs. Robt. Grey .. Mt. Ulla... Miss Nannie Hart- Liberty S. H Rutherford Ellenboro Sampson: Newton Grove Piney Green Garland Harrells Store Beulah Scotland Stanly Endy S. H Norwood.-- -- Stokes: Walnut Cove Danbury Surry : Pilot Mountain Piney Grove-- Swain Transylvania Blantyre Tyrrell Union: M arsh ville Marvin Waxhaw Indian Trail Vance Wake- Warren Washington - - Wayne: Seven Springs Memorial Church. Falling Creek Smith's ChapeL--. Wilkes: Clingman S. H — Millers Creek Beaver Creek Boomer New Hope Wilson Rock Ridge Yadkin Hamptonvill? Yancey: Bald Creek -. Daybook Mrs. N. J. Goodman- Mrs. L. E. Rollins Miss Ida Green Mrs. Geo. Warren Mrs. A. P. Howard--- Mrs. J. D. Johnson Mrs. J. C. Melvin Miss Elizabeth Hobbs- Mrs. J. T. John Mrs. M. J. Lyerly Mrs. Eliza J. Kelly Mrs. J. C. Dunlap Mrs. Mildred Alley- Miss Lizzie Adkins. Mrs. R. E. L. Flippin - Miss Olivia Jackson Miss Emma Smiley Mrs. G. T. Glazener--.. Miss Susan Smith Mrs. H. T. Davenport. Mrs. J. Z. Green Miss Annie Ezzell Mrs. H. A. Helms Mrs. J. A. Crowell- Miss Mary Burwell Mrs. John Broughton . Mrs. F. P. Bowden Mrs. J. W. Starr Mrs. C. W. Ivy Mrs. Florence Hooks. _ Mrs. E. A. Stevens Mrs. Mary Woodburn- Miss Nettie Calloway.. Mrs. M. F. Bumgarner. Miss Beulah Ferguson.. Mrs. J. H. Eller Miss Sallie Tevepaugh. Mrs. B. J. Thompson.. Miss Annie Boyette Mrs. J. W. Reece Mrs. Lula Angell Mrs. W. J. Waycaster. Mrs. AUce Renfrew Gold Hill. China Hrove. Mooresville. Gold Hill. Rutherfordton. Ellenboro. Newton Grove. Salemburg. Garland. Kerr. ' Clinton. John Station. Richfield. Big Lick. Norwood. Germanton. Red Shoals. Pinnacle. White Plains. Bryson City. Brevard. Blantyre. Columbia. Marshville. Waxhaw. Mineral Springs. Indian Trail. Kittrell. Zebulon. Manson. Creswell. Seven Springs. Fremont. Goldsboro, No. 4. Mt. Olive. Ronda. Wilkesboro. Ferguson. Boomer. Gilreath. Stantonsburg. Wilson. Boone ville. Hamptonville. Bald Creek. Toledo. 26 The Bulletin attendance at farmers' institutes. County Alamance. Alexander. Alleghany- Anson. Ashe. Avery Beaufort. Bertie. Bladen Brunswick. Buncombe. Burke. Cabarrus- Caldwell. Camden. Carteret. Caswell.. Catawba. Date Place Chatham Cherokee Chowan. Clay Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. July Sept. Sept. Sept. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Oct. 27- Feb. Feb. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. April Sept. Sept. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Jan. Feb. July July Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. July Sept. Sept. Sept. Jan. Sept. Sept. 17 18 19 20 31 14 15 16 8 11 12 20 17 18 19 22 19 20 21 24 28 16 17 22 .3 4 6 30 1 30 5 6 11 12 3 4 21 10 29 30 14 15 17 18 19 20 21 22 29 24 15 18 19 29 16 17 Elon College Maysville. Spring Graded School. Hawfield Taylorsville Glade Valley Sparta Whitehead McFarlan Poikton Wadesboro Ansonville Scottville Grassy Creek Jefferson Banners Elk Bath Aurora Washington Pantego . Bath Mars Hill Windsor Tarheel Winnabow Mt. Pisgah Ash. Southport Swannanoa Sand Hill ■. Hildebran Hickory Grove... Rimer... Concord CoUettsville Hudson Camden C. H.... Newport Leasburg Semora Cloningers Farm. Rockett S. H Catawba Ferrells S. H St. James S. H... Shuford's Farm.. Providence S. H.. Killian S. H Minerva S. H Siler City Ranger Murphy Andrews - Edenton . Brasstown Hayesville Attendance Men 140 275 284 143 127 50 60 60 315 126 106 165 50 120 50 40 46 80 40 25 115 55 22 128 74 84 65 22 170 115 120 141 275 120 130 217 40 136 65 145 75 50 3 100 40 300 65 150 150 179 48 33 39 36 24 72 Women 176 28 66 8 25 200 71 10 36 25 65 43 58 45 110 90 198 10 34 88 35 110 50 165 50 30 1 50 25 200 45 100 100 155 29 27 40 24 3 92 Total 147 287 190 465 146 430 98 241 5 132 25 75 44 104 87 147 255 570 247 373 84 190 326 491 7 57 84 204 28 78 216 74 146 48 50 315 126 32 164 99 149 108 22 228: 160 230 231 473 130 164 305 75 246 115 310 125 80 4 150 65 500 110 250 250 334 77 60 79 60 27 164 The Bulletin ATTENDANCE. AT FARMERS' INSTITUTES— Continued. 27 County Date Place Attendance Men Women Total Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. July Aug. Aug. Aug. July July Jan. Feb. July July Aug. April Jan. July Aug. Aug. Aug. Feb. Aug. Aug. Aug. Feb. Feb. Feb. July July July Aug. Aug. Jan. Feb. Feb. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Feb. Feb. Feb. July 11 12 13 15 7 9 10 11 6 7 21 24 2 3 24 1 5 6 27 28 30 2 25 27 21 19 25 15 19 20 25 17 18 21 9 27 28 29 30 31 1 21 21 23 17 10 11 12 2 5 8 9 10 11 18 29 Casar __. _ 17G 185 132 199 137 • 81 53 . 76 96 126 110 52 80 30 82 165 85 90 105 115 275 147 215 180 275 250 104 210 230 155 80 ' 72 185 250 100 160 46 44 125 202 86 165 85 60 158 110 90 65 28 75 73 32 23 5 85 55 330 41 154 38 146 70 118 55 51 86 40 110 217 Belwood 339 ^ Shelby 170 345 C^oliimHiis Old Dock... 207 Whiteville - . . 199 108 Tabor 131 Beech Grove... . _ ._ _ . 182 Ernul 166 King Hiram S. H 220 Stedman . 52 Coinjook _ . 55 55 75 145 88 33 83 97 155 90 199 199 75 270 44 164 240 440 370 32 200 230 128 147 16 33 98 196 74 250 180 550 210 56 48 30 16 88 129 49 52 14 75 87 310 135 Newbern's Landing... Enterprise . .. . 85 157 Boston S. H. . . .. - 310 Cedar Springs . 173 Davie Clarksburg , Farmington 123 188 Center Church 212 Duplin Calypso .. 430 Concord . _ _. . . 237 Durham Mineral Springs . 414 Lowe's Grove 379 Bahama 350 Edgecombe Di.xieH. S.... 520 Battleboro . . 148 Forsyth Clemmons 374 Belew's Creek 470 Burke's Grove. 595 Cold Springs... 450 Franklin Louisburg _. 104 Gaston .. Sunnyside S. H . 385 Eakers S. H. 480 Stanley . . . 228 Gates Eure 307 Granville Stovall . 62 Creedmoor 77 Guilford... Pleasant G arden 222 McLeansburg _ 398 Jamestown . 160 Halifax Battleground Colfax Scotland Neck 415 265 610 Harnett Aurelian Springs Duke 368 166 Haywood Bethel 138 Rock Springs 95 Waynesville.. 44 Henderson... Liberty S. H. 163 Mills River . 212 Dana. 81 Fletcher 75 Hertford. „ Winton 19 • Murfreesboro.. 160 Ahoskie 142 Hoke Raeford 640 28 The Bulletin ATTENDANCE AT FARMERS' INSTITUTES— Continued. County Hyde..- Iredell... Jackson.. Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir... Lincoln.. Macon... Madison McDowell Martin Mecklenburg Mitchell. Montgomery. Moore Date Jan. Jan. July July Aug. Aug. Sept. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Oct. Oct. Jan. Feb. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. Aug. Jan. Feb. June Aug. Aug. Aug. 22 2.3 29 30 1 14 26 15 15 16 5 9 10 24 11 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 28 29 7 22 7 4 13 17 18 March 6 Nash New Hanover Northampton. Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank... Sept. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. Aug. July July July July July July Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Feb. Aug. Feb. Feb. Feb. 4 12 13 1 4 5 6 24 25 27 28 30 31 15 16 31 12 13 14 4 12 22 9 4 5 Place Swan Quarter Sladesville Cool Springs Eupeptic Springs Test Farm. Mooresville Cullowhee Pleasant Hill Micro Sandy Grove PoUocksville Broadway Sanford 1 LaGrange Kinston Reepsville Lincolnton Franklin Maxwell Otto West Hill Higdonville Marshall Mars Hill Marion Oak City Williamston Parmele (Colored) Huntersville Carolina Academy Mint Hill Biddle University (Col.).. Biddle University (Col.).. Bakers ville Spruce Pine Candor .. Star ... Troy ... Mt. Gilead... Bethlehem Church Glendon.. Cameron Aberdeen _ West End Big Oak .. Stanhope .. Nashville Wrightsboro Conway Lasker Rich Square. Harris Creek S. H _. Richlands Hillsboro Bayboro Elizabeth City Salem Attendance Men Women Total 108 60 70 95 100 85 245 238 000 800 350 147 160 72 107 60 125 118 41 6 185 150 50 28 80 41 63 51 2 135 85 85 45 53 9 30 29 50 60 90 108 106 65 225 210 115 45 128 31 73 90 45 2 50 40 275 73 325 373 156 190 245 160 120 130 183 ' 27 65 95 222 158 175 410 200 144 228 389 137 146 105 149 114 300 113 316 265 221 110 61 97 115 42 20 35 33 200 127 70 18 75 22 201 145 180 255 125 .26 109 106 31 30 75 63 The Bulletin ATTENDANCE AT FARMERS' INSTITUTES— Continued. 29 County Pender_ Date Jan. 29 Feb. 2 Feb. 3 March 17- 18 Nov. 4- 5 Perquimans- Jan. 30 Person July 28 Pitt. Jan. 17 Jan. 23 Feb. 14 Polk -• \ Sept. 7 Randolph I July 25 July 27 July 28 Aug. 3 Aug. 4 Richmond Aug. 3 Aug. 10 Robeson Jan. 19 Jan. 20 Jan. 23 Feb. 12 Oct. 17 Rockingham..- ' July 31 Aug. 13 Aug. 14 Rowan j Aug. 10 j Aug. 15 ] Aug. 21 ' Aug. 22 Rutherford Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 14 Sampson Jan. 17 Jan. 26 Jan. 27 Jan. 28 Jan. 31 March Stanly Aug. 6 Aug. 7 Aug. 7 Stokes Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Surry Aug. 17 : Aug. 18 Swain • Sept. 14 Transylvania Sept. 3 I Sept. 4 Tyrrell ' Jan. 27 Union .- Aug. 13 Aug. 14 j Aug. 15 Aug. 19 Washington Jan. 28 ' Feb. 6 Atkinson. Burgaw... Willard... Watha Watha... Hertford Chub Lake.. Grimesland Grifton Greenville Columbus Pleasant Ridge Liberty Providence S. H Seagrove Farmer Ellerbe Springs.. Rockingham Antioch Lumber Bridge St. Pauls ' Fairmont Back Swamp Ruffin New Bethel Academy. Stoneville China Grove Mt. Ulla Liberty S. H Woodleaf I Forest City Golden Dobbin's S. H Newton Grove Piney Green Garland Harrell's Store Beulah S. H Clinton (Colored) Endy S. H Richfield Norwood Walnut Cove Danbury Piney Grove Church. _ Pilot Mountain Bryson City Selica Blantyre Columbia Marsh ville Marvin Waxhaw Indian Trail Creswell Plymouth Attendance Men Women Total 100 75 175 115 143 258 207 129 336 231 278 509 155 200 355 22 22 500 700 1,200 5 45 50 52 85 137 150 150 115 79 194 295 295 590 117 167 284 52 51 103 69 33 102 150 148 298 202 205 407 74 72 146 56 82 138 67 53 120 58 35 93 32 119 151 125 75 200 85 85 170 110 196 306 110 190 300 400 375 775 225 150 375 145 • 136 281 250 250 500 120 17 137 140 80 220 225 262 487 48 10 58 169 181 350 86 h 144 102 140 242 185 186 371 125 100 225 145 130 275 155 118 273 112 87 199 110 225 335 95 240 335 215 245 460 300 300 600 116 47 163 8 24 32 48 36 84 75 24 99 318 137 455 407 203 610 175 44 219 85 152 237 85 48 133 73 10 83 30 The Bulletin ATTENDANCE AT FARMERS' INSTITUTES— Continued. County- Date Watauga Sept. 21 Sept. 23 Jan. 26 Jan. 27 Jan. 28 Jan. 29 Wayne- Wilkes --- Aug. 3 I Aug. 4 Aug. 5 Aug. 6 Aug. 7 Sept. 14 Wilson --- Jan. 16 1 Jan. 17 Yadkin i Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Yancey -.! Aug. 8 Aug. 10 Aug. 11 Place Valle Crucis - Boone Seven Springs Memorial Church Falling Creek Smith's ChapeL.. Dudley (Colored) Millers Creek Beaver Creek Boomer Newhope'Church Clingman S. H... Trap Hill. -- Stantonsburg Rock Ridge Hamptonville Booneville. _. Burns ville Bald Creek Daybook Attendance Men Women Total 80 200 149 170 135 170 45 130 225 190 155 800 200 18 54 155 175 67 155 140 122 200 165 92 180 110 37 240 370 330 200 1,600 147 46 36 165 173 20 200 116 202 400 314 262 315 280 82 370 595 520 355 2,400 347 64 90 320 348 87 355 256 NORMAL INSTITUTE PROGRAMS FARMEKS' NORMAL INSTITUTE. Ralei?ili, N. €., Jaimarj 13 and 14, 1914. Soil Improvement — 1. Drainage — Messrs. Lynde, Baker. 2. Rotation — Messrs. Newman, Pate. 3. Fall and Winter Plowing— Messrs. Hudson, Newell, McLean. 4. Preparation of Soil— Messrs. Sherwin, McLean, Hudson, Newell. 5. Legumes and Cover Crops — Messrs. Newman, Hudson, McLean. 6. Barn and Green Manures — Messrs. Burgess, Garren. 7. Fertilizers — Messrs. Kilgore, Browne, Williams. 8. Lime — Messrs. Williams, Kilgore, Browne. Garden and Orchard — Messrs. Hutt, Pillsbury, Shaw, Hill. Poultry — Messrs. Kerr, Taylor, Ross. Animal Industry — Work-stock, Breeding, Care, Feeding— Messrs. Roberts, Gray. Production of Cheap Pork — Messrs. Gray, Roberts. Care of Family Cow — Messrs. Eaton, Reed. Field Crops — Peanuts — Mr. Browne. Tobacco — Mr. Moss. Cotton — Messrs. Newman, McLean. Corn — Messrs. McLean, Newman, Williams, Hudson. Insect Pests and Spraying — Mr. Sherman. WOMEN'S NORMAL INSTITUTE PROGRAM. Raleisli, N. C, January 13 and 14, 1914. Tuesday, January 13. 10:00 a.m. Kitchen Conveniences — Mrs. Hutt. Causes of Insanity — Dr. Anderson. Bread Making — Miss Mahler. 3:00 p.m. Care of the Sick in the Home — Mrs. Hollowell. Woman's Work — Miss Hudgins. The Family Cow — Miss Carroll. Wednesday, January 14. 10:00 a.m. Care of the Eye — Mr. John E. Ray. Saving of Steps — Miss Webb. Care of the Baby— Dr. Carroll. 3:00 p.m. Care of the Teeth — Dr. Horton. What to Do Till the Doctor Comes — Miss Ward. 32 The Bulletin FARMERS' NORMAL INSTITUTE. Raleigh, N. C, July 21 and 23, 1914. Soil Improvement — Principal Soil Types in Piedmont N. C, and Their Plant Food Defi- ciencies — J. L. Burgess. Economical Means of Improvement — T. P. Parker. Pall and Winter Plowing — C. R. Hudson. Effect of Humus on Crop Yields— T. B. Parker. Rotation of Crops — M. J. Hendricks. Pastures for Profit and Soil Improvement — A. L. Prench. Green Manures — G. M. Garren.. Barnyard Manures — R. L. Sloan. Protecting Drainage Systems — R. W. Scott. Erosion and Its Prevention — C. L. Newman. Winter Cover Crops — T. B. Parker. Commercial Pertilizers — Profitable Use of Commercial Fertilizers — B. W. Kilgore. Mixing for Special Crops — W. P. Pate. Profitable Use of Lime— C. B. Williams. Field Crops — Cotton Growing — C. L. Newman. Care of Cotton After Ginning — Thos. Nelson. Corn Culture in the Sand Hills— T. D. McLean. Corn Harvesting — J. P. Kerr. Tobacco Culture and Rotations — J. S. Cuningham. Tobacco Curing and Marketing — E. G. Moss. Peanuts — T. E. Browne. Wheat, Increasing the Yield — M. J. Hendricks. Oats — G. M. Garren. Horticulture — The Apple Industry — W. N. Hutt. The Vegetable Garden — S. B. Shaw. Small Fruits— R. G. Hill. Live Stock — Beef Cattle for Soil Building — A. L. Prench. Producing and Curing Pork — D. T. Gray. Care of the Family Cow — W. H. Eaton. The Creamery and the Farmer — A. J. Reed. Cow Testing — Stanley Combes. Poultry Feeding and Management— J. P. Kerr. Feeding Farm Stock — G. A. Roberts. Cottonseed Meal Poisoning- — W. A. Withers. Diseases of Live Stock — W. G. Chrisman. Hog Cholera Prevention — P. D. Owen. Miscellaneous — Insect Pests to be Combatted— Franklin Sherman. Controlling Diseases of Field Crops — H. C. Young. Legume Bacterial Cultures — J. L. Burgess. Cooperation Among Farmers — W. R. Camp. Economics Applied to Farming — T. P. Parker. The Bulletin 33 WOMEN'S NORMAL INSTITUTE. Raleigli, N. C, July 21, 22 and 23, 1914. July 21. 10:00 a.m. Home Sanitation — Mrs. Hutt. Health on the Farm — Mrs. Robinson. . Home-made Yeast — Miss Webb. Teeth— Dentist. Food and Dietetics — Miss Parris. 3:00 p.m. Social Life in the Country— Miss Hudgins. Nourishment of Children — Dr. Carroll. Child Training — Mrs. Hollowell. July 22. 10:00 a. m. Pin Money on the Farm — Miss Clement. Home-curing Meat — Miss Jackson. Care of Milk — Dr. Koonce. Farm Life for Girls and Its Possibilities — Miss Arey. Bread Making — Miss Arey. 3:00 p.m. Care of the Eyes— John E. Ray. Care of the Sick — Trained Nurse. Combination of Food — Miss Parris. Bread Demonstration — Miss Mahler. Training Children of the Present for Men and Women of the Future — Mrs. Robinson. July 23. 10:00 a.m. Preventable Diseases — Dr. Jordan. Organization — Mrs. Hollowell. Helpful Hints to Farmers' Wives — Mrs. Hutt. PROGRAM OF THE TWELFTH ANNUAL STATE FARMERS' CONVENTION AND ROUND-UP INSTITUTE PULLEN HALL A. & M. College, West Raleigh, N. C. August 25, 26 and 27, 1914 OFFICERS. President — S. H. Hobbs, Clinton. EiRST Vice President — A. F. Yarborough, Winston-Salem. Second Vice President — W. K. Alexander, Charlotte. Third Vice President — J. P. Kerr, Haw River. Secretary-Treasurer — T. E. Browne, West Raleigh. The Bulletin 37 PROGRAM. Tuesday, August 25. 10:30 a.m. Greetings — Dr. D. H. Hill. Welcome to Raleigh — His Excellency, Locke Craig. Our State — Major W. A. Graham. 11:00 a.m. Address — S. H. Hobhs, President of Convention. 12:00 m. Do Soils Wear Out — Prof. C. L. Newman. 12:30 p.m. How to Bring Up An Old Field— R. W. Scott. 2:00 p.m. Maintaining Soil Fertility: By Green Manures — C. R. Hudson and T. B. Parker. By Live Stock — Dan T. Gray and A. L. French. By Commercial Fertilizer — C. B. Williams. 3:30 p.m. Is There Value in Resting Land — Dr. J. A. Morris. 4:00 p.m. Field Demonstration — Arranged and conducted by Prof. C. L. Newman. 8:00 p.m. Address — Prof. M. L. Fisher, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. 8:45 p.m. Address— Prof. L. C. Corbett, Bureau of Plant Industry, Wash- ington, D. C. Wednesday, August 26. — Live Stock Conference. Conducted by Prof. Dan T. Gray. 8:00 a.m. Judging Hogs — Dan T. Gray and L. W. Shook. 8:40 a.m. Judging Beef Cattle— R. S. Curtis and L. W. Shook. 9:20 a. m. Judging Dairy Cattle — A. J. Reed and S. M. Salisbury. 10:00 a.m. Making Permanent Pastures in the Coastal Section — B. F. Shel- ton, T. B. Parker. Piedmont Section — F. T. Meacham, Eugene Transou. Mountain Section — T. L. Gwynn. 11:00 a.m. Temporary Pasture Rotations for the Coastal Section — G. A. Holderness. Piedmont Section — A. L. French. Mountain Section — R. W. Collett. 12:00 m. Illustrations of the Value of Permanent and Temporary Pas- tures — Tait Butler, Editor Progressive Farmer. 12:30 p.m. Corn Silage, a Supplement to Pastures — W. F. Ward, Senior Animal Husbandman, Washington, D. C. 2:00 p.m. Raising Our Own Work Animals and Their Economic Impor- tance— B. R. Lloyd, Director Mississippi Experiment Station. 3:00 p.m. Cooperative Buying and Selling of: Beef Cattle and Sheep— R. S. Curtis. Dairy Products — W. H. Eaton. Poultry Products — W. J. Shuford. Horses — J. C. McNutt. Hogs — W. F. Ward, Washington, D. C. 4:00 p.m. Judging Horses— J. C. McNutt and S. M. Salisbury. 5:00 p.m. Judging Mules — G. A. Roberts and S. M. Salisbury. 8:00 p.m. "The Education of the Boys and Girls of North Carolina" — Address by Dr. T. P. Harrison. 8:30 p.m. "Improved Methods of Agriculture" — Illustrated address by Mr. D. R. Coker, Hartsville, S. C. Wednesday, August 26. Conference on Cotton and Corn, Conducted by Prof. C. L. Newman. 9:30 a.m. Varieties Adapted to Different Sections of the State: '» Cotton — T. J. W. Broom, Monroe, N. C. Corn — F. T. Meacham, Statesville, N. C; J. F. Latham, Jes- sama, N. C. 38 The Bulletin 10:45 a. m. Improving Cotton by Seed Selection on the Farm — R. Y. Winters, West Raleigh, N. C. 11:00 a.m. Improving Corn by Seed Selection on the Farm — G. M. Garren, Raleigh, N. C. 11:15 a.m. Rotations for Cotton and Corn in Eastern North Carolina — T. E. Browne, West Raleigh. 11:30 a.m. Rotations for Cotton and Corn in Central North Carolina — R. W. Pou, Elmwood. 11 : 45 a. m. Rotation for Corn in Western North Carolina — E. L. Perkins, Hendersonville. General Discussion — T. B. Parker. 12:15 p.m. The Fertilization of Cotton and Corn — C. B. Williams, West Raleigh, N. C. 12:40 p.m. Cover Crops for Cotton and Corn — C. R. Hudson, Raleigh. 2:00 p. m. Preparation for and Cultivation of Cotton and Corn— J. F. Diggs, Rockingham; J. A. Turlington, Salemburg; F. P. Shields, Scotland Neck. 2:45 p.m. What Should the Farmer Do With His Cotton Seed— B. W. Kil- gore, T. B. Parker. 3:00 p.m. Some Important Cotton Diseases and Their Control — Prof. H. R. Fulton, West Raleigh, N. C. 3:20 p.m. Control of Insect Enemies: Cotton — Dr. Franklin Sherman, Raleigh, N. C. 3:40 p.m. Control of Insect Enemies: Corn— Prof. Z. P. Metcalf, West' Raleigh, N. C. Wednesday, August 26. Conference on Horticulture, Conducted by Prof. J. P. Pillsbury. 8:00 a.m. "Morning Demonstration" — Inspection of Horticultural Grounds, and Seasonal Operations. 9:30 a.m. "The Importance of Good Seed, and How to Get It"— H. G. Hastings, Atlanta, Ga. 10:15 a. m. "The Value of Green Crops in Building Up the Land for Truck- ing." Speaker to be supplied. 11:00 a.m. "Trucker's Crop Rotations for Maintaining Soil Fertility." Speaker to be supplied. 11:45 a. m. "Labor Saving Implements in Trucking." Speaker to be sup- plied. 12:30 p.m. "Profitable Truck Crops"— R. D. Paschal, Ridgeway, N. C. 2:00 p.m. "The Net Value of Commercial Fertilizers on the Bearing Orchard"— J. B. Sparger, Mt. Airy, N. C; Paul C. Lindley, Pomona, N. C. 2:45 p.m. "Spraying, an Orchard Necessity" — J. B. Sparger, Mt. Airy, N. C. 3:15 p.m. "The Value of the Home Market"— R. W. King, Raleigh, N. C. 4:00 — 6:00. "Evening Demonstration — Inspection of Greenhouse and Horti- culture Laboratory, and Exhibit of Vegetable and Fruit Pack- ages and Methods of Packing." Wednesday, August 26. Conference on Tobacco, Conducted by E. G. Moss, Oxford, N. C. 9:30 a.m. Maintenance of Humus Supply in Tobacco Soils — E. H. Mat- thewson, Reidsville, N. C. 10:00 a. m. Methods of Preparing and Treating Plant Beds — J. J. Laughing- house, Greenville, N. C. 10:30 a. m. New Methods of Sterilizing Tobacco Plant Beds— A. C. Morgan, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C. 11:00 a.m. Fitting the Soil for Tobacco— O. L. Joyner, Greenville, N. C. 11:30 a.m. Economical Fertilization of Tobacco — E. H. Matthewson, Reids- ville, N. C. The Bulletin 39 12:00 m. Effects of Different Forms of Potash Upon Yield and Quality of Tobacco— E. G. Moss, Oxford. 12:30 p.m. Effects of Different Forms of Nitrogen Upon Yield and Quality of Tobacco — E. H. Matthewson, Reidsville, N. C. 2:00 p.m. Utility of Machine Transplanter — 0. L. Joyner, Greenville. 2:30 p.m. Tobacco Insects— A. C. Morgan, Bureau of Plant Industry, Wash- ington, D. C. 3:00 p.m. Harvesting and Curing Tobacco— E. G. Moss, Oxford; E. H. Mat- thewson, Reidsville. 3:40 p.m. Marketing the Tobacco Crop — O. L. Joyner, Greenville. Wednesday, August 26. Conference on Small Grains and Grasses, Conducted by Me. J. L. Burgess. 9:30 a.m. The Place of Small Grain in the Crop Rotation— B. D. Weaver, Weaverville, N. C. Discussion by T. B. Parker, Raleigh, N. C. 10:00 a.m. Small Grains Adapted to the Different Parts of the State— G. M. Garren, Raleigh, N. C; T. D. McLean, Carthage, N. C, and H. K. Foster, Newton, N. C. 10:30 a.m. Development of Varieties of Small Grain for Different Parts of the State— Dr. George Nelson Coffey, Wooster, Ohio. Discus- sion by J. L. Burgess, Raleigh, N. C. 11:30 a.m. Preparation of the Soil for Small Grains— R. W. Freeman, Salisbury, N. C. Discussion by F. T. Meacham, of Statesville, N. C. 12:30 a. m. Fertilization of Wheat— M. J. Hendrix, Cana, N. C. Discussion by C. B. Williams, Raleigh, N. C. 2:00 p.m. What Shall We Do With Bermuda Grass?— Zeno Moore, Whita- kers, N. C. Discussion by C. L. Newman, Raleigh, N. C. 3:00 p.m. Hay and Pasture Mixtures— Dr. W. J. McLendon, Wadesboro, N. C. Discussion by E. D. Weaver, Weaverville, N. C, and Walter Woodard, Wilson, N. C. Thursday, August 27. 9:00 a.m. General Plan for Community Development Organization — Dr. D. H. Hill. 9:15 a.m. What Community Action May Accomplish Along Health Lines — Dr. W. S. Rankin. 9:30 a.m. Community Action Along Productive Lines, What May be Ex- pected of It— C. R. Hudson. 9:45 a.m. What May be Expected From Community Work Along Educa- tional Lines — Prof. L. C. Brogden. 10:00 a.m. What Community Action Can Do for Social Life and Recrea- tion in the Country— Dr. C. H. Poe. 10:15 a. m. How Standard Cotton Grades Can Benefit the Farmer — W. R, Meadows, Office of Markets, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 11:00 a. m. The Case of the Farmer — Judge R. W. Winston. 11:30 a.m. Land and Loan Associations — Hon. J. R. Young, Raleigh, N. C. 12:00 m. Business Meeting, Report of Committees, Election of Officers. 40 The Bulletin PROGRAM HOUSEWIVES' COJfVEKTIOJf. State Department of Agriculture, August 25 to 27. Mrs. Charles McKimmon, President. Mrs. C. R. Hudson, Secretary. Tuesday Morning, 10:15. Held in Auditorium, Meredith College. Welcome — Major W. A. Graham, Commissioner of Agriculture. Talk — Mr. T. B. Parker, Director of Institutes. How the Woman in the Country Can Establish a City Market — Mrs. Rosalind Redfern. The Housewife and Her Opportunities — Mrs. Julian Heath, Founder National Housewives' Leagues. Attractive Packs of Eggs and Butter — Mrs. J. H. Henley. Demonstration of Canning in Tin and Glass — Team of Canning Club Girls. Tuesday Aeternoon, 3:30. Home Economics Dept., High School. Class in Cooking, conducted by Miss Katharine Parker, of Simmons College, Boston, now of Department of Home Economics, Meredith. Demonstration^ — Desserts. Cooking classes will be held each afternoon at the High School Building and every one is invited to come with her note book and pencil and take these lessons free of any charge. Wednesday Morning, 10:15. Auditorium, Meredith College. President's Address — Women as Organizers: What the Club Movement Has Meant for Women. The Housewives' League Movement: Its Birth and Growth — Mrs. Heath. Sports and Amusements for the Rural People — Miss Emilie McVey, Dean, University of Cincinnati. Five-Minute Talks by Club Women: Community Club, Chapel Hill. Magnolia Club, Wayne County. Housewives' League, Wilmington. Model Community Club, Salemburg. United Farm Women's Clubs. Canning Clubs. Woman's Club, Raleigh. Edgecombe County Betterment Club. Wednesday Afternoon, 3:30. Home Economics Dept., High School. Class in Cooking, conducted by Mrs. W. N. Hutt. Demonstration — Salads. Wednesday Evening, 8:30. Auditorium, Meredith College. Musical Recital. Interesting Moving Picture Films and Lantern Slides. Thursday Morning, 10:15. Auditorium, Meredith College. The Social Direction of Education — Dr. Rankin, State Department of Health. The Child and the Road — Mr. D. H. Winslow, U. S. Chief Engineer, Road Inspection. Feeding the Child in Its Second Year — Dr. Delia Dixon-Carroll. The Object of the Afternoon Meeting — Mrs. Sue V. Hollowell. The Bulletin 41 Thursday Afternoon, 2:30. Home Economics Dept., High School. Conducted by Mrs. Sue V. Hollowell. Demonstration — Proper Preparation Infants' Food. Comfortable Clothing. Proper Feeding Bottles. Simple Remedies for Simple Ailments. THtTRSDAY Afternoon, 3:30. Class in Cooking, conducted by Miss Louise Mahler. Demonstration — Bread and Rolls. OFFICERS FOR 1915. MRS. J. G. BOYLIN, President, Wadesboro, N. C. MISS CARRIE HUDGINS, Secretary, Raleigh, N. C. The IVonien's Branch of the Farmers' Institutes. Mrs. John W. Robinson. This is or should be the most interesting subject to farm women. Our lives are necessarily more or less isolated, and it is a great pleasure to look forward to our monthly or semi-monthly meetings with our neighbors and talk over better ways of doing things, how our children should be made "better babies," and make plans for the betterment of our homes and com- munity. The men are doing quite a lot through cooperation, and I am glad that the women begin to realize the need in their work also. Eighteen months ago the women in cur community organized; we have semi-monthly meetings six months in the year, and monthly meetings in. the busy seasons. We have programs prepared for one year, varying them as we wish. Each member is asked to help render these programs, and the President or Secretary helps them get the literature necessary to study the different subjects. Health, cooking, care of children, conveniences, gardens, flowers, etc., are some of the subjects. Then we have demonstrations occa- sionally, comparison of cooking, etc. We give the corn, tomato and poultry clubs all the encouragement possible. The club members' ages are from fourteen to fifty years, and all interested. We have a query box and round table discussions at each meeting. We give ice cream suppers, picnics, old time singings, spelling bees, etc., for amusement and to help us make money for our work. At our county fair the young people gave an excellent agricultural play — three performances. This was educational, and helped us quite a lot finan- cially. Since we organized we have made $250 for our school, also $100 pri- vate subscriptions for our teacher's salary. We now Have individual patent desks, nice three-room school building, painted inside and out, piano, kitchen curtains, shades, nice teacher's desk, etc. Of course we were helped by teachers, men, women, children — all. It takes cooperation all around to make a community better. All our meetings are held in the school building; we are making this the social center. In the grove we have swings, hammocks and a croquet ground. Once each month a committee meets with the children and have a social afternoon, serving some light refreshments. We believe that all work and no play makes Jack or anyone else dull. The South was once noted for its hospitality, but it is fast losing that, I am sorry to say. And it is not that we do not enjoy social life, but we have more work to do and cannot enjoy the social side of life so much. The slaves are gone and we cannot hire help for love or money. One lady said to me some time ago, "Oh, I wish we were back in the good old days of slavery." But not I. What would we do with slaves and the high cost of living? We 42 The Bulletin must learn to live in tliis new South, and the best way is to come together and talk the matter over. We now have oiled floors, linoleum, iron beds, washing machines, coal, gasoline and electric irons, gasoline engines, fruit canners, oil stoves, fire- less cookers, waterworks, and so many things to help us which cost far less than slaves or hired help, and if we study our work, how to do it easier, we will have plenty time for reading, club meetings, church work, etc. And we are caring for our health as well, and will not be old and worn out at forty- five years old, as so many mothers are; often dying just when their children need them most. ■, ^,, ^ , We certainly need to study our business, the grandest and noblest work on earth. Home Making. Cabrie Hudgins. The home is the heart of the farm, and the mother the heart of the home. The girls and women have largely the making of our future, and on them rests the responsibility of their being women of the highest type. Every woman should form an ideal of a home; not the place, but the char- acter of the home. If love reigns not there, if peace is not a dweller, if charity or contentment are not in the household, then it is no home. The home is the greatest institution, and through it must come improve- ment in society; it is the pivot upon which success of the nation depends. Good men and women wield the greatest influences of the day. The mother is the social organizer in the home, and in order to be able to fill this position she must give herself some time to the preparation it re- quires. She must have some reading matter, and some time set apart in which to read, that she may be prepared to assist in passing the hpurs pleas- antly when the family meet. She plans her meals by no set rule, neither should she expect to plan her evenings; still they require some thought. Parents should try to teach their children four fundamental virtues: hon- esty, reverence, sympathy, and industry. The child is a creature of environ- ment; he needs something besides four walls and a bag of books. Touch the heart and you don't need argument. If in training children to face the responsibility as citizens it must be the family that furnishes the highest ideal of humanity. To kill the romance of youth is to blight the future; to kill the girl's ideals and dreams may make a good servant or housewife, but she can never have the delicate charms which are woman's right. Drudgery to keep mother from it is en- nobling, but acts like March wind upon the youth. Man shall not live by bread alone. . Of course some country girls and boys go to college, but the majority do not. Too manv have this worked out of them by the home which looks upon it as foolishness. The girls have been left ignorant of the things which mean much to them: the art of being a home-maker, the ability to sew, cook, and make home attractive.. In Europe a girl is supposed to have mastered these arts before going into society. If 'twas so with us learning would be more popular. If the country cannot afford this much time, then it cannot hope to keep the young people on the farm. Often when our country women are questioned they say, "Yes, we do not want our sons and daughters to stay on the farm. Too much drudgery. The most of the women's work disappears down the throats of the family and seems to yield no returns." Often our boys and girls are leaving the farm because we have not spent enough time in making the home attractive. The wide-awake boy or girl loves fun and must have it. If the home and community do not look after this they are going to look out for themselves in a way that is not always desirable. Swimming is an amusement that boys and girls always enjoy, and if no safe place is provided by the older people they will find places for themselves. The most of the accidents we hear of are boys going in without permission in some secret, hidden-away places. The Bulletin 43 Boys and girls are much alike, and rightly so; the girls love much the same sports, and it is only just and right they should have them. If a girl wishes to get out and romp and play, she is called a tomhoy and made to feel she has committed a crime. This should not he so. Why not let her develop as we would the boy? The school is a large factor in development of country life and one of the chief agencies for keeping the youth on the farm. If this is to be done, we must not only make it attractive and remunerative, but we must interest them in their work. This can be done by making the work intelligent, by carrying the every-day life into the school and making it a part of the real work. The true, the beautiful, the good, are so closely interwoven that we need to develop them together in the growing mind. The child should be taught to cherish the truth because it is the truth; the beautiful because it tends to elevate; the good because righteousness exalteth. Mothers' Problems. Mes. Henry Slagle. If "variety is the spice of life," we have no monotony, no stagnation; but the ever urgent call to duty presses us forward to meet them, and mothers, like every other individual, should have a great master purpose, a purpose to live a life of supreme principle which is so commanding and imperative in its demands for recognition and exercise that there can be no mistaking its call. Any kind of a human being can wish for a thing, but only strong, vigorous minds can do them. In Phillips Brooks' talks to young people he urges them to be something with all their might; and who needs to follow this admonition more than the mothers who have the God-given responsibility of turning the young minds into channels of usefulness, and getting them to see that there is a purpose and an individuality in each little life. We must care for the mind, and we must care for the heart and the body. The latter is by no means the most important, but we are inclined to dwell on it, and I, as a mother, am going to give some of my experiences and some of others. We must begin at a very early age or in the early stages of existence to care for these little ones; they must have prenatal care for the best develop- ment. Send to the U. S. Department of Labor, Children's Bureau, and get a fine treatise on this. We can make ourselves confident and efficient by studying conditions, diseases, remedies and how to use them. If we know a thing we are confident, and do not go into a panic if some disease de< velops or some accident occurs, but with our own reason and experience take a simple diagnosis of the trouble. And if we have been a careful discerner of the laws of nature, and therewith developed a hygienic sense, this will enable us to more or less instinctively decide whether it is something we can manage or if the skill of a physician is needed. It is a part of my nature to be deeply interested in all these things, and it has stood me in hand many times in the rearing of my eight children. We must study causes and effects. But now to begin at the beginning. The first thing when a baby is born get your almost indispensable roll of absorbent cotton; then your boracic acid solution which has been prepared by these proportions: two teaspoons- ful of the dry powder to one-half pint water, boiled and put in a clean bottle ready for use. Take a little tab of cotton and saturate with this solution, then clean one little eye by wiping from the nose outward. Throw this in the fire and get another tab of cotton and treat the other eye in the same way. Never use the same cotton for both eyes, as one may be infected and the other not. Now this is a mild, clean disinfectant, but after you have used this get the little box containing two ampules of a one per cent nitrate of silver and get as much as one drop in each eye — more will not be harm- ful. These little boxes are kept now at all well equipped drug stores anr" have been prepared by experts. They cost only ten cents, and this will in- 44 The Bulletin sure your child against this most common cause of blindness (infant in- flamed eyes or ophthalmia neonatorum). Then take a little of this cotton or fine soft cloth and put on the end of your finger and wet in the boracic solution and clean out the baby's mouth. Do this every morning until it is at least four weeks old. You can dilute this solution if you like by put- ting a little of it in a cup with a few spoonsful of warm water. Use this treatment and your child will never have any mouth troubles. This is a fine gargle for sore throat. Also be sure to clean up the mother's breast with the same. The child being made comfortable, the next thing will be the feeding. Do not feed anything but a little clear warm water, and put to the breast oc- casionally about every two hours. If the mother is in a normal condition the nourishment will be there in due time, and if she is not, the physician will advise. You want to watch for every symptom of indigestion, as that is the cause of most baby ailments. And, mother, study your baby; this is your job, and keep at it. Don't be quick to give medicines. A little castor oil is often beneficial and is not harmful. If cold is the trouble, try it. Teething soon comes on, and many think they must have a dope or a course of patent medicines for their children — but don't. First be careful with the child's diet, and keep on its bowels a flannel abdominal binder; this never allows the bowels to become chilled. You can get the light weight for fat babies summer wear, but let it be wool, and take off everything else if you like. I will give some things for the diet of the child being weaned that Dr. Delia Dixon-Carroll, of Raleigh, gives as some of the best. First, broths. Get an old chicken, dress, cut up and break every bone in its body, as the bones contain the food for the red corpuscles of the blood. Then put this all to cook in one and one-half or two gallons of water and cook slowly for four or flve hours; strain and set to cool; when cool take off most of the oil; heat again and put in small, well sterilized can, and it is ready for use. For making beef or mutton broth, take two pounds of the ribby part, break the bones and treat just as the chicken. Another thing she says is fine, and which only a few mothers know, is cowpeas cooked with meat in a good deal of water for a long time. First strain out and give only the soup with a little cream added to it; later strain the pulp through a fine colander and add to this a little butter or cream, as they are both easily digested and con- tain the protein that all children need. Rice or oatmeal cooked for several hours in a double boiler with a little cream or butter, and very little if any sugar, make a good meal. Avoid sweets at all times as they ferment in the stomach and cause trouble. All breads given to babies should be twice baked or brown and stale. The Zwiebach biscuit is one of the best ready prepared breads. All mothers should be careful to not nurse their children too long, as the child at about ten months begins to change and needs something stronger, and the mother's milk begins to deteriorate and take on a poison known as ptomaine. The child will gradually get thin, pale and irritable. The time has come for other things to be given to supply the nourishment needed. This is a call for a knowledge of dietetics and the value of foods. And the Girls. LuLA M. Cassidey. The clear note that has been sounded throughout the land for rural uplift has aroused every institution for welfare to definite lines of activity looking to standardizing country life. The agricultural, health, and educational forces of the State and nation are striving, each in its individual way, to aid in the solution of the rural problem, and it is very evident that the standards are advancing. Many of the agencies which are busy in the work are dealing with the adult, endeavoring to serve the present generation. This is vital work, and a great evolution along all lines of rural progress is the The Bulletin 45 growing result of the strenuous efforts which are being made. However, there is a large per cent of the rural population which can never be reached through these agencies. Many are out of reach because of location; many more are unwilling to change th&ir habits of thinking and living; and some others are incapacitated either through ignorance or through the influences of peculiar environment. These facts are especially true of country women who, as a rule, have very little opportunity for contact with the larger movements which set the pace for their town and city -sisters. Their visions of life are dwarfed in the outset, very often, by the uncompromising customs and traditions which have circumscribed their lives from early childhood — that period of life when the notions of home and the standards of living are eternally fixed in the minds of the youth, as a rule. In view of these facts it becomes necessary to reach these conditions through the training of the youth for actual living and a conscious appre- ciation of the matchless possibilities of rural life by courses in our rural schools along practical lines. No community, no home, can rise above the standard of its womanhood. The average girl is going to spend the most of her years in home making. What finer thing could be done toward home and community building and standardizing country life than to send these girls out from our schools actually prepared to fill their life missions, giving a full measure of service, and at the same time conserving their physical strength? On every hand we see the tragedy of a woman whose health, happiness, hope and ambitions have been ruthlessly sacrificed upon the altar of ignorance. What value have Latin, algebra and kindred subjects for a girl in com- parison with a course of training which shall lead her to know and practice the laws of hygiene and sanitation; which shall teach her the needs of the human system, the foods which best supply these needs, the best methods for the preparation of these foods for nature's use, the economy of time and effort, the conservation of her own strength and health while performing her duties, and the countless other lessons which are vital in the shaping up of every woman's home and life policy? The argument of "superior cultural value," which is made in behalf of classical lines of training, weakens by comparison with industrial^ training when a choice has to be made between the two. True culture grows out of spiritual development and soul expansion even more than from intellectual development. What could conduce more effectively to the mental, physical and spiritual development of a girl than a course of training which fits her for the natural sphere of home, and aims at stimulating the native, womanly traits in her character, and gives her actual skill in performing gracefully and graciously the duties of home making. What duty, then, lies next in the development of an efficient rural school system? What has the rural parent a right to expect from the schools? What is it their duty to demand of the schools? These questions are finding a solution in a number of rural communities of North Carolina through certain activities which have been set in motion through the combined efforts of their teachers and the organized womanhood of the community. There are springing into existence in many rural schools domestic science classes which are serving in a modest but practical way the purpose for which they were intended— that of preparing the girls for life; and these schools are building gradually toward the only scheme of education which can be permanently efficient and effective in rural progress. Let us see to providing training along industrial lines in our rural schools in order that, through the schools, the otherwise impossible situations may be influenced to higher standards of living, and the girls may go forth to meet the exigencies of life with a fine vision of the possibilities ahead of them and the training which shall enable them to cope with life's problems intelligently and effectively. Whenever public sentiment begins to demand this type of rural school the teaching force will prepare to m.eet the demand. Experiments have demon- strated the feasibility of this line of work in rural schools having three or more teachers, and the time is now at hand to require it as an integral part of the school course. 46 The Bulletin Farm Life and Its Possibilities for Girls. Beulah Aeey. Sometimes we hear it said "There is no chance on the farm for the girl." The girl has just as good a chance on the farm as she has a mind to make. The thing is to have a purpose in life, something to live for. A person with- out an object in life, without ambition and destitute of a settled purpose to achieve some definite end, is to be pitied. The girl who lives a listless, lazy- life, satisfied with her conditions and with no ambition to do or achieve something higher, knows nothing of pleasure. One of the greatest pleasures of life is to endeavor and to overcome. Work is a blessing; idleness a curse. It is a poetical expression "that life without a plan serves merely as a soil for discontent to thrive on." Some point in view, some fixed object of pur- suit, is a spur to the energies. A purpose overcomes difficulties; not with a rush and a shout, but one by one. So set your mark high; no person was ever Injured or delayed in life by setting his mark high. The very first and best thing you can do is to equip yourselves for lives of the greatest possible usefulness. This you owe first to your Creator, who in giving life to anyone gives it with a purpose. You have a life-work to perform which no other can do for you. Next you owe it to those around you. First, and this is the point I am trying to make, is the home, then your countrymen. The Home! Think of what that word carries with it; and do we all realize what embraces a home, the magnitude of the responsibilities which rests upon the shoulders of one who undertakes to make one: No, positively I am sure we do not; and sometimes I am inclined to think we do not want to, and today this, as I see it, is why so many of us live in houses instead of homes. Now, girls, this is your chance; your real life-work is to make a home. Be a home-maker, not a home-breaker. Well, you will say, how are we going to do this? I want to tell you that it is not done by chance; it is no "happenstance." The person that thinks if a girl can do nothing else she can make a home, or, as others might put it, "cook and keep house," had better think again. Everybody fully realizes that to be a successful farmer you must be able to do more than drive a mule to the end of a cotton row, pull him around and go back, and I am thankful that our women and girls are waking up to the fact that to be a successful home-maker you must be able to do more than fry meat and sweep the floor. Why is it when a young girl wishes to become a trained nurse, a stenog- rapher, a music teacher, or any other profession as far as that goes, except home-making, she prepares herself for the work? She spends years and hundreds of dollars in preparation, graduates, gets a "job," teaches until she marries, then the bar drops. She feels that her life-work has been com- pleted instead of just beginning it, and well she might, too, for she made preparation for the former work, the latter followed as a matter of fact, and as a matter of fact this is the seat of the trouble in our homes today. Home- making is not considered a profession and therefore not studied. I hope the time will soon come when every young woman who expects to go into a home of her own will have to prepare herself for making a home, just the same as does the young man to support that home. This is nothing more than fair. It makes no difference whether or not you do your own work; if you cannot do it yourself you cannot direct anyone else. You cannot give out what you do not have yourself. If you cannot make wholesome, nourish- ing bread, do you suppose for a minute you can tell an ignorant person how? Why is it that labor in the home is such a problem today? Because it has not been handled intelligently and systematically. For my part I do not want any. I much prefer a well planned house equipped with the modern conveniences as my servants. These if handled intelligently will respond intelligently, and you can always depend on them. Now here is the real problem, and we will have to solve it together. Prob- ably you haven't a well planned house and the modern conveniences to lighten and make pleasant your work, but by keeping still is a pretty poor The Bulletin 47 way of getting them. A farmer does not or should not put a new piece of machinery on the farm until he is thoroughly capable of operating it and can get value received, and the same is true of the home, for what good would modern conveniences do if you did not know how to use them? just about as much as your Virgil would when you wanted to mix a cake. There is a solution to every problem, and when our girls study this problem of the home it will be solved to a certain extent, but it must be studied. Now, some will say that this will cost money; but doesn't it cost money to study Greek, German or Latin? Sure it will cost money, and much valu- able time too, but it is well worth the price and will pay bigger dividends than any other way it can possibly be invested. The fact that this is a very effectual way influences your life for higher efficiency, and greater content- ment in the rural home makes it invaluable. Now, girls, .make up your minds to have a course in home economics; you can get it if you want it bad enough. You will have some difficulties to overcome, but anything that is easily gotten is not always worth having. If you cannot leave home, get some literature and work there till you can. Anyone can obtain the government bulletins for the asking, and they are very valuable if studied carefully. Then there are good books and magazines which cost very little in comparison to what you receive from them. Read more; that is what you need; read anything that looks like a Progressive Farmer or Good Housekeeping magazine. Every one of you should have some practical books relating to your work, and should be continually on the watch for information. When you do not read the same thing happens to your mind as does a once stout and hearty body when it receives no more nourishment. Every minute that is not actively engaged in work be feeding your mind, for as every thread of gold is valu- able, so is every minute of time. An hour wasted daily on trifies or in in- dolence would, if devoted to self-improvement, make an ignorant person wise in a few years. I wonder how many of you know what a balanced ration is and what it means to a sound body? If a hog, and a horse, and a cow need a balanced ration, why does not a man? Is his welfare not as important as that of these animals named? Look what progress the boys are making in agri- culture now. You must not lag behind. I believe in equal — not "suffrage" — but rights in education. One way in which you can make a start at home right now is to join the girls' canning and poultry clubs; this is an open door for you. Think of the knowledge you gain in agriculture in the study of your plants, and then the experience in canning according to the best instructions, of all the good times you can have with your girl friends during the canning season, and what is better still, look at your profits. I know many girls today who are buying their clothes and helping pay their own way to college with tomato club money, and without it this would be impossible. Now I have been telling you all the things you ought to do; I want to tell you one thing you ought not to do. You have heard the expression that "all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." It will make many a dull girl too. Do not neglect having a good time on the farm, and pretty often, too, for time spent in vacation is not lost. I fear the majority of you girls do not take the time for pleasure and relaxation. Of course you will not like the farm if you do nothing but stay at home and work, work, work. You are much better equipped for your household work on common days if you get out and mingle with other girls in some club or social. Now a few words to the mothers. If you mean to keep your girls in the home with you, you must be their sympathetic companion. When a girl feels that her mother has no sympathy with her aspirations and desires she loses all interest in home life. Encourage her in everything new she at- tempts. What a world of good a few words of encouragement will do if only given in time. Give her time for recreation, give her good books, maga- zines and papers to read; not some your grandmother used, but the latest and best that are out. How can you expect the home-making element of a girl's life to develop unless it is fed? Encourage in her the sense of owner- ship by giving her something of her very own and from which she can re- 48 The Bulletin ceive a profit. It is not right that the bright, ambitious girl should be denied all these privileges. In conclusion, I would like to say that when — and that is fast coming — our girls stay on the farm and in the home frovi choice and are taught that cooking and cleaning are based on scientific truths, dull household routine will be changed into intelligent, interesting exercise, and she will bear a more vital relation to the health and happiness of home and community. Domestic Science — Its Aims and Ends. Maria Parris, Oxford College. The importance of the study of Domestic Science is still held in doubt by many people. This is probably due first, to the fact that very few outside of schools know what work is done in this department, and secondly, because in many homes the science of feeding is an unheard of thing. Soon after it was seen that Farmers' Institutes were teaching farmers the best and most economical diets for cows, horses, pigs, etc., a few thinking women began to realize that human beings were receiving secondary consid- eration in this most vital point of food. Let us first look at some of the arguments against Domestic Science. We often hear that too much time is spent on "fancy cookery" and that the courses are not practical enough. This might have been the case years ago, when it was taught by women who had had no opportunity for study them- selves. Now scientific training is required of all teachers, and the greatest stress is laid on what we call plain cooking. However the pupils are made to realize the necessity and possibilities of serving plain foods in attractive and tempting ways. Extravagance is another fault that seems unjustly applied, for the use of "left overs" is emphasized when possible. For instance, when making grape juice, the skin and pulp that are left are converted into a nice jam or marma- lade. Domestic Science does intend to show the student just how to prepare, in the quickest manner, the most palatable and attractive dish with the material at hand. Instead of serving a soggy boiled Irish potato she learns to cook one so that it will be mealy and appetizing. She is also shown the different methods of cooking that make foods diges- tible instead of indigestible. When she puts these methods into practice at heme she will vary the monotony of eggs fried in grease for such as soft- boiled, and poached eggs on toast. Just as farmers have already learned that particular kinds of food are needed for horses and pigs, so the Domestic Science pupil is taught that human beings require certain amounts of different types of food to insure good health and proper nourishment of the body. Along this line a thorough knowledge of the composition and right combinations of food is taught. As a result, fresh fruits and vegetables and good clean milk, th^t are so neces- sary in our daily diets, will be seen more often on the table, in the place of heavy meats three times a day. So many women sell the nourishing foods that they have, such as eggs and milk, and then buy tonics for the family. Along with these things lessons are learned in the care of a house and the necessity of a home built for comfort and convenience, instead of one for show. A woman that could make the best cake, and one who stayed home and drudged day in and day out, for fear of a newspaper being out of place or a rug not exactly straight, used to be considered the best housekeeper. Things have changed now, and the woman who has a clean, comfortable home for her family and gives them nourishing food, and still has time for her church and community, is held up as an example for others, and towards making more of this kind Domestic Science strives. Just as soon as the public realize that good health depends almost entirely on the food we eat, then Domestic Science will be compulsory instead of elective in our schools. The Bulletin 49 Tlie Farm as a Home. A. Li. Fkench. One night I was driving far from any liome and far from any town; and realizing tliat my little mares had already carried me further that day than they should have been asked to do, I sought a stopping place for the night. Off to the right of the ridge road I was traveling, down in the center of a charming little valley — along the edge of which I had been traveling for fifteen miles or more — sparkled the bright lights of a farm home, and I turned the little mares in this direction. Do you know that you can judge quite closely many times of the quality of a home, in the country, by the character of the lights at night as seen from a distance? A well illuminated room speaks of good cheer and hospitality, and the lights shining clear and strong off into the night indicate that the window lights are clean and shining. My apology for intruding at that time of the night was cut short by the good lady of the house with the assertion that they deemad it no intrusion for a stranger to join their family circle for a night, and the kindly look in her eye and the hearty handclasp from the head of the house assured me that I had run accidentally upon the "real thing" in country hospitality. And as the evening progressed, with music, games, stories, and discussion of the weighty problems connected with living and home-making of that time, the impression grew upon me that I had come upon one more of those pillars upon which our great country has been builded, viz., the country home, where dwell intelligent, patriotic, home-loving, well-to-do people. As I stepped into the big living room there by the great open fire-place sat the aged grandmother, and in her lap lay a copy of the latest issue of the Ladies Home Journal, and — bless her old heart — she had been studying the fashion page. But — and right here I stumbled onto one of the reasons for the well-dressed, well-to-do, look of all the children in that large family — grandma was not studying fashions for her own benefit, but was aiding in planning a new winter suit for the oldest daughter of the house. And a little quiet observation showed me that the material of all the ladies' gowns was of the most substantial sort and had not the home maintained, in the person of the grandmother, wife and eldest daughter, a first-class dressmaking plant, the dressmaking bill of that home would have cut deeply into the revenue from the farm. The books and papers on the large center-table attracted my attention. There was the Chicago Advance, the great "Congregational" church paper of that section, and hovering close to the Advance was The Breeder's Gazette and Wallace's Farmer, and a copy of the new Saturday Evening Post — then just starting under the present ownership. The New York Tribune spoke to me of the soundness of the politics of the man of the house, and the Century, St. Nicholas, Independent, and Youth's Companion of the clean thinking of all the members of the family. Then, of course, along with these high-class papers and magazines we would naturally expect to find Longfellow, Scott, Moore, Tennyson, Shakespeare, and some of the standard works of fiction, and all of them with marks indicating that they were not being kept for show. And in the book cases the standard histories and latest dictionaries told more plainly than could words of the constant mind training of all the members of the family. One of the young ladies upon being asked if the young folks did not get lonesome at times, living so many miles from town, replied: "Oh, no; we don't have time. All the younger ones go to school and when they return home have certain jobs of work to attend to before supper; then we who stay at home have the housekeeping to look after and the care of the poultry and butter-making devolves upon us also. Then after we have the supper work finished there is the music, and then one night each week our literary society has a meeting at the schoolhouse, and of course we have a party or sleigh-ride now and then. If we had any more to occupy our evenings I don't see how we would find time to do the reading we want to do in order to keep up with the times." 50 The Bulletin That is the point: those who spend their time "gabbling" and running about have not sufficient time to commune with the people of big brain power who present their thoughts on paper, and this to my mind is one of the strong reasons why well-to-do farmer folks are pretty clear thinkers, as a class. As one of the older sons went with me up to the quiet chamber, we stopped a minute at the door of the boys' room, and there the young fellows were buried in woolen blankets, sleeping so bully, with the big windows wide open, allowing for absolutely free circulation of the fresh night air. They had a rule that they should take turns building the fire and shutting the windows in the morning, and I could hear the groans the next morning of the young buck whose turn had come that extra cold morning. My room was — as were all the other rooms I saw — clean and furnished with the plainest, most sub- stantial furnishings; in fact, useless fads were conspicuous by their absence over the entire house. As we started for the breakfast room In the morning there were only men and boys from the front part of the house; the girls all coming in with the mother from the kitchen, where each had done her part in the preparation of the plain, substantial meal, the cooking of which reflected great credit upon the chief cook and her able assistants. I had thought to speak of the well cared for lawn; the fine strawberry patch, from which one of the small girls told me they sold enough to pay for all the material used in making the girls' summer gowns; the fine sheep; the great bunch of hogs fattening for market; the carload of steers just being started on full feed; the six splendid Jersey cows that paid the grocery bill of the family; the big tool house full of the best machinery; the com- fortable cattle sheds, and the good fences. But my space will not permit of this, and anyway these are the things you would expect to find outside, to match conditions inside the home. What I do want to speak of, though, is the "money crop" of this farm: two thousand bushels of sweet corn for seed, the money from which was not to be touched for farm expenses, but was to go to make the first payment on the adjoining farm that had just been pur- chased. The oldest son told me of this, and when I looked at him and winked, he nodded his head and blushed. Increasing Com Yield Per Acre. G. M. Gaeren, The average yield of corn in North Carolina ought to be at least just three times rvhat it is. This proposition can be proved by figures and figures never lie. According to the Bureau of Statistics the farmers of North Carolina in 1910 averaged 18.6 bushels of corn per acre. That same year 864 boys of the Boys' Corn Clubs reported with an average yield of 58.7 bushels, viore than three times as much. According to the same source of information in 1911 the farmers averaged 18.4 bushels. Two hundred and ninety-four boys reported an average of 67.69 bushels. More than three times as much. Next year, 1912, the farmers averaged 18.2 bushels. Six hundred and thirty-five boys average 62.8. More than three times as much. In 1913 the farmers averaged 20 bushels. Six hundred and seventy boys reported an average yield of 62.4 bushels. More than three times as much. "Figures never lie." Some of the phenomenal yields made by the boys make thought-provoking reading. In 1910 ten of the boys averaged over 130 bushels. Instead of ten one-acre fields, make it one ten-acre field. Ten acres averaging 130 bushels to the acre makes a 1,300 bushel corn crop. "Much heap big corn" from a little land. Five of them averaged 140 bushels. A five-acre field — ^700 bush- els of corn — who can beat it? This is an average of more than seven times that of the general farmer. Next year three averaged over 150 bushels. A three-acre field — 450 bushels of corn. It would require almost 25 acres of the average farmer's land to produce as much corn. Which had you rather The Bulletin 51 cultivate for the same amount of corn, 3 acres or 25? In 1912 five of the boys averaged over 150 bushels. This is 750 bushels of corn from a five-acre field. Two of them averaged over 175 bushels. Two acres of land — 350 bushels of corn. A woman can cultivate that much land. This is great en- couragement to the small farmer with only a few acres of land. These yields show that it is possible for "him to make more corn on his few acres than the large farmer is making on his many, and with much less labor. In this connection let it be noted that the largest corn grower among the boys in all this Boys' Corn Club movement, judged by the number of bushels grown on his acre, is a North Carolina boy. He is not receiving in the current agricultural literature credit for this, but he raised the corn just the same. In 1910 Jerry Moore, of Winona, S. C, raised 228.75 bushels of corn on one acre of land, and became the champion boy corn-grower of the whole country. His glory was of short duration. In 19li Chas. J. Parker, Jr., of Menola, N. C, raised 235.5 bushels on one acre. This yield has not yet been exceeded. In 1913 Walker Lee Dunson, of Alexander City, Ala., raised 232.7 bushels; but this lacks 2.8 bushels of equaling Parker's yield. All these boys grew their corn under the direction of the Boys' Corn Club manage- ment; and all the corn was measured by the same rules and under the same restrictions. These regulations require that the measuring be done by disinterested wit- nesses of no kinship. When Charles Parker sent in his report, the yield was so large those in charge feared a mistake had been made. So by precon- certed arrangements Mr. O. B. Martin, in charge of the Boys' Corn Club work in the South; Mr. I. O. Schaub, in charge of the boys work in North Carolina; T. Prank Parker and T. J. W. Broome, of the North Carolina Department of Agriculture; T. E. Browne, district farm demonstration agent, and E. N. Clark, land and industrial agent of the Atlantic Coast Line Railway, met at the home of young Parker, remeasured his land, gathered up all the scrap corn on the acre, reweighed the whole pile, and found he had 235.5 bushels. None of the other boys' corn was weighed by so competent disinterested witnesses. Why is young Parker not given the credit of the championship? Samples of his corn were taken to the laboratory of the State Chemist and dried to 12.21 per cent of moisture, the moisture content of crib dry corn. By this test young Parker had 195.87 bushels. This test was not applied to the corn of any of the other boys. By it Parker lost 16.82 per cent of his corn. This much was only water. Assuming the moisture content of the other boys' corn was the same as that of Chas. Parker's, then by this test Jerry Moore had only 190.28 bushels instead of 228.75. Dunson had only 193.56 instead of 232.7. Because of this extra test doubtless explains why Chas. J. Parker, Jr., has never been accorded the honor so justly due him of being the champion boy corn grower of the South. In the popular mind his yield was 195.87, and not the 235.5 that he must be credited with to put him on an equal foot- ing with the other boys. Parker grew his corn at a cost of 24 cents a bushel; Jerry Moore at a cost of 42 cents; Dunson at a cost of 20 cents (19.9). Dunson has the champion- ship for low cost of production; Parker for number of bushels grown on one acre. Jerry Moore lost the championship in 1911. Another thing brought out in this work of the boys is the great productive power of North Carolina land when properly manipulated. Young Parker the first year made only 67.5 bushels on his acre of land. The next year his brother made 126.5 bushels on the same acre. The third year he made his wonderful yield on that same acre. In 1913 Geo. West, Jr., of Lenoir County, made 184 bushels on one acre of land, at a cost of only 19 cents, and won the State-wide prize. He had been improving this land just three years. At the beginning, in his judgment, it would not have produced over 25 bushels. The State's improved lands do not suffer in comparison with the naturally richer lands of other States. Iowa is the greatest corn-growing State in the Union. In her Boys' Corn Club contest in 1912 the highest yield was 141 bushels; the second 131; the third 128; the fourth 123. In North Carolina that year the highest yield was 188; the second 184; the third 173; the fourth 162. A difference between the two highest yields of 47 bushels in favor of 52 The Bulletin North Carolina. The difference between the sums of these four highest yields is 184 bushels in favor of North Carolina. The reports for 1914 are not yet out. In the agricultural papers it is re- ported that the highest yield in the Boys' Corn Club contest in Ohio is 143 bushels. Durham County has a boy who made 160.17 bushels in favor of Durham County. Durham has beat the big State of Ohio. All honor to Durham County. Any farmer in North Carolina who cultivates an acre of land in corn and in a normal season makes less than 60 bushels, ought to resign his job, get his knitting and seek employment as a stenographer. How We May Increase Our Yields of Wheat. M. J. Hendricks. North Carolina is not considered a wheat growing State; more than one- half of the State grows little if any wheat at all, yet we do grow a consider- able number of acres of wheat, especially in Piedmont North Carolina. The acreage sown in wheat in 1913 was 605,000. The number of bushels produced was 7,078,000, making the average yield per acre 11.7 bushels. The average price paid for wheat in North Carolina is about $1.00. This would make our 1913 crop of wheat worth $7,078,000. It is true that this is a vast sum of money, but when we consider the cost of production and the average yield per acre, we find that it is not a profitable crop. The Indiana Experiment Station has figured out that it cost $12.33 to pro- duce an acre of wheat. If this is an accurate statement you can see at once that we are growing wheat at a loss. Twenty years ago the average yield of wheat in the United States was 12.7 bushels per acre. Today our average yield per acre is only 14.7 bushels. We have made some increase in yields, but it has been very slow. Ten years ago North Carolina made an average of 8.5 bushels per acre; now we make 11.7 bushels per acre. Some of our farmers this year have demonstrated that we can grow profitable yields of wheat. On the Holt farm in Davidson County, with a yield of 3,300 bushels, the average for the entire crop was 40.5 bushels; on 22 V2 acres of the same crop the average was 44.5 bushels. A farmer in Rowan County made 168 bushels on three acres, an average of 56 bushels; while another in Mont- gomery County made 210 bushels on six acres, an average of 35 bushels. I would like to impress this fact: on each of these farms mentioned above they have, without a single exception, been growing clover and have supplied the land with plant food and organic matter. Now, as wheat has become a fixed crop in our rotation, I shall endeavor to offer some suggestions as to how we might increase our yields. First. By thorough preparation of the seed-bed, sufficient amount of plant food and vegetable matter; the time of preparation and necessary imple- ments to do the work are some of the essentials to greater production. If we follow a clover sod with wheat or follow corn that has been grown after a clover sod with wheat, it almost guarantees a good yield. If you intend to prepare clovered land for wheat, the results would be far better if you would not take off the first crop of clover unless your land has been brought up until it could afford to do without it. By taking off the first crop and waiting for the second crop to mature it makes it rather late to plow the land. Clover sod (or any land you expect to plow for wheat) should be plowed as early in July as possible, after the sod has matured. Give the land frequent workings up to time of sowing; the disc and section harrow are the best implements to use for these cultivations. Weeds and grass should not be allowed to grow on the land after it has been plowed, as it fur- nishes a breeding place for the fly and also takes plant food from the land in growing them. It does not require as deep plowing for wheat as it does for corn, say from five to seven inches. If you expect to follow peas or corn with wheat, the best and cheapest preparation is to thoroughly disc the land, that is, if the corn has had clean cultivation. The discing in of the pea vines after they have been rolled or planked down is better than turning them under. The Bulletin 53 If we expect to get the work done at the right time we must liave the necessary implements, viz.: a disc plow, in order that we may plow our land in extremely dry seasons; a disc harrow, a section harrow, roller (that we may pulverize the clods), and a wheat drill. Second. We must rotate our crops. We cannot maintain the fertility, of our soil and keep up the humus supply without a system of rotation; neither can we increase our yields without a strict rotation. I shall not attempt to offer any fixed rotation, for every man should work this out for himself. He should be governed by local conditions and the crops he grows, but I will say that any system that does not include a legume is not a good system. A rotation of grain crops is but little better than no rotation. A neighbor of mine sowed the same piece of land in wheat four years in succession. I will give you the result of each year's crop: First year's yield, 33 bushels; second, 22 bushels; third, 12 bushels, and fourth, 7 bushels. Each crop had the same treatment and same fertilization, and the decrease in yield was due solely to continuous cropping with the same thing. Third. By intelligent use of plant food. I believe we can use fertilizer and make a profit by its use, but we should buy it for the analysis it con- tains and not the brand on the sack. There is no fixed formula that we can recommend for wheat on all kinds of soil. We must be governed by the previous crop, kind of soil, etc. We should also know how much of the dif- ferent plant foods a given number of bushels of wheat takes from the soil, say 50 or 100 bushels, and supply the plant food in the same proportion. Phosphorus is the principal plant food needed in most of our red soils. If you have been growing peas and clover, you will not likely need any nitrogen. On sandy soil you would need to use some potash also. Fourth. By sowing good seed, that is, seed that has been well graded and is free from filth. By the use of a grader you can in a few years eliminate all filth. There are several different graders on the market the price of which is within reach of the average farmer. Five or six farmers if con- veniently located can cooperate in buying a grader, also drills, etc. As to time of sowing, it is best to have a killing frost before we begin. Usually it is safe to begin after the 15th of October. The amount of grain to sow per acre will depend on the land, say from 1 to 1 1-2 bushels. Fifth. Be sure to eradicate all smut, as this will decrease your yield and render the wheat less valuable. You can do this by the formalin treatment. You can get instructions as to its use from the State and United States Bulletins. Silage Crops for the South. R. S. Curtis. Ordinarily any crop placed in the silo would be enhanced in value for live stock either through the succulence which it would retain or the saving through the silo of the finer and more palatable parts of the feed. It is usu- ally either necessary or desirable, however, to supplement silage with dry roughages. Owing to this fact the uncertainty of siloing certain crops, and the adaptability of these crops for supplementary purposes, a better balanced and more palatable ration can usually be obtained than were all converted into silage. Experience has shown that corn, sorghum, kafir corn, and the grass crops make better silage than the legumes, although cowpeas make a very good quality of silage, especially when mixed with corn. The cowpea should not be siloed alone. Most legumes when siloed alone undergo a change which makes a bad discoloration and usually an inferior, unpalatable silage. Clover and alfalfa are especially undesirable for the purpose because of these changes. Generally speaking the legumes and hollow stemmed crops such as oats, rye or timothy are not adapted to silage production owing to the difficulty of excluding the air. While these crops are not entirely barred for silage uses, it is seldom that they are so used. If finely cut and mixed with the crops better adapted to silage purposes, they may be used at times advantageously. 54 The Bulletin However, unless a crop can be siloed and preserved with a reasonable degree of certainty, it is better to cure it under ordinary air dry conditions. A number of experiments and observations have been made to determine the keeping qualities and feeding value of various green plants. With very few exceptions the list of crops which can be successfully preserved or which increases in value by siloing is surprisingly small compared with the varied number of farm crops produced for feeding purposes. This may seem un- fortunate, but considering the wide adaptability of corn, except in droughty sections where sorghum and kafir corn are successfully used, it is not so considered. It is not as necessary to perfect a method of siloing all crops as it is to have one succulent feed to administer with other dry roughages not successfully siloed. Live stock relish green, succulent feeds, but all can not be fed in this condition. It would neither be economy nor wise from the standpoint of the health of the animal. The general introduction of silage in the ration for farm live stock is uni- versally recognized as an important factor by those capable of judging the comparative merits of feeding stuffs for various farm animals. While the practice of siloing crops is not as widespread as it should be, marked evi- dences of its value among the better educated farmers will materially stimu- late the use of some crops prepared in the form of silage. Corn is used for this purpose more largely than any other crop, although under certain cli- matic and soil conditions other crops are recognized to be of greater im- portance. Wherever corn is successfully grown this crop takes the lead in silage production. The reasons are threefold: First, a corn crop is palatable to live stock at most any stage or normal growing condition. Second, an acre of corn is easy to harvest, and it will go farther as a feed in the form of silage than when in any other condition. Third, no other crop will make as large a yield of silage per acre as will a corn crop, with the possible ex- ception of sorghum or kafir corn. These facts are substantiated by experi- ments and the practical experience of live stock farmers. Where other crops have been tried it is usually the result of using for silage a crop which is better adapted to soil or climatic conditions, therefore furnishing a more dependable crop for silage producing purposes. The following extract from a letter written by Mr. W. F. Ward, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C, gives the consensus of opinion of silage users throughout the South: "Corn has proved to be the best crop for silage throughout the Southern States. Sorghum has been used to a certain extent, and has proved to be very desirable for silage, although the feeding value is not as great as that of corn silage. I prefer corn silage with some sorghum mixed with it to straight corn silage, as cattle seem to relish it more. About two-thirds corn and one-third sorghum makes exceedingly good silage. If sorghum is used, the corn can be allowed to get a little more mature before being cut than if the corn is put up alone. In Southern Texas sorghum is quite generally grown for silage, and is planted early in the spring. By so doing they get two crops of sorghum a year for the silo. In Florida and extreme Southern Mississippi Japanese sugar cane has been used very satisfactorily as a silage crop. This year the Enoch Lumber Co., of Fernwood, Miss., has filled twenty silos with various crops, such as corn, sorghum, Japanese sugar cane, mixed sorghum and corn, velvet beans, soy beans and various mixtures of these crops. It will be interesting to note how the cattle relish the various kinds of silage. In Central Texas kafir corn and milo maize are quite generally used as silage crops, and have proved very satisfactory indeed for this pur- pose." This information in general furnishes what we must accept as very reason- able proof of the value of various crops for silage uses. In the South corn is becoming an important crop, and with the increase of its growth it will no doubt grow in popularity for silage production purposes. The main essentials of siloing a crop are, first, keeping qualities; second, palatability; third, quantity; fourth, distribution of the crop for feeding pur- poses throughout the year; and fifth, cost of preparation and converting into silage. The latter item is one of the chief objections to such crops as soy beans, cowpeas or velvet beans. Aside from their uncertain keeping quali- ties, they are more expensive to silo than either corn, sorghum or kafir corn. The Bulletin 55 This is an important consideration in preparing silage. The only objection to corn for silage is its low protein content. This can be overcome, however, by feeding legumes in connection with it. Some advise the mixing of clovers, cowpeas or alfalfa with the corn when siloing it, but this is not advisable if these feeds can be satisfactorily cured in any other way. The variety of corn for silage is a matter of soil and climatic conditions. Any good corn produced for the dry corn will make a good silage crop. For beef cattle feeding purposes the writer is strongly in favor of a well eared variety to balance the one-sided nature of cottonseed meal. This in conjunc- tion with the succulence gives the South a ration which it is difficult to duplicate from an economical standpoint. The sorghum crops are of special importance in the West and South where the rainfall is light or irregular. Both saccharine and non-saccharine sor- ghums may be made into silage. Their superiority to corn as drought resist- ant crops makes them more dependable, both in yield and quality. The Kan- sas Station reports that if sorghums are harvested at the proper maturity, when the seed has hardened, they will make silage less acid and more palat- able than that made from corn. Experiments show that there is little differ- ence in the feeding values of these two silages. Mixtures of corn and sorg- hum have been generally satisfactory. Usually they are mixed half and half by running first a load of corn and then a load of sorghum through the cutter. It has been found that corn too dry for making good silage can be materially improved by adding a little sorghum because of the juice which it contains. Kafir corn is a drought resistant crop, and in this respect is like the sor- ghum in substituting corn. It yields about the same amount of silage per acre as sorghum, and like sorghum should be mature before being put into the silo. It was found at the Kansas station that kafir corn ranks next to corn silage as a milk producer. This crop is more largely used in the dry sections of Texas where it makes a good substitute for corn. Some sections of the South are no doubt adapted to a crop with these characteristics. In Texas and Western Kansas the cheapest and most practical manner of stor- ing kafir corn is in the silo. When so preserved the shrinkage is small, and there is no loss from the weather or otherwise unless improperly put in the silo. Sudan grass has not been tested as a silage crop, although, judging from its palatability and succulence, it would prove excellent for the purpose. A mixture of it with the legume crops would apparently be excellent. Its use as a silage crop, however, will probably be limited, owing to the large yields, the ease of curing the grass and the small amount of waste in feeding it. This latter factor, in conjunction with the preservation of the succulence, is the main reason for siloing a crop. Crops which are otherwise palatable and useful in the dry condition are of greater s'ervice in stock feeding than when siloed. This argument applies directly to the clovers and grass crops. The crop which makes the largest yield and retains its succulence and pal- atability is the crop best adapted to siloing purposes. There seems to be no all-round substitute for corn excepting, perhaps, the sorghums and kafir corns, which can be used either alone or in a mixture. The practice of storing dry fodder corn in the silo is deserving of considera- tion in the South. In the West this practice is followed with good results. The green corn is first placed in the silo in the fall, and after this is fed out the dry corn fodder is cut and run into the silo with liberal quantities of water. While the quality and feeding value of corn prepared in this way is not equal to that of regular corn silage, it is much more palatable than the dry corn, and there is considerably less waste in feeding it. The discussion on silage crops for the South to the writer is not as much a problem of determining the crops best adapted as it is in getting larger quantities of corn silage used on live stock farms, principally those producing beef and dairy cattle. The incentives which are now being offered for corn growing will bring this crop into greater prominence as a silage crop. While the South has drawbacks in curing the leguminous hays and other crops now produced, it is believed that better methods of curing in the air-dry condition will render them of greater service than in the silo. Unless silage undergoes a normal fermentation it becomes a dangerous feed for stock. As before 56 The Bulletin stated, the hollow stemmed plants and legumes do not make the same quality of feed as corn or allied plants or as they do when cured as hay. Taken as a whole, corn, sorghum, kafir corn, with possible mixtures of these and other crops at times, possihly the legumes, seem to be the wisest course to follow. There may be objections or criticisms to these statements, but it is believed in general they summarize the silage crop problem for the South. In general, what would be obtained from a crop cured as hay would be true on a comparative basis when it was prepared as silage. Judging from this the increase in value as a silage crop would in general be in direct pro- portion to that of other crops. Feeding Dairy Cattle. R. L. Sloan. BOOT MAINTENANCE. The bcdy of any living organism, whether animal or plant, requires food and drink for its maintenance. Withhold drink from a plant or tree dur- ing its active growing period and it will wither the first day. Cease to water and feed your cow or any other animal, man included, and the result will in- evitably terminate in death. Such is the penalty nature has fixed for dis- obedience of her laws and from which there is no appeal. In nature's laboratory, the body of the animal now under discussion, there is a constant need for new food material to furnish fuel for heat and energy which characterize the living from the dead. Just as water possesses power for turning a water wheel but once, and the supply must be continuous in order to keep the wheel turning, so the food consumed by an animal is soon spent, and to keep the forces of life in motion a new supply must be forth- coming. This food, after being taken into the body and undergoing digestion, is transformed by some magic power incomprehensible to scientists into sensi- tive living tissue. This transformation of inert material into living, as do all the other processes of life, calls for the expenditure of energy and heat, which can only be obtained from assimilated food. A part of the energy value of food is consumed chewing, swallowing and digesting that which is eaten, for no organ of the body can be induced to work without pay. The heart must receive pay in advance through energy stored from food pre- viously eaten for every beat which sends the life-sustaining blood into all parts of the body. Likewise the contracting muscles which keep us involun- tarily breathing day and night must burn their midnight oil collected from food stored away in the body. The temperature of the blood must be main- tained about the same throughout the year (98.6 F. in man) regardless of atmospheric conditions. Add to all of this the energy required for tissue re- pair when injured, for growth and reproduction. Now if work is to be per- formed or milk produced or fat added, an additional amount of food must be supplied after providing for all of the above. Plants take the elements and simple compounds and combine them into substances which we have learned to call carbohydrates, fat, and protein. These same compounds when eaten by an animal, after being taken into its body, are separated, transported and rearranged according to the function of the animal, thus completing another span in the transformation of erst- while inert matter. Each class of compounds has a duty to perform in moulding the life of the animal. Protein is necessary to the normal development of the framework — bone, muscle, nerve, blood, hair, hoof and hide. Carbohydrates enter into tissue formation, and greatest of all they form, when burned, the basis of heat and energy for carrying on the work of the body. Fat is a reserve sup- ply of heat and energy stored away, for economy of space, in a more con- centrated form than carbohydrates, to be drawn on as needed. If for any reason the fat is withheld from the feed of the animal enough of this com- pound may be manufactured from protein and carbohydrates to sustain life, or even to add fat to the body. Should the carbohydrates be deficient in the ration energy heat may be obtained to carry on the processes of life from The Bulletin 57 the protein and fat, provided, of course, these elements are supplied in suf- ficient quantities. But if protein is withheld there is nothing to take its place — the animal dies. Or if there is some in the feed but the amount is insufficient while the animal is young the result is a stunted growth and poorly developed animal for life. The explanation of this is that carbohy- drates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Pat is also made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but relatively much more carbon. Protein is made up of nitrogen and sulphur in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. While the latter three elements are found in all three compounds, and are more or less interchangeable from one to another, nitrogen is only found in the one, and being so essential to life, it must be supplied. FUNCTION AND FEED OF THE DAIRY COW. The function of a dairy cow is to convert the energy found in rough feeds into a form at once palatable and digestible to animals that otherwise could not use this energy. In this respect she is like a machine. The coarse, un- wieldy product is fed to the cow machine to be manufactured into milk. After exacting her toll for body maintenance and work of changing feed to milk, according to Jordan, about twenty-six per cent of the digestible energy in the feed is returned in milk. He bases his calculations on a typical 870- pound dairy cow producing 20 pounds of milk from 15.5 pounds of digestible feed, with an abundance of water. This factor, however, is exceedingly variable, even aside from digestibility. A prime requisite for a maximum milk flow is that the cow be full. To this end a bountiful supply of relatively cheap feed should be supplied from forage crops. Chief among the sources for supplying this cheap bulky feed is the corn plant where silos are available for preserving the cut stalks. Silage is preeminently the filler for the spacious stomach of dairy cattle. Corn for silage should not be cut until after the shuck turns brown and the kernels begin to glaze. However it is generally found to be good practice to supplement silage with a small allowance of a good legume hay or, in the absence of this, corn stover or non-leguminous hay may be substituted. There are so many farmers owning only one or two cows who cannot afford a silo that some other roughage must be provided. For North Carolina, cowpea and soy bean hay easily take first rank. The clovers and oats and vetch are also popular feeds. In too many instances cows in this State are forced to subsist, and expected to produce milk, on corn shucks and corn tops, or wheat or oat straw, along with a small allowance of cottonseed meal and hulls. Thirty pounds of silage and ten pounds of a good hay, along with a rea- sonable allowance of grain, is about all that the average grade dairy cow- in this State can be induced to eat. However, in the economical manage- ment of a dairy herd, the aim of the feeder should be to furnish the cows with all the so-called roughage they will consume without leaving any. Where pasturage is available through the summer months the feeding problem is greatly simplified. Large dairies are usually located near cities where land is so valuable that the owner finds it more profitable to devote his limited acreage to silage corn production than to pasture. There are many dairymen, however, who depend largely on pasture crops for spring and summer feeding, and who improve their pasture land. In addition to the specially prepared permanent pasture of mixed grasses and clovers, an abundance of rye is sown in the fall for early spring grazing, and the residue turned into the land for soil improvement. Farmers keep- ing only a few cows for family use generally have either a permanent unim- proved pasture or grazing land from which the animals are expected to draw the greater part of their living through the spring and summer months. Exceptional cases are known to the writer where cows have produced a good flow of milk from pasture alone, receiving no grain ration whatever. Soiling is but little practiced in this State. It has generally proven un- economic and unsatisfactory to be forced to gather feed every day regardless of weather conditions or other factors. There are a few who still practice this method in a limited way and flnd it profitable, but this is rarely if ever the case where a silo exists. For a succulent feed in the fall and winter on farms where there is no 58 The Bulletin silo, root crops fill the need admirably. Large yields can be secured of beets, rutabagas, turnips and related crops, all of which make good cow feed when either run through a feed cutter or chopped up by hand enough to prevent the cows from choking on them. To produce a large amount of rich milk requires usually more nutrients than the cow is able to get from coarse or succulent forage and ordinary pas- tures. According to the Wolff-Lehmann standard for a 1,000-pound cow yielding 22 pounds of milk daily, an allowance of 29 pounds of dry matter, 2.5 pounds of digestible protein, 13 pounds of digestible carbohydrates, and .5 pound of digestible fat should be daily provided. This ration has a much larger proportion of protein than one recommended for fattening cattle. The nutritive ratio between protein and the energy producers is here 1 to 5.7. Henry's ideal ration for supplying this feed consists of 40 pounds of silage, 15 pounds of clover hay, 3 pounds of ground corn, and 1 pound of cottonseed meal. Here most of the nutrients come from inexpensive but desirable home grown roughage, requiring only four pounds of concentrates to balance the ration. For North Carolina there is no better carrier of protein than cottonseed meal to be added to the dairy ration. Though dangerous when fed to calves and pigs, or even to cattle in unlimited quantities, there is not only no dan- ger when fed to grown cattle in quantities less than six pounds per animal a day, but for economy, palatability and convenience it is unsurpassed. Rarely is it necessary or good economy, however, to feed more than four pounds of cottonseed meal a day. Linseed meal. Gluten meal, and dried distillers* grains are other feeds shipped into the State for their high protein content. Dried beet pulp is growing in popular favor among dairymen throughout the State. It invariably increases the milk flow immediately upon being added to the ration, and an appreciable decrease is as quickly noticed on withdrawing it from the ration. This is a feed rich in carbohydrates, poor in protein, and containing no fat. Its cost, owing to scarcity and long dis- tance to factories, renders its use almost prohibitive except under special conditions. Perhaps the next most popular feed in the State after cottonseed meal is wheat bran. These two at present prices form the basis of nearly all mix- tures of concentrates, the bran having a decided lightening effect on the meal. A mixture of equal parts of cottonseed meal, wheat bran, dried dis- tillers' grain and dried beet pulp has given excellent results in the dairy at the North Carolina A. and M. College. For a heavy milker getting rather thin, two to four pounds of corn meal is added to the daily ration until normal flesh is regained. There is a tendency among dairymen to feed more concentrates or grain than is profitable. The desire seems to be a maximum flow of milk regard- less of cost or economy. The fact is where Herd Testing Associations have not been formed the owner experiences difflculty in separating the robber cows from the profitable ones, nor has he generally taken into consideration the cost of production. The simplest rule that can be given is to feed all the roughage the animal will consume and not more than one pound of grain for three pounds of milk produced. ENVIRONMENT. The dairy cow responds to kindness. Good feed and good housing may be more than offset by having a dog drive the herd up in the evenings. Un- necessary noise in the barn at milking time may so excite a cow as to ma- terially affect her milk secretion, for, contrary to popular belief, cow's milk is elaborated from the circulatory system largely during the process of milking. Though other classes of stock, including dry cattle, may stand exposure without apparent injury, such is not the case with milk cows. A severe wind will reduce the milk flow quicker than almost anything else. Good, comfort- able quarters are therefore necessary during severe weather in winter for a paying business. Otherwise too much of the feed is consumed in maintain- ing the normal body temperature. On account of the large stomach of the cow, feeding oftener than twice a The Bulletin 59 day is unnecessary. Regularity, however, should be rigidly observed. Feed- ing at four o'clock one day and seven the next tends to keep the cow unset- tled and nervous. And the order of feeding grain and roughage should be constant too. Owing to the fact that 87 per cent of milk is water, the cows should have free access to plenty of clean water. Salt should be supplied daily in the feed or else kept constantly in the feed lot in the form of rock-salt, both for the health of the animal and for an inducement to drink more water. SUMMARY. Nature requires of all animals that nutrients be consumed for body main- tenance, growth and reproduction. This toll must be exacted and other feed added before we should expect milk to be produced or other work performed. Different classes of nutrients are required for different functions, and in general protein is required for frame-work, in growth and repair, and in work, with a considerable amount consumed in milk production. While car- bohydrates and fats are more or less interchangeable in function, the ulti- mate end of both is to produce energy. Large amounts are also used in milk production. The dairy cow is a machine for converting coarse feed into milk. Cheap feed in the form of forage plants should be supplied in abundance, and ordi- narily not more than one pound of an expensive grain ration should be fed for each three pounds of milk produced. Environment should not be overlooked in the feeding barn. Reasonable quiet should be observed. The dairy cow should not be exposed to severe weather conditions. Regularity is essential to good feeding. Plenty water and salt should be provided. Hog Raising Versus Hog Cholera. Dr. F. D. Owen, U. S. Department of Agriculture. There can be no doubt that the present European war has worked vast financial injury to the Southern cotton planter this year. Also there can be no doubt that it contains a valuable lesson, in once more showing the fallacy of the one-crop method of farming, and it has helped to bring into the foreground the adaptability of North Carolina as a stock-raising State, and the need of developing that industry upon our farms. For several reasons North Carolina enjoys unique advantages which should put her among the first States in the live stock industry, not the least of which is the climate she enjoys, and which permits of pasturing nearly the year around, and her nearness to a ready market for all such products that can be grown. And it is generally conceded that the animal which gives the quickest returns is the hog. Statistics show us that North Carolina has but 1,335,000 hogs, which is equivalent to only 4.7 hogs per farm. Also it is shown that this State im- ports from the Northern and Western States annually more than six and one-half millions of dollars worth of cured meats, besides the fresh meats which are brought in; and as cured meats generally mean pork in one of its various forms, it can be readily seen how good a market there is right here at home, in addition to the live stock markets of Richmond, Baltimore, and other cities. But in order to obtain the full measure of profit to be derived from the hog raising industry, there are a number of items which must be thoroughly understood, among which may be mentioned better housing, better pastures, better feeding, and more attention to the animals generally, for a crop of hogs is not going to be successful and make money for the owner if it is not carefully watched and taken care of, any more than a farmer could expect to make a good crop of cotton or tobacco by simply putting the seed into the ground and then come back several months later to harvest the crop. But the thing above all else to be considered is hog cholera, the greatest of all scourges to the hog raiser. 60 The Bulletin Hog cholera is an acute, highly contagious disease, affecting hogs only, and is characterized by a very high death rate (85 per cent); loss of appe- tite, rapid emaciation or loss of flesh in those animals which do not die within the first week or so of the disease, and the rapidity with which the disease is spread through a neighborhood. The first reported outbreak of the disease in the United States was in Ohio in 1833, and from that first invalfeion it has spread until there is not a State or section of this country in which hogs are grown that have not felt the ravages of this disease. It seems to go in epidemics, or waves, over the country, and appears to usually start in the South and East, which can be readily understood to be due to the milder climate and longer period of warm weather. The first serious epidemic passed over this country in the years of 1886-87, and the mortality reached 134 hogs out of every 1,000. For the next few years the mortality subsided until in 1896-97 a second epidemic gathered force and at its climax killed 144 hogs out of each 1,000 in the country, or nearly 14.5 per cent of all the hogs in the United States. Follow- ing this outbreak the mortality again declined, going to as low as 45 per 1,000, but in 1911 it again started to climb and reached 89 per 1,000 in that year, and in 1913 had gone to 107 per 1,000. In 1913 the total number of swine in the United States was given at 61,- 178,000, and out of that total there were 6,738,283 hogs which died from cholera. North Carolina last year had 1,335,000 hogs and lost 69,687 from the disease, valued at upwards of three-quarters of a million dollars. Thus we see that we are dealing with a disease which, unless controlled, will keep on causing immense financial losses to the farmers who devote their efforts to the raising of swine. The symptoms of the disease will usually develop in from five to fifteen days after the animal has been exposed to the contagion, the average period being about nine days. And usually the first thing the owner will notice will be that the animals are not eating as they should; they will appear listless, ears and tail droop, and back arched. He may at first be constipated, and will probably later develop diarrhoea; there is usually a discharge from the eyes which at times is profuse enough to cause the lids to gum together. His skin, especially upon his abdomen from the chest to the thighs, will assume a reddish discoloration, and if his temperature is taken it will be found to be much higher than normal, which is from 101.5 to 102. These and other manifestations will prevail for from a couple of days to as long as ten or twelve days, when the animal usually succumbs. However if the virulence of the virus, or causative agent, is low, or if the resistance of the animal is high, he may linger on for from a couple of weeks to a month or more, and then it has assumed the chronic type of disease. In these cases the animal will gradually wither away until he is scarcely more than an animated skeleton, and it would be much better if such cases were destroyed at once for it will take months of patient feeding and nourishing to bring him back to thriftiness, and all the time he is sick he is a constant source of danger to other animals in spreading the disease about the neighborhood, or maintaining the causative agent upon the farm where he is confined. The disease presents a train of symptoms which are far from constant, and so also is the picture a sick animal presents after death. If one were to be slaughtered while at the height of the disease and an examination made one would first look for the reddened skin. The next portion of the body to be examined would be the lymphatic glands or "kernels" of the neck, and which in cholera become enlarged and reddened. After this the lungs would claim attention, they showing numerous blood spots over their surface which cannot be washed off with water, thus showing them to be underneath the pleura covering the lungs. The stomach would next be examined, and upon its inner side, in a case of cholera, we find the lining to have become covered with small red spots very often. From the stomach we next look at the inner side of the intestine, especially at that point where the small in- testine joins the large. Here we look for the typical "button ulcer" of hog cholera, and which may be in size from a pea to as large as a twenty-five- cent piece, and which presents a black, raised surface above the surrounding parts, and has a yellow center. These ulcers are usually found in the chronic The Bulletin 61 type of cholera and are considered to be diagnostic of the disease. Probably one of the most important places to look for disease is in the kidney, where we look for a change that has given to it the name of "turkey egg kidney," from its resemblance to this egg. The organ becomes spotted with little hemorrhages which are in size from a pin point to as large as a pea, and lay underneath the capsule of the organ. The bladder should also be examined for changes there, the appearance being little hemorrhages scattered over its inner surface, showing the rupture of minute capillary vessels. As noted above, not all of these changes may be expected in any one carcass, but the presence of any of them, taken ia consideration with the fact that the disease seems to spread with such rapidity, will indicate cholera. The United States Department of Agriculture, through the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, has been endeavoring for years to control this disease; as long ago as 1878 Congress appropriated $10,000 and caused a commission of nine men to be appointed to study the disease and ascertain if there was any remedy for it. They worked faithfully and in 1905, Dr. M. Dorsett and Dr. W. B. Niles, with others, produced what has become known as the Dorsett-Niles method of immunization against hog cholera. It is unnecessary to go into the technical details of how this serum is produced, but it can be stated that before it was recommended to be gen- erally used it was tested upon large numbers of animals, both in the labora- tory and in the field upon farms and under ordinary farm conditions and found to be wholly dependable if used in accordance with the very simple directions. After the method of serum immunization had been perfected to a point where it could be entrusted to the general public, a meeting was called of the officials of the various states and among those which responded was North Carolina; and the results were that a plant to manufacture serum and sell it to the farmers at cost has been established and has been the means of saving many hogs for this state. This serum can be obtained by application to the State Veterinarian, Raleigh, N. C. There are two methods of using this serum; one is designated as the Serum Alone Method, and consists of injecting a proper amount of the serum into the muscular tissues of the animal to be treated and will result in giving an immunity which will last for from six to eight weeks. This is ample time for an owner to clean up his premises and remove the danger; or he can fatten his hogs in that time and slaughter them or send them to market. This method can be administered by any one and if the ordinary sanitary precautions are observed good results will follow. The other method consists of injecting a proper amount of serum into one side of the body, and into the other side the injection of a very small and carefully regulated dose of the actual diseased blood obtained from a hog that was slaughtered during the last stages of the disease, and which will result in an immunity of much longer duration, from several months in pigs to practically a life immunity in older swine. But as can be readily seen, this method has to be handled with extreme precautions, and so the State Department of Agriculture has ruled that no one but a competent Veterina- rian, or a man who has been specially trained in the handling of this virus shall be permitted to administer the "Serum Simultaneous" method of im- munization. These methods of serum immunization are of great value in helping to save the swine North Carolina now has, but in order to control the disease and to finally eradicate it, we must use something more than serum, and the following "DOES" and "DONTS" will epitomize the most needful things that should be done by the farmer when the disease gets a foothold in his neigh- borhood or in his herd. 62 The Bulletin "If You Have Choleba Upon Youb Fabm" "DO" Notify your neighbors ttiat ttiey may protect themselves. Post notices of infection upon your gate posts to protect others. Notify the State Veterinarian that he may help you control the disease. Burn all dead carcasses and stop the spread of the disease. Disinfect, remove, and immunize all your well hogs. "DONT" Allow sick dogs to run at large; it is against the State laws. Don't allow strangers to go into your hog lots. Don't neglect to clean up your farm after an outbreak of cholera. Don't allow buzzards to hover over or alight upon your farm. Don't add new hogs to your herd without quarantining them for 30 days. Don't allow your hogs access to streams and overflows. And if we can have the help of every one to this extent, the losses from hog cholera can be greatly cut down, and a final eradication of the disease can be hoped for. Controlling of Crop Diseases. Hakry C. Young. It has always been exceedingly difficult to present the subject of plant dis- eases to farmers. It is a proposition that must come to them from scientists, must be handled by scientists through the cooperation with the crop growers. A farmer is almost helpless before a serious attack of any plant disease and as these diseases work on the plants in a similar manner that diseases work on animals, it seems that his first duty is to consult or depend upon a specialist to solve his problems. The state has in its employment men for this work and all the crop growers need to do is to let their wants be known. How many farmers through lack of knowledge of what plant dis- eases are and how they work, lose a part or all of their crop which might have been saved had the disease been recognized. The sooner farmers realize that plant diseases exist and are increasing in number, the better plant diseases will be controlled. In the majority of cases the son follows out the ideas of his father. When we talk plant diseases to him he says: "My father could raise good crops and fruit and never heard of plant dis- eases, why should I spend time and money trying to eradicate something that I scarcely believe exists." He forgets he is living in a different age than that of his father. Diseases have become much more general in recent years, especially since our modern methods of rapid transportation. Our desire for new and imported varieties of seed helps to increase the spread of plant disease. We can notice though that most of the farmers who are making money today use every available means for crop protection. But the sad fact is, the majority of the farmers of North Carolina are not making enough money, the cause of which is largely due to the lack of dependence in experts that are hired to help them, but instead clinging to the ideas of their fathers. To give you some idea of how much the farmers depend upon the specialists secured to help them I wish to cite the following example: In many sections of the state the growers of leguminous crops have been notic- ing a sort of damping off or wilt in some of their clover fields. This is caused by a fungous disease that is brought into every community along with the clover seed. The fungus forms its spores in small groups surrounded by a heavy wall so that the small body of spores resembles very closely a clover seed. These bodies are sown in the field along with the clover seed and the result is you have introduced a disease that is likely to stay with you as long as you try to grow clover. These little bodies known as sclerotia can only be recognized by specialists. In order to check the present outbreak the State Plant Pathologist sent out a request for every farmer to send in a The Bulletin 63 • sample of seed that he might determine whether they were suitable for sow- ing or not. The result was that only one man sent a sample of his clover seed in to be tested. This fall thousands of acres were planted with spores which will be ready to cause the disease next spring, all of which could have been prevented. Nearly all diseases of the more important crops can be prevented by using a small amount of time and money and a little thought. Take, for instance, the oat smut. The oat crop of North Carolina is diminished from 10 to 40 per cent annually by this disease alone. The cost of producing oats under ordinary conditions is about $9.00 per acre. At the average selling price it would take 22.5 bushels to break even. The average yield for North Carolina is about 20 bushels. Thus you can see the average farmer is growing oats at a loss, not saying anything about the large number who are producing less than the average. Ordinarily, when preventive measures have been taken the crop yield was increased 20 per cent. This increase of 20 per cent over 20 bushels would bring the average yield up to 25 bushels per acre. At this rate the farmer would not only raise oats at cost but would realize a net profit of two and one-half bushels per acre. Oat smut, as a rule, can be almost entirely controlled by treating the seed with formalin in the following way. One pint of formaldehyde to thirty gallons of water will make a solu- tion sufficiently strong to kill all smut spores. There are two ways of apply- ing the formaldehyde solution. The first, and a little the cheapest, is by spraying the seed. The grain should be spread out rather thinly over a smooth surface, such as a barn floor, canvas, or hard ground. The mixture should be sprinkled thoroughly over the grain. Then mix the grain well and heap in a pile. Cover the pile with old carpets, canvas or anything that will prevent the fumes from escaping. The fumes from the formaldehyde are as deadly as the solution itself. Leave the seed covered about six hours and then dry. In the second method the grain is immersed. This can be done by dipping a sack of oats into a barrel containing the same strength of solution as used in the former method. The sack should be left in the barrel about ten minutes. Then drain and put the wet sacks of grain in a pile and cover as in the first method. It should be left covered about two hours. The seeds should then be dried and sown. Formaldehyde costs about thirty cents a pint and one pint will be sufficient to treat 30 bushels of grain. It only takes a thinking man to see that this is a good plan to increase his oat crop at least one-third. The average yield of cotton is diminished from 10 to 40 per cent by plant diseases. The one causing the greatest amount of loss is anthracnose or boll rot. The spores of cotton anthracnose are disseminated largely through the seed. They can live in the seed at least three years and it is unwise to plant seed after they have attained that age. The spores will remain in the old stems and bolls for twelve months. Therefore, in controlling the disease, there are two important measures. First, practice at least a two year crop rotation. Second, select uninfected seed. Seed should be selected at picking time from bolls that show no signs of infection of any sort. The boll should be large and contain characters needed in improving the variety. The cotton picked in this way should be ginned after all other ginning is done and the gin disinfected. If it is too much trouble to select cotton seed for the entire field, a small amount may be selected and used for starting a seed plot. The proper selection of seed not only controls the anthacnose but improves the variety year by year. No man can afford to raise cotton and not follow out the two methods mentioned above. Corn suffers less from diseases than does any other crop. Corn smut probably lowers the yield of corn more than any other disease. The only control measures for corn smut are crop rotation and field sanitation. Keep the smutted stalks and ears from getting into the manure. Seed selection always improves corn, yet a very small amount of smut can be gotten rid of in this way. The potato crop often suffers from diseases that are largely preventable. Probably the most serious disease of the Irish potato, especially in the west- ern part of the state, is the late blight or downy mildew (Phytophthora in- festants). The disease appears late in July. It affects the stems, leaves, and tubers. Protective spraying with bordeaux mixture will entirely control the 64 The Bulletin disease. The first spray should be applied when the potato plant is about six inches tall. Three thorough applications should be given during the months of July, August, and September. A 5-5-50 solution of bordeaux should be used. This means 5 pounds of lime, 5 pounds of bluestone and 50 gallons of water. Bordeaux mixture is prepared as follows: Dissolve 5 pounds of blue- stone in 25 gallons of water. The bluestone will dissolve more rapidly if it is suspended near the upper surface of the water. Slake 5 pounds of lime in a small amount of water. After the lime is well slaked add enough water to the paste to make a volume of 25 gallons. Put the two solutions together and you have prepared the best fungicide known. When bordeaux mixture is used for spraying fruit it should be made of 4 pounds of lime, 4 pounds of bluestone, and 50 gallons of water. Bluestone can be bought at any drug store for 8 cents per pound. Bordeaux mixture can be bought already pre- pared for application. Almost all diseases of farm crops can be controlled by the following methods of farm practice: First. Keep the plant in a good healthy growing condition. This can be done by having a good seed-bed made by deep fall or early winter plowing. Tne land plowed at this time will tend to conserve the moisture that falls during the winter and spring. Second. Practice a two or three year crop rotation. Third. Select the best of seed from good uninfected plants. Fourth. Treat seed with a disinfectant when selection is impossible, such as oats, wheat, and potatoes. Fifth. Practice field sanitation. The question of time always comes up in regard to attending to some of these small jobs on the farm. It is true that a farmer is kept busy almost all the time, but it would be far more profitable to him if he had less land and smaller fields. In looking after the smaller things he could make his little fields bring larger returns than the man across the fence who is still trying to farm the whole plantation. LEAF TOBACCO SALES FOR NOVEMBER, 1914. Pounds sold for producers 37,996,472 Pounds sold for dealers 3,957,917 Pounds sold for warehouses 2,252,435 Total 44,206,824 'niE BLJLLETIN OF TBCE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RALEIGH Vol. 36, No. 2. FEBRUARY, 1915. Whole No. 206. REPORT ON THE PIEDMONT SOILS PUBLISHED MONTHLY AND SENT FREE TO CITIZENS ON APPLICATION. Entered at the PostoflBce at Raleigh, N. C, as second class matter, February 7, 1901, under Act of June 6, 1900. Edwards & Beoughton Peinting Co. State Printers STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE W. A. Graham, Commissioner, ex officio Chairman, Raleigh. P P. Latham Belhaven First District. K. W Barnes Lucama Second District. R. L. WOODARD Pamlico Tlnrd District. Clarence Pob Raleigh Fourth Dii-trict. R W Scott Haw River Fifth District. A T. MoCallum Red Sprines Sixth District. C. C. Wright Hunting Creek Seventh District. Wn.LiAM Bledsoe Gale Kishth District. W. J. Shuford Hickory Ninth District. A. Cannon Horse Shoe Tenth District. OFFICERS AND STAFF W. A. GRAHAM Commissioner. ELIAS CARR Secretary and Purchasins Asent. Miss Sarah D. Jones Bookkeeper. D G Conn Bulletin Superintendent. B. W. KILGORE State Chemist, Director Test Farms. J. M. PicKEL Peed Chemist. W. G. Haywood Fertilizer Chemist. J. Q. Jackson Assistant Chemist. E. S. Dewar Assistant Chemist. E. B. Hart Assistant Chemist. J. R. Mullen Assistant Chemist. R W. CoLLETT Assistant Director Test Farms. H. H. BRIMLEY Curator of Museum. T. W. Adickes Assistant Curator. FRANKLIN SHERMAN, Jr Entomoio3:ist. S Clapp Assistant Entomologist in Field Work. B. B. FLOWE ' Veterinarian. H. P. Flowe Assistant Veterinarian. E. G. Harcett Assistant Veterinarian. W. N. HUTT Horticulturist. R. G. Hill ....'. Assistant Horticulturist. T B PARKER Director of Farmers' Institutes. Mrs. G. M. Garren Assistant to Director of Farmers' Institutes. R L Sloan Assistant to Director of Farmers' Institutes. W. M. ALLEN Chemist and Chief, Division Food and Oil Inspection. E W. Thornton Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection. 0.' E. Bell Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection. Leland B. Rhodes Assistant Chemist, Division Food and Oil Inspection. C. B. WILLIAMS ACTonomist. J. K. Plummer Soil Chemist. W P Pate Agronomist in Soils. R.' y. Winters'. . Plant Breeding. G. M. Garren Assistant Agronomist in Crops. *W E Hearn State Soil Agent, So'l Survey. L. L. Brinkley Soil Survey. S. O. Perkins Soil Survey. R. C. Jurney Soil Survey. J L BURGESS Agronomist and Botanist. Miss S. D. Allen Assistant to Botanist. C. H. Waldron Assistant Agronomist and Botanist. Miss Louise Rademacher Assistant to Botanist. DAN T. GRAY Chief in Animal Industry. W "h Eaton Dairy Experimenter. tALViN J. Reed Dairy Farming. Stanley Combs Assistant in Dairy Farming. tE. H. Mathewson Tobacco Investigations. tC. R. Hudson Farm Demonstration Work. }T E Bro\vne Assistant in Charge of Boys' Clubs. JA' K. Robertson Assistant in Boys' Clubs. JMiss Jane S. McKimmon Assistant in Charge of Girls' Clubs. JMiss Margaret Scott Assistant in Girls' Clubs. F N. McDowell, Assistant Director Edgecombe Test Farm, Rocky Mount, N. C. p' t' Meacham, Assistant Director Iredell Test Farm, Statesville, N. C. John H. .Iefperies, Assistant Director Pender Test Farm. Willard, N .C. F. S. PUCKETT, Assistant Director Transylvania and Buncombe Test Farms, Swannanoa, N. O. E. G. Moss, Assistant Director Granville Test Farm, Oxford, N. C. ♦Assigned bv the Bureau of Soils, United States Department of Agriculture. tAssigned bv the Bureau of Animal Husbandry, United States Department of Agriculture. tin cooperation with Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. Hon. W. a. Graham, Commissioner of Agriculture. Sir:_I submit herewith the manuscript of a report bearing on an investigation of the soils of the Piedmont Section of the State. In the May, 1911, Bulletin of the Department will be found a similar report for'the soils occurring in the mountains. The work- as carried put has included, (1) a survey or mapping of the soils to show the location and extent of the different types; (2)' the analyses of the soils to determine the amount of their important plant food constituents; and (3) the conduct on the different soils of field experiments to ascertain the fer- tilizer requirements for most profitable crops and their improvement, and the crops to which they were best adapted. A similar report is being prepared for the eastern soils. More data is available for this and the eastern report than was for the mountain soils. A general or more comprehensive report of the work on all the soils in the State will follow in due time. Acknowledgment is given for making the analyses of the soils to J. K. Plummer, W. G. Haywood, J. M. Pickel, W. H. Strowd, J. Q. Jackson and others in the chemical laboratory of the State Chemist ; for a large part of the labor required in the preparation of the soil maps to W. E. Hearn, L. L. Brinkley, F. P. Drane, S. O. Perkins, R B. Hardi- son, E. B. Derrick and E. C. Jurney ; for writing the description of the soils for this report to W. E. Hearn ; for aiding in conducting the field work to E. L. Worthen, W. F. Pate, F. N". McDowell, F. T. Meacham, A. E. Eussell, E. C. Blair and the owners of the outlying experimental fields ; and for early efforts in connection with the inauguration of the work and for kindly interest and aid throughout its progress to Director B. W. Kilgore. I recommend the publication of this as the March Bulletin. Eespectfully, C. B. Williams, Chief, Division of Agronomy. Approved for printing: W. A. Graham, Commissioner. A REPORT ON THE PIEDMONT SOILS, PARTICULARLY WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR NATURE, PLANT FOOD REQUIRE- MENTS AND ADAPTABILITY TO DIFFERENT CROPS. Bt C. B. Williams, W. E. Hearn, W. F. Pate and J. K. Pldmmer. SUMMARY. In this report is given what has been done during the past fourteen years in a systematic study of the soils of the Piedmont Section of the State, with a view to ascertaining what the different Piedmont soils are, where they are located, their extent, the amount of different plant food constituents which they contain, their fertilizer needs for most profitable crops and for permanent improvement, and the crops to which they are best adapted. A clear description is given of each kind or type of soil so that the farmer will know that he is operating on that particular kind of soil or soils. As far as the work has progressed maps are available showing the location and extent of the different type soils. A rather large number of analyses have been made of the various types of soils in different parts of the Piedmont section. These analyses show the total amount of the more important plant food constituents in these soils. While there is considerable variation, all the Piedmont soils have been found to be fairly high in potash, low in phosphoric acid, and to contain a fair amount of lime. The amount of nitrogen is usually very small but varies with the quantity of vegetable or organic matter in the soil. In most of the Piedmont soils there is sufficient potash in the surface soil to produce maximum crops for a hundred years or more, while twenty to twenty-five such crops would entirely exhaust the l)hosphoric acid. The experiments conducted at the Central, Iredell, Monroe, Gastonia, and Charlotte fields No. 1 and No. 2 agree in showing that as a general thing crops like com, cotton and wheat are not gen- erally benefited by applications of potash, but that phosphoric acid first and nitrogen second, except with the Iredell loam where it is first, are the controlling constituents in increasing yields. In the use of fertiliz- ers for the production of profitable crops or for the improvement of the soil, liberal applications of phosphates must be made, and nitrogen must also be supplied either in fertilizers or from soil-improving crops. Lime has not materially increased the yields of cereals and seed cot- ton, but has seemed to prove beneficial in most cases with the legumes grown on soils of this section to which lime has not been added in recent years. The soil analyses and field experiments point the way to the proper use of fertilizer on these soils and to their improvement. Phosphates must he used liberally and nitrogen, either in fertilizers or as soil- improving crops, or both, must be used with phosphates. How to 6 The Bulletin supply the phospliates most economically and to furnish the nitrogen in soil-improving crops or in fertilizers is discussed in the report. Other reports will follow from time to time giving results of field experiments now in progress and outlined in this report, as well as additional analyses of soils, as the work in surveying and mapping the soils of the section progresses. WHAT HAS BEEjST DONE. In the spring of 1900, a systematic study of the soils of the State was begun by the State Department of Agriculture. The methods used in the investigations are along three distinct lines as follows : 1. A soil survey of each of the counties of the State is being made as rapidly as possible showing the location, extent and boundaries of each of the different types of soil occurring in the different counties. This division of the work is being carried on in cooperation with the Federal Bureau of Soils. 2. Samples of the various types of soil found in each county are care- fully taken for chemical and mechanical analyses in order to determine the amounts of the different plant food materials present and the physical make-up of each type of soil. 3. Experimental farms and fields have been established on the more important soils, where the chief crops of each section are grown in a rational system of rotation under field condition with different ferti- lizer applications. By this system of plat experimentation, it is hoped to determine the best methods of crop rotation and the most profitable fertilization for each type of soil and at the same time gradually build up the productivity of the soil. A detailed soil survey of counties partially or wholly in the Piedmont Region of the State has included all of Alamance, Cabarrus, Caswell, Gaston, Granville, Mecklenburg, Johnston, Forsyth, Rowan, Union, Lin- coln, Randolph and Wake, and parts of Catawba, Burke, Caldwell, Alex- ander, Iredell, and Davie. This report deals largely with the chemical composition of the more important soils of the Piedmont section of the State and the results secured in fertilizer plat experiments. LOCATION AND EXTENT. That part of jSTorth Carolina widely known as the Piedmont region, embraces a wide belt running in a northeast and southwest direction across the central part of the State. It includes about 38 per cent of the area of the State, or 11,814,700 acres of land. It lies between the flat and gently rolling Coastal Plain Region on the east, and the high, rugged, but beautiful mountain ridges on the west. The Piedmont Plateau merges into the mountains so gradually in many places, that it is difticult to draw any sharp division between them. However, the division line marking the Piedmont from the mountains passes through Surry, "Wilkes, Caldwell, Burke, McDowell, Rutherford and Polk coun- ties as they form the foothills. The line of separation between the Piedmont and Coastal Plain regions runs through Anson, Richmond, Montgomery, Moore, Lee, Chatham, Wake, Johnston, ISTash, Halifax, and Northampton counties. The Bulletin 7 In addition to the border line counties, the Piedmont region includes all of Warren, Vance, Granville, Person, CasAvell, Rockingham, Stokes, Yadkin, Porsyth, Guilford, Alamance, Orange, Durham, Randolph, Davidson, Rowan, Davie, Iredell, Alexander, Catawba, Lincoln, Cleve- land, Gaston, Mecklenburg, Cabarrus, Union and Stanly. GENERAL TOPOQKAPHY AND DRAINAGE. The prevailing surface features or topography of the Piedmont re- gion is that of a high plateau which has been dissected by numerous streams and now presents a dominantly rolling and uneven surface. Upon some of the broader divides, and interstream areas the surface is undulating to gently rolling, becoming rolling and hilly as the streams are approached. Gullied and eroded areas are common, particularly near many of the larger streams. There are also areas of level to undulating land, occupying a low or basin position with reference to the surrounding soils. This character of topography is particularly dis- tinctive of a part of the Iredell, Mecklenburg, and Granville soils. In isolated spots throughout the Piedmont region there are conspicuous hills, ridges, and low mountains rising several hundred feet above the general level of the uplands. The most noticeable of these occur in Gaston, Burke, Alexander, Wilkes, Iredell, Randolph and Stokes coun- ties. Bordering the Coastal Plain on the east, the Piedmont region has an elevation above sea level of about 300 to 400 feet, this gradually rising to the west until it attains an elevation approximately of 1,000 to 1,200 feet, where it commonly merges into the mountains. The general slope of the Piedmont region, as evidenced by the stream courses, is to the southeast. The rivers, larger creeks, and streams have carved out rather deep, but usually, narrow valleys, and in these some flat and level areas of bottom land are seen in contrast to the general rolling character of the country. With the exception of a few local areas, the soils of the Piedmont region have excellent natural surface drainage, in fact, the rainfall runs off the hillsides so rapidly that erosion is very pronounced in many places and terracing has been resorted to as an essential means of preventing the cultivated fields from gullying and washing. The drainage of this region is effected through Roanoke, Tar, N'euse, Haw, Cape Fear, Yadkin, Pee Dee, and Catawba rivers, and their numerous tributaries which ramify the uplands, forming an intricate net-work of creeks, branches, and streamlets. All of the region is adequately watered. CLIMATE. The climate of the Piedmont region of ISTorth Carolina is fairly mild and equable, being suitable for the growing of a large variety of farm crops. An examination of the data given in the appended table as taken from the Weather Bureau records at Raleigh, Charlotte, Statesville, and Roxboro, will reveal the fact that the rainfall is ample and well dis- tributed throughout the year. The temperature seldom reaches 100 degrees F, or drops below zero. The spring and fall months are almost ideal for farm work, while the summers are not excessively hot nor the 8 The Bulletin winters extremely cold. A considerable amount of farm work can be carried on during tbe winter months and early spring, as there are a number of pretty days during that time. The eastern and southern parts of the Piedmont region as shown by the table at Raleigh and Charlotte are slightly warmer than the northern and western portions around Roxboro and Statesville. This is ac- counted for in part because of the differences in elevation. The aver- age date of the last killing frost in the spring at Charlotte is April 1, and the first in the fall is November 4. This gives a growing season of about 215 days — a sufficiently long time for the production of a wide range of crops. Of course along the northern and western border the growing season would be a few days shorter. Owing to its high elevation, rolling topography, and good surface drainage, and also to the fact that good spring and well water can be had in all parts, the Piedmont region possesses a healthful and invig- orating climate. The following table gives the average precipitation and temperature at several points in this region, extending over a period of several years. MEAN NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION. TEMPERATURE — DEGREES. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Avr. Raleigh 41 41 36 37 43 44 40 38 50 51 46 50 58 59 57 57 68 69 65 67 76 76 73 74 79 79 77 78 77 77 76 76 71 72 68 70 60 61 56 58 51 51 50 49 43 43 36 40 60 Charlotte 60 Statesville 56 Roxboro . ■58 Average 39 41 49 58 67 75 78 76 70 59 50 40 58 PRECIPITAl ION — INCHES. Raleigh 3.6 4.4 4.3 3.6 5.1 4.6 6.3 5.8 3.2 3.8 2.3 2.9 49.9 Charlotte. 4.3 4.6 4.8 3.4 3.9 4.6 5.3 5.2 3.3 3.4 3.0 3.8 49.6 Statesville 4.7 4.5 5.3 3.2 5.2 4.6 5.4 5.6 2.6 3.6 2.8 3.7 51.6 Roxboro -_ 3.1 4.6 4.1 3.7 5.1 3.5 5.6 4.0 3.8 3.4 2.6 3.1 46.6 Average 3.9 4.5 4.6 3.5 4.8 4.3 5.6 5.1 3.2 3.5 2.7 3.4 49.4 AGRICULTURE AXD INDUSTRIES. The Piedmont region of North Carolina has a population according to the United States census for 1910, of over 1,000,000 people, or nearly one-half of the 2,200,000 people in the State. This region now (1914) probably has a population around 1,100,000. This, region includes many of the large cities in the State such as, Charlotte, Raleigh, Win- ston-Salem, Greensboro, and Durham, and a considerable number of large and important towns, such as, High Point, Salisbury, Concord, Gastonia, Shelby, Hickory, Statesville, Reidsville, Oxford, Henderson, Burlington, Monroe, and Lexington. All of these towns and many The Bulletin 9 smaller places are important markets for the products of the Piedmont region, as well as for the products from the other sections of the State. This particular region embraces a preponderance of all manufactur- ing industries within the State. Perhaps 200 cotton mills are situated in this belt, Gaston County alone having more than 60 of these within its borders. High Point is one of the largest furniture manufacturing towns in the United States, while considerable furniture is also manu- factured at Lexington and other places. Durham and Winston-Salem are known the world around for the manufacture of cigarettes, smok- ing, and plug tobacco. Charlotte is situated in the center of probably the best electrical power development in the United States. Many cotton mills and other manufactories are operated by electricity, as well as the lighting of a majority of the towns. The Piedmont region is favored in most parts with excellent railroad transportation facilities, fairly good roads, and other conveniences. The idea and importance of good public roads is being fostered through- out the State. This region is more thickly settled than any other sec- tion in jSTorth Carolina, due in a large measure to the general rolling nature of the country, and its excellent drainage conditions as con- trasted with a considerable portion of the flat, swampy lands of the east, and tbe rugged character of much of the mountain areas to the west. The farms as a rule are small ; that is, ranging from 50 to 300 acres, with a few reaching to 1,000 or more acres in size. The large per cent of the farms are operated directly by the owners and the immediate family, together with a small amount of hired help. The soils of the Piedmont region are adapted to a wide range of crops, such as corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, oats, clover, rye, soy beans, cowpeas, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, sorghum, and garden vegetables. The soil is also adapted to apples, peaches, and berries. On the high, more sandy types near the cities, truck farming can be carried on profit- ably ; while dairying and cattle raising can be extended on a much larger commercial scale. There is now one large creamery located at Hick- ory, and its products are distributed over North Carolina and cities outside of the State. The heavy red lands are admirably suited to clover and grasses, and excellent pastures can be maintained for grazing pur- poses. A few of the rougher areas can be profitably used for forestry. The soils, generally speaking, are inherently fairly productive, some of them being rich in potash, and are susceptible to high and rather permanent improvement. The large yields of crops obtained by some of the best farmers, are true indications of what these soils are capable of producing wdien properly handled. Much of the scratched over, abandoned, and so-called worn out lands can easily and cheaply be re- claimed and restored to a position suitable for profitable agricultural utilization. ORIGIISr OF THE SOILS. The Piedmont Plateau Kegion of the United States extends from the Hudson River to east-central Alabama, attaining its greatest width and being well developed in ISTorth Carolina. The soils of the Piedmont region are all of residual origin, that is, formed through the processes of weathering and decay from the under- 10 The Bulletin lying rocks. The only exception is the small area of alluvial soils found along the streams, and here the soils are composed of fine material which has been washed down from adjoining uplands or mountain sec- tions, carried and deposited along the streams at times of normal rain- fall and freshets. The rocks of the Piedmont region are varied and complex, including old igneous rocks, such as diorite, diabase, gabbro and granite; the metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks, such as gneiss, schist and slate ; and the young sedimentary rocks, such as Triassic sandstone and shales. The older rocks have been tilted and warped out of all semblance to their original position, this tilting and folding being noticeable in road cuts in many localities. At one time there was no soil over the present Piedmont region, but the surface was composed of hard bed rocks, and the waves and tides of the waters of the Atlantic Ocean lashed the rocks along the eastern edge of this region. The disintegration and weathering of the rocks by the slow but constant action for centuries of nature's agencies of de- composition and decay, such as rain, sunshine, freezing, thawing, vege- tation and the like, has gradually broken down these rocks into very small particles, which mixed with organic and vegetable matter, forms the present soils. In many places on the slopes erosion has kept such a close pace with disintegration that the rotten rock or bed rock is ex- posed. As a general rule, however, these rocks have weathered to a con- siderable depth as seen in railroad cuts and in digging wells. The varied rocks of this region differ materially in their physical and chemical composition and their disintegration and subsequent proc- esses of weathering have gi^ en rise to apparent differences in the result- ant soils. These differences have justified the grouping of the soils into series based principally on the origin or character of rock from which derived, color, structure, and crop adaptation. There is gener- ally a close relation between soil series and certain rock formations. The Alamance and Georgeville series are confined exclusively to the Carolina slate belt; the Iredell and Mecklenburg series to an area un- derlain by diorite, gabbro-diorite, and mica-diorite ; the Granville and Penn series to the Triassic basin, where sandstone and shales occur. The largest and most important series in the Piedmont region is the Cecil. This series and the Durham series owe their origin mainly to granites and gneisses. Tlie names given to the series and types, such as Cecil, Durham, Ire- dell, Granville, Mecklenburg, etc., are usually the names of counties or towns where the types were first mapped and are used for purposes of identification, as being more distinctive and easier to remember than numbers. CECIL SERIES. The Cecil Series includes the most important and widely distributed soils of the Piedmont Plateau, being the dominant soils in every county, except in a few counties in the slate belt. The heavier members are knoAvn as "red-clay land," while the sandy surface areas are called "gray lands." A characteiistic of the subsoil is the content of sharp quartz sand, and the frequent occurrence of veins of quartz. Mica The Bulletin 11 flakes are present in many localities. These soils are of residual origin, being derived through the processes of weathering from granite and gneiss, and locally from schists. Fragments, and boulders of the parent rock are, however, found in places on the surface. The general surface features of the Cecil soils vary from gently rolling to rolling and hilly areas, with broad level to undulating interstream, which become broken and rough as the streams are approached. Practically all of the soils possess excellent natural surface drainage, and the more rolling areas are excessively drained. The Cecil Series is the nearest complete of any in the Piedmont region, and includes the following types thus far mapped in Worth Caro- lina: the Cecil sandy loam, clay, clay loam, fine sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, loam, stony sandy loam, gravelly loam, and stony loam. CECIL SANDY LOAM. The Cecil Sandy Loam, or "gray land" is the most extensive and widely developed soil in the series, occurring in large areas, and well distributed throughout the Piedmont region. The surface soil of this type consists of a yellowish-gray, gray, to light-brown medium, sandy loam, ranging in depth from G to 15 inches. The subsoil is a red, stiif clay, extending to a depth of 3 feet or more. The type includes spots of fine sandy loam and gall spots of clay or clay loam. Occasionally the surface soil is of a reddish-brown color. The Cecil Sandy Loam is a mellow and easily tilled soil; one which invites the use of labor-saving machinery. It is the main trucking soil of the Piedmont Plateau Section in North Carolina. The more sandy areas of this type are peculiarly adapted to the production of sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, peanuts, bright tobacco, watermelons, rye, gar- den vegetables, and many truck crops, while the shallower and heavier areas are well suited to the growing of cotton, corn, oats, cowpeas, sorghum, and crimson clover. The lighter and deep surface soil areas produce a fairly bright leaf tobacco, while the shallow areas grow a heavy dark leaf. It is the principal tobacco soil in many counties, particularly Forsyth. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CECIL SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacel- SubsoilJ .0395 .025 .028 .058 2.31 1.54 .159 .174 770 1982 546 4598 45036 122079 3100 13793 12 The Bulletin AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Surface soil. Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 5.3 2.5 Coarse sand, per cent 16.7 7.0 Medium sand, per cent 10.2 5.3 Fine sand, per cent 24.2 15.7 Very fine sand, per cent 11.2 7.0 Silt, per cent 23.6 19.3 Clay, per cent 8.5 43.2 CECIL CLAY. The Cecil Clay is the red heavy clay land of the Piedmont Plateau. The surface soil for 4 to 6 inches is either a red clay or heavy clay loam, underlain to a depth of several feet by a red, stiff, tough clay. In a few localities the first 2 or 3 inches of the surface may be a heavy loam, while in other places the stiff raw clay has been left exposed by erosion. The Cecil clay is inherently a strong and productive soil, but it requires careful handling and the use of strong teams and machinery to properly prepare it in order for it to produce its best yields. This soil is par- ticularly adapted to the production of wheat, oats, red clover, orchard grasses, and is one of the best soils in the State for these crops. It is also used for the growing of cotton and corn, but the bolls do not open as well as upon the sandy loam. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CECIL CLAY. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to a depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacel f Subsoil/ '\ .073 .032 .063 .095 .41 .44 .21 .14 1424 2545 1229 7553 7995 35982 4111 11133 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Surface soil- Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 1.2 1.6 Coarse sand, per cent 3.9 2.3 Medium sand, per cent 4.7 2.8 Fine sand, per cent 11.3 6.3 Very fine sand, per cent 7.8 6.3 Silt, per cent 20.6 20.8 Clay, per cent 50.3 59.9 CECIL CL-'LY LOAM. The Cecil Clay Loam, or commonly called "red land," is one of the largest and most important types, and will likely occur in every county in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. It really represents an intermediate grade of material between the Cecil clay and the sandy The Bulletin 13 loam and loam types. The surface soil of the predominant areas con- sist? of a brown, reddish-brown, or red loam or clay loam, ranging in depth from 5 to 10 inches. The subsoil is a deep red, stiif, tough clay, extending to a depth of several feet. In many places the first 2 or 3 inches of the surface soil is a gray to reddish sandy or fine sandy loam, while in local spots the surface material is a red clay or clay loam, closely resembling the Cecil clay. Nearly every ten-acre field presents a spotted appearance. The Cecil Clay loam, owing to a higher percentage of sand in the surface soil, works up to a better tilth than the Cecil Clay. The type is a strong and productive soil, being well adapted to a wide range of crops, and especially satisfactory for the production of corn, oats, wheat, cotton, red clover, vetch and cowpeas. Some heavy tobacco is grown upon the sandier areas. Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, cabbages, sor- gbum, tomatoes, turnips, garden vegetables and a few apples, peaches, and grapes are successfully grown for home use and local trade. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CECIL CLAY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre t«' Surface Soil to depth of 6§ inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surf acel ( Subsoil/^"'™! .066 .028 .051 .092 .46 .41 .234 .223 1293 2231 999 7330 9014 32669 4585 17769 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Surface soil. Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 1.7 .9 Coarse sand, per cent 5.2 2.1 Medium sand, per cent 6.0 2.3 Fine sand, per cent 16.1 5.3 Very fine sand, per cent 21.3 8.5 Silt, per cent 27.0 32.2 Clay, per cent 22.7 49.0 CECIL FINE S.A.NDT LOAM, The surface soil of this type to a depth of about 6 to 12 inches, is a yellowish-gray, light-brown or reddish-brown fine, sandy loam. The subsoil is a bright-red, stiff, clay extending to a depth of 3 feet or more. Occasionally reddish-yellow streakings are noticeable in the subsoil. Usually the Cecil fine sandy loam is a mellow and easily tilled, and only in the heavier and more silty areas is there any baking or clodding. This soil is well suited to cotton, corn, wheat, oats, cowpeas, clover, and locally to sweet potatoes, sorghum, strawberries, cabbages, and Irish potatoes. 14 The Bulletin AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CECIL FINE SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6j inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacelg ^ f Subsoil] 'I .0384 .0193 .0375 .0693 1.17 1.09 .195 .129 729 1522 712 5466 22207 84979 3720 10176 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Surface soil Subsoil .8 .6 5.1 2.1 10.0 2.3 30.8 7.5 28.3 6.3 19.9 27.3 5.1 53.7 _ CECIL COARSE SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of this type to a depth of 6 to 12 inches consists of light-gray to reddish-brown coarse sandy loam or loamy coarse sand, containing a considerable quantity of small quartz gravel. The subsoil is a red, stiff, brittle clay, carrying a noticeable amount of coarse sharp sand. The soil is loose in structure, and is easily tilled, yet there is a sufficient amount of silt and clay present to give a loaminess in many places, thus causing the soil to bake slightly in the heavier areas. This type is well suited to cotton, corn, oats, and cowpeas, and the lighter and riiore sandier areas to tobacco, sweet potatoes, rye, and vegetables. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CECIL COARSE SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacel < Subsoil/ '\ .043 .020 .034 .060 2.032 1.710 .465 .218 737 1510 583 4531 34828 130139 7970 16463 The Bulletin average mechanical analysis. 15 Surface soil- Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 15.9 3.8 Coarse sand, per cent 23.2 9.6 Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, ' per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent 11.0 6.0 18.4 8.4 4.0 2.4 21.9 25.0 Clay, per cent 5.6 44.8 CECIL LOAM. The surface soil of the Cecil Loam to a depth of about 5 to 10 inches, consists of a yellowish-gray, light-brown to reddish-brown loam or silty loam. The subsoil, to a depth of 3 feet is a red, tough clay. Occasion- ally rock fragments are scattered over the surface and disseminated throughout the soil, and not infrequently outcroppings of granite are seen. Corn and cotton are the main crops grown, although some wheat, oats, potatoes, sorghum, cowpeas, and vegetables are produced. The Cecil loam is one of the small types of the series. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CECIL LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to a depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO • Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacel- f Subsoil/ .0475 .0270 .0855 .0580 1.164 1.218 .251 .143 856 2160 1541 4640 20980 97440 4524 11440 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Surface soil Subsoil. - - - - 3.5 .4 5.7 1.5 5.8 2.0 15.5 6.2 17.3 6.0 37.6 23.4 14.4 60.5 CECIL STONY SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of a gray to light-brown, fine to medium sandy loam, varying in depth from 6 to 10 inches. The subsoil is a bright, red, stiff, brittle, clay, 3 feet or more in depth, and present- ing yellowish-red mottlings in places. Angular fragments of quartz and of the parent rock are strewn upon the surface and mixed with the soil, approximating 15 to 50 per cent of the first few inches. This soil is practically as productive as the Cecil sandy loam, but owing to the content of stones, cultivation is seriously hindered, rendering the soil much less desirable. Cotton and corn are the principal crops grown. 16 The Bulletin AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CECIL STONY SANDY LOAM. ' Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface! „ f SubsoilJ I ,._ .043 .0108 1 1 .0282 1 1.053 .12 .0258 1 .688 .18 789 864 518 2064 19333 135040 2203 14400 CECIL GRAVELLY LOAM. The Cecil Gravelly Loam to a depth of about 4 to 10 inches consists of a gray to reddish-brown loam, or fine sandy loam, containing from about 15 to 40 per cent of red, coarse, sand and fine, angular quartz gravel, locally termed ''millstone grit land." The subsoil is a red, stiS, clay, carrying some angular quartz gravel. This is a small type and has only been mapped in Richmond County, but other areas will prob- ably be found. It is used for the growing of cotton, corn, oats, and cowpeas. All crops, especially cotton, fruit well. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CECIL GRAVELLY LOAM. • . Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to c epth of 6j inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface! „ „ , .,>2mm. SubsoilJ I .026 .028 .001 .14 1.932 1.446 .05 .082 353 1830 13 9150 26198 94511 678 5360 CECIL STONY LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of yellowish-gray, gray, or brown loam or silt loam, having a depth of about 6 to 8 inches, and containing from about 20 to 50 per cent of rock fragments, usually quartz. Occa- sionally' large bowlders of granite are seen. The subsoil is a red silty clay, or clay with a noticeable content of fine sand particles. Only small bodies of this soil have been mapped, and where the content of stone is small, corn and a few other crops can be grown. This type should be used for pasturage land or forestry. The Bulletin average chemical analysis of cecil stony loam. 17 Surface\„ r Subsoil/2°^="-\ Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen .063 .02 Phos- phoric acid .04 .076 Potash 1.505 1.626 Lime CaO .121 .254 Pounds of Total Plant Food Con.stit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Nitrogen Phos- 1 phoric Potash acid Lime CaO 1028 1600 653 6080 24562 130080 1975 20320 DURHAM SERIES. The soils of the Durham series are prominent throughout the Pied- mont region in North Carolina, and especially so in Granville, Durham, Vance, Person, Caswell, Guilford, Alamance, Davidson, Wake, John- ston, and other counties. The soils are derived from light-colored, rather coarse grained granite and gneiss, consisting principally of quartz and feldspar, with some mica. These rocks are usually of a more siliceous character and lower in iron-bearing minerals than those giving rise to the Cecil types. The topography is gently rolling to rolling, and by reason of loose texture of the soil', and the rather sandy texture of the subsoil, drainage conditions are excellent and in places even excessive. As a rule, the soils are deficient in organic matter, and require applications of manure or fertilizers in order to give good re- sults.^ These soils are renowned tobacco soils of North Carolina and Virginia. The Durham Series is represented thus far in the areas mapped by the following types : the coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, and fine sandy loam. DURHAM SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of the Durham sandy loam consists of a light-gray medium sandy loam, extending to a depth of 6 to S inches, grading into a pale-yellow medium, sandy loam, which continues to a depth of about 15 inches. The subsoil is a yellow, sandy clay or friable clay, usually extending to a depth of 3 feet or more. In some places a few quartz gravel and angular stones are present, and also small mica scales. Oc- casionally the soft granitic rock comes near the surface in eroded areas. Dikes of greenish diorite rock are frequent throughout the type. This is the most widely distributed soil of the Durham series, and has been map])ed in Alamance, Cabarrus, Granville, Forsyth, Mecklenburg, Johnston, and Iredell counties. The Durham sandy loam is a mellow and easily tilled soil, and when properly handled it seldom bakes. It is particularly well adapted to the production of bright yellow tobacco, and is devoted largely, through- out the northern part of the State, to that crop. The leaf cures to an attractive color, and brings a high price on the markets. The soil is 18 The Bulletin also admirably suited to the growing of sweet potatoes, peanuts, rye; while corn, watermelons, cantaloupes, cotton, and garden vegetables are profitably produced. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DURHAM SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to a depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Phos- Nitrogen phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacel- f -, , .J2mm. SubsoilJ I .023 .018 .016 .019 .336 .469 .79 .3785 434 1397 302 1475 6337 36202 14899 29378 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Surface soil Subsoil 6.3 4.6 23.7 12.4 17.1 11.2 17.4 16.7 14.0 12.1 17.9 17.7 3.8 25.5 DURHAM COARSE SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of a gray or yellowish-gray, coarse, sandy loam or loamy sand, varying in depth from 8 to 15 inches. .It is commonly called gray land, and occasionally "isinglass land." The subsoil is a' yellow, or pale yellow, coarse, sandy clay or friable clay, with coarse sand particles extending to a depth of 3 feet. In the lower portion of the subsoil mottlings or streakings of red are of common occurrence in many localities. In forested areas, the first few inches of the soil is dark-gray in color, due to the presence of organic matter, while in some fields which have seen many years of cultivation, the sur- face iu places presents a whitish appearance. Angular quartz gravel are present on the surface in many localities. This soil is loose, mel- low, and easily tilled, warming up easily in the spring. This type con- stitutes some of the best bright tobacco soil in the Piedmont region, producing a beautifully-colored leaf, which sells at good to fancy prices. The soil is also suited to the growing of rye, corn, sweet potatoes, water- melons, contaloupes, garden vegetables, and locally to peaches. The Bulletin average chemical analysis of durham coarse sandy loam. 19 Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6f inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface!. ( r, , .,>2mm. SubsoilJ I .034 .02 .044 .031 1.602 1.257 .353 .2868 611 1490 791 2309 28804 93621 6347 21360 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Surface soil- Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 12.9 9.5 Coarse sand, per cent 18.1 11.1 Medium sand, per cent 12.4 8.1 Fine sand, per cent 23.2 15.6 Very fine sand, per cent 8.2 12.1 Silt, per cent 19.2 21.1 Clay, per cent 5.8 22.2 DURHAM FINE SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of a gi'ay to yellowish-gray fine sandy loam, varying in depth from about 8 to 12 inches. The subsoil is a yellow, friable, clay or fi:ne, sandy clay, which shows mottlings of red in the lower portion of the 3-foot section on the better drained areas, and gray mottlings in the poorly drained situations. This type has a very small development, and has been mapped only in Granville county. The soil is better suited to general farm crops, and is a stronger soil than the coarse or medium sandy loam, but not so well adapted to bright tobacco. It is used for tobacco, corn, oats, wheat, clover, cowpeas, and sweet potatoes. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DURHAM FINE SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6f inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Phos- Nitrogen phoric acid l^otash Lime CaO Surfacel. f „ , ., 2mm. SubsoilJ I .046 .023 .070 .031 .251 .517 .100 .071 862 1715 1312 2311 4704 38548 1874 5294 20 The Bulletin IREDELL SERIES. The soils of the Iredell Series are distributed to a more or less extent throughout the Piedmont region. These soils are locally called "black- jack oak," ''bees wax," or "pipe clay" lands, because of the waxy, sticky, and putty-like character of the subsoil material. They are derived through the process of weathering from diorite, hornblende schist, and chloritic rocks. The topography varies from flat to rolling. The impervious character of the subsoil in the flatter areas causes rather poor surface drainage, while the underdrainage of all the types is hindered considerably by this clay which prevents a free downward movement of the rain water. The lighter surface soil areas and more rolling bodies possess fairly good drainage conditions. The Iredell series is represented by 5 types; the stony loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam and clay loam, IREDELL SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of the Iredell Sandy Loam consists of a gray, brown- ish-gray or dull brown medium to fine sandy loam, having a depth of 6 to 10 inches. The subsoil is a yellowish, light brown, or dull brown, sticky, impervious clay, which at about 24 to 30 inches grades into the rotten, greenish, diorite rock. A few small iron pebbles are of frequent occurrence in this soil, and scattered over the surface. This is a large and important type in Caswell County: also areas of it have been mapped in Randolph County. It is best suited to corn, oats, wheat and grasses. In a few localities, upon the more sandy areas, higher and better drained bodies, tobacco can be successfully grown; also sweet potatoes. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IREDELL SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to rlepth of 6| inches, 2,noo,onnihs. Subsoil to Hppth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface\„ f „ , ., 2mm .{ Subsoil) I .037 .0225 .015 .039 .12 .099 1.45 1.61 704 1800 285 3120 2283 7920 27.558 128800 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Surface soil. Subsoil Fine pravel, per cent 3.4 .1 Coarse sand, per cent 8.7 1.5 Medium Siind, per cent 7.8 1.7 Fine sand, per cent 27.5 7.1 Very fine sand, per cent 15.7 9.2 Silt, per cent 30.1 22.4 Clay, per cent 6.9 58.1 The Bulletin 21 IREDELL FINE SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of a gray to grayish-brown, fine to medium sandy loam, varying in depth from 5 to 10 inches. The subsoil is a yellow to brownish, impervious waxy, sticky clay, being very plastic when wet, and cracking open when dry. The subsoil seldom extends below 24 or 30 inches, grading at this depth into the rotten rock. Small, rounded, iron pebbles or concretions, and occasionally bowlders are scattered over the surface. This type includes spots of Durham B.ne sandy loam and Cecil fine sandy loam. This type has been mapped in' Granville, Cabarrus, and Mecklenburg counties. The soil is used maiul.y for corn, oats, cotton, and the lighter areas for tobacco, sweet potatoes, sorghum, garden vegetables, but is best suited to small grains and pasturage. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IREDELL FINE SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to a depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 11)3. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfaced r Subsoil/2'^'" 1 .0405 .036 .048 .0598 .22 .20 2.30 2.33 892 2822 865 4688 3964 15680 41446 182672 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Surface soil. Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 5.1 .6 Coarse sand, per cent 8.8 1.7 Medium sand, per cent 8.7 1.7 Fine sand, per cent 23.7 6.1 Very fine sand, per cent 21.0 14.3 Silt, per cent 20.0 32.2 Clay, per cent 12.6 43.6 IREDELL LOAM. The surface soil consists of a dark gray, to a dull brown loam, silty loam, or fine sandy loam, with a depth of 4 to 8 inches. The subsoil is a vellowish to brown, generally yellowish-brown or greenish-brown, waxy, sticky cla.v, extending to a depth of 20 to 36 inches. Frequently at 24 to 30 inclies it grades into a soft, rotten rock. Subsoil, on ex- posure to weathering, changes to a dull brown. Small, rounded, iron concretions over a large part of this type are mapped in Cabarrus, Granville, Mecklenburg, Randolph and Richmond counties. Until re- ceiitlv the Iredell loam was considered as a poor soil for general farm- ing, but now it is highly prized. It is well adapted to com, oats, wheat, and grasses. Oats seem to do better than any other crop. Cowpeas, Johnson grass, and lespedeza do well. Grasses make an excellent 22 The Bulletin growth, and afford a good pasturage for sheep and cattle. Cotton has a tendency to rust, and corn to ^^french," but kainit, in a large measure, counteracts these conditions. Excellent yields are being obtained from this type in Mecklenburg and other counties where the soil is properly handled. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IREDELL LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfaced „ f Subsoil/2'-'" •{ .054 .033 .17 .076 .29 .236 2.25 2.67 903 2624 2840 6044 4849 18767 37620 212318 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Surface soil Subsoil 6.3 3.2 5.0 9.0 4.5 13.5 4.9 3.3 11.2 21.0 10.5 25.3 29.0 12.1 14.7 18.5 22.5 10.7 10.9 44.0 Lower subsoil (decomposed rock) 19.2 lEEDELL STONY LOAM. The surface soil of this type, to a depth of about 6 to 12 inches, con- sists of a gray to brownish-gray or dull brown loam, silty loam or fine sandy loam. The subsoil is a dull, yellow, or yellowish-brown waxy, impervious clay, passing at a depth of about 20 to 30 inches into a soli rotten rock, mainly diorite. The surface is literally covered with frag- ments of diorite and blue to gray slate. Owing to unevenness of its surface features, and the presence of rock fragments, practically none of it is cultivated. Only a few patches of it are used for the growing of corn and other crops. It is best suited to forestry, although spots of it can be used for pasturage or the production of com. The Bulletin 23 average chemical analysis of iredell stony loam. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6J inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacel I Subsoil/ '{ .093 .035 .086 .067 .223 .335 5.625 3.890 606 1840 561 3522 1454 17608 36675 204458 « IREDELL CLAY LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of a dark gray, dark brown to ahnost black heavy clay, containing a high percentage of small rounded iron pebbles or concretions, and having a depth of 4 to 8 inches. The subsoil is a yellowish-brown to greenish-brown, plastic, sticky, heavy clay, which at about 24 inches passes into the partially decomposed rock. It is the heaviest type in the series so far encountered. Where the subsoil comes near the surface, cultivation is difficult. Owing to the impervious character of both the soil and the subsoil, it is restricted as to its crop adaptation. The soil is suited, however, to both wild and cultivated grasses, which can be used advantageously for grazing of sheep and cattle. Wheat, oats, and corn also, can be successfully grown under proper treatment. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF IREDELL CLAY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000.000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface! - ( c , ., 2mm .{ SubaouJ I .079 .045 .051 .036 .647 .206 3.503 4.168 1509 3442 974 2753 12358 15755 66907 318669 ALAMANCE SERIES. The soils of the Alamance Series constitute a large part of the land in Union, Stanly, Montgomery, and Randolph counties, and are well developed in Cabarrus, Davidson, Anson, Moore, Rowan, Chatham, Granville, and spots in a few other counties in that general region. These soils have been derived from the "Carolina slate"i formation, ' See Bulletin 21 N. C. Geological and Economic Survey. 24 The Bulletin which forms a large belt in that part of the State. These slates are usually fine-grained, being either massive or breaking up into thin flakes. The surface features of this belt vary from gently rolling to rolling, and in places, steeply rolling to hilly. The Alamance series differs from the Georgeville mainly in the color of soil and subsoil, and also in agricultural value. Only two types have been mapped in the Alamance series: the Ala- mance silt loam and the slate loam. ALAMANCE SILT LOAM. The surface soil of the Alamance silt loam to a depth of 2 to 3 inches consists of a light gray to almost white silt loam, passing gradually into a yellowish-gray or yellow silt loam which extends to a depth of 6 to 10 inches. The uniformly mellow, smooth, silty texture of this soil together with its whitish surface, gives it somewhat the appearance of flour, and for this reason, it is locally called "white floury land." The subsoil of the typical areas is a yellow silt loam to silty clay, which in the lower portion of the 3 foot section presents a reddish cast, or shows mottlings of red. Occasionally in the flatter and poorer drained areas the subsoil is a pale, yellow, silty, clay mottled with gray and white. However, all variations in color, from a beautiful yellow to light red, may be seen in the subsoil. This type is so closely associated with the Georgeville silt loam, that in many places it contains spots of the latter. Frequently on the small ridges or knolls, the surface has a considerable sprinkling of white quartz rocks, and in many places slate fragments are of frequent occurrence. The Alamance silt loam is one of the largest and most important soils in the south central part of the State, or in the slate belt. In its natural condition, it is not highly productive, but when supplied with vegetable matter, limed and fertilized, it is adapted to corn, oats, wheat, rye, clover, grasses and cowpeas, and in the southern counties to cotton. Sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, sorghum and garden vegetables do well, and these together with a few apples, peaches and pears are grown for home, and to a limited extent for local markets. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ALAMANCE SILT LOAM. Pounds ot Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to a denth of 6§ inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfaced f Subsoil/ l .039 .038 .051 .076 .602 1.007 .311 .179 704 2897 921 5794 10872 76293 5616 13647 The Bulletin average mechanical analysis. 25 Surface soiL Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 1.4 .4 Coarse sand, per cent 2.4 1.3 Medium sand, per cent 1.4 .8 Fine sand, per cent 2.0 1.3 Very fine sand, per cent 2.2 .5 Silt, per cent 78.9 69.8 Clay, per cent 11.1 25.6 ALAMANCE SLATE LOAM. The fine material of the surface soil of this type consists of a gray to nearly white silt loam, ranging in depth from 6 to 8 inches. It is esti- mated that from 25 to 50 per cent of bluish to gray slate fragments, usually angular and oblong, and varying in length from one-half an inch to several inches, are scattered throughout the soil. Numerous outcrops of slate rock are encountered, and these obstruct plowing. Sometimes between 8 and 15 inches a yellow silty clay is encountered, but frequently the rotten slate or solid bed slate comes within 8 inches of the surface, and is always found at a depth not greater than 15 or 20 inches. The slaty fragments are a nuisance and interfere with culti- vation. Some few spots where not too slaty, are devoted to the growing of corn, wheat, oats and cotton. This is a small and unimportant type, and it should be used for forestry purposes. GEOEGEVILLE SERIES. The soils of the Georgeville Series, like the Alamance, are derived from the "slates" of the Carolina slate belt. It is believed that the rocks of this group giving rise to the Georgeville series are higher in content of iron-bearing minerals than those giving rise to the Alamance. The topography varies from undulating to rolling or broken along the stream courses. The natural surface drainage is good, and even exces- sive on the more rolling areas. The Georgeville soils are somewhat stronger agricultural soils than the corresponding members of the Ala- mance Series. The Georgeville Soils occui- in close association with the Alamance soils and are well developed in Union, Stanly, Montgomery, Eandolph, Cabarrus, Anson, Richmond, Granville, and places in Moore and Davidson, and Chatham and Rowan counties. The Georgeville Series is represented thus far in the areas surveyed, by two types; the Georgeville silt loam and Georgeville silty clay loam. GEORGEVILLE SILT LOAM. The surface soil of the Georgeville silt loam consists of gray, pale red or red silt loam, which usually passes into a yellowish-red or red silt loam at about 3 to 6 inches. The subsoil of the typically developed areas beginning at about 5 to 12 inches to a dull red, bright red or pink- ish-red brittle silty clay, extending to a depth of 3 feet or more. The surface soil has a smooth, mellow feel, and works up to a good tilth. Frequently on the steeper slopes, the surface soil has been washed off, leaving exposed the red silty clay. This type also includes many spots 26 The Bulletin of Alamance silt loam and Georgeville clay loam. It is one of the large and important type occurring within the slate belt. The Georgeville silt loam has been mapped in Cabarrus, Granville, Eichmond, and Kandolph counties, and will be encountered in other counties of the slate belt. It is perhaps the most desirable soil in the region in which it occurs. It is susceptible of a higher state of improve- ment than the Alamance soils. It is well adapted to corn, wheat, oats, clover, grasses and in the southern counties of the State, to cotton. Cabbage, sorghum cane, Irish potatoes, and garden vegetables, together with apples, peaches and pears, are successfully grown for home use. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GEORGEVILLE SILT LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Liine CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface! „ f SubsoilP"^""-! .037 .026 .073 .090 1.62 2.031 .165 .100 447 1928 881 6674 19557 150619 1992 7416 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt. per cent Clay, per cent Surface soil Subsoil 3.0 .6 6.2 3.1 2.9 1.7 3.4 1.7 1.7 .3 63.9 61.6 18.4 30.5 GEORGEVILLE SILTY CLAY LOAM. The surface soil of the Georgeville silty clay loam to a depth of 5 to 8 inches consists of a reddish-broAvn to red silty clay loam or heavy silt loam. The subsoil is a deep red, stiff but fairly brittle silty clay to a depth of several feet. In a few localities the first 2 or 3 inches may be a gray silty loam, which passes gradually into the red heavy silty loam or silty clay. The"^ Georgeville clay loam is the heaviest member of the series, and constitutes the red heavy land of the slate belt. Its development, how- ever, is confined to small restricted areas. The soil is particularly well suited to the production of corn, wheat, oats, and clover, and is utilized mainly for these crops. GRANVILLE SERIES. The Granville Series of soils are developed in restricted areas along the eastern border of the Piedmont Region in the State. The largest occurrence of these is confined to Granville, Durham, Wake, Chatham, The Bulletin 27 and Lee counties, while Anson, Riclimond, Union, Orange, and other counties have representative bodies. In color and other physical char- acteristics these soils are quite similar to the Durham types, but the subsoils are slightly more plastic and somewhat heavier, being of a smoother texture, and possessing a slightly greasy feel. The deep subsoil or substratum of the Granville differs from that of the Durham in having a variegated color, which is frequently formed of Indian red, greenish-gray, purplish drab, and white. The Granville Series is de- rived from the Triassic sandstones and shales. It is possible that the lighter color as compared with the Penn soils, which are also derived from Triassic sandstone, is due to leaching processes. The topography varies from gently rolling to slightly hilly and near the stream courses broken and hilly, and the drainage is splendid. The Granville series embraces the following soil types: the coarse sandy loam, fine sandy loam, and gravelly loam. GRANVILLE COAKSE SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of a gray to almost white, coarse, sandy, loam or loamy sand, which at about 4 or 6 inches grades into a yellowish, coarse, sandy loam. The subsoil, beginning anywhere between 10 and 20 inches, is a yellow clay, rather smooth and somewhat plastic. On the lower portion of the 3-foot section an Indian red, gray- ish, or purplish clay is frequently encountered. A number of "gall spots" are included in the type representing areas where the surface soil has been washed away, leaving a grayish or Indian red clay. This type of soil closely resembles the Durham coarse sandy loam in sur- face appearances. The Granville coarse sandy loam has already been mapped in Gran- ville, Eichmond, and "Wake counties, and areas will probably be encoun- tered in the adjoining counties, particularly in Durham County. This soil is especially adapted to the production of bright yellow tobacco. It produces a beautiful leaf which sells at high prices, being in demand for cigarettes and smoking tobacco. In addition to tobacco, com, oats, rye, crimson clover, sweet potatoes, peanuts, and garden vegetables are successfully grown. This type is well developed in the vicinity of Creedmoor and to the north of Apex. The Granville coarse sandy loam, "shallow phase," consists of a gray to purplish gray, coarse to medium sandy loam. The subsoil is a coarse sandy clay of variegated color (purplish, bluish, gray, Indian red or white) to a depth of about 24 to 36 inches, grading into sticky, plastic, micaceous clay of greenish-gray, or Indian red color. This is an ero- sional phase, representing areas where the original sandy surface mate- rial has been largely removed. This phase has a small development. Tobacco gives a darker and heavier leaf, while the yields of corn and grains are equal to those of the typical type. 28 The Bulletin AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GRANVILLE COARSE SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Cont it uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6f inches, i^l 2.000,000 lbs. j" ' Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfaee\„ „ , .,>2mm. SubsoilJ .021 .021 .035 .029 1.12 1.725 .15 .111 383 1597 638 2207 20404 131252 2733 8446 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Typical; Surface soil Subsoil Lower subsoil Shallow Phase: SoiL 15.3 9.2 2.6 15.1 1.0 23.9 14.5 5.3 23.7 2.1 10.4 6.5 4.1 14.1 3.1 14.5 10.1 16.2 22.6 21.9 8.1 4.9 5.7 8.0 12.4 19.2 31.1 30.4 12.7 34.7 8.0 23.3 35.6 3.2 Subsoil 24.5 GRANVILLE FINE SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of this type, to a depth of about 4 to 6 inches, con- sists of a yellowish-gray, fine to medium sandy loam of rather porous structure. Beneath the surface material occurs a friable, fine to medium yellow sandy clay, sometimes mottled with gray, and grading at about 20 to 30 inches into a mottled sandy clay, in which yellow and bright red are the most pronounced colors. A substratum of Indian red or purplish clay is usually encountered at from 3 to 4 feet below the sur- face. This is particularly noticeable in road cuts near the_ streams. This type has been mapped in Richmond and Wake counties. The principal crops grown are coi'n, cotton, oats, in Richmond County, while tobacco is grown with a fair degree of success in Wake County. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GRANVILLE, FINE SANDY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,1)00 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- j phoric j Potash acid ! Lime CaO Surface!. f Subsoil/^'^'^-i .045 .032 .072 .088 .503 1.76 .12 .146 878 2560 1405 7040 9819 140800 2146 11680 The Bulletin 29 GRANVILLE GRAVELLY LOAM. The surface soil is a gray to yellowish-gray, fine sandy loam to a depth of about 6 to 10 inches, with an estimated content of 25 to 50 per ceut of small, angular quartz fragments and gravel. The subsoil is a brownish to reddish plastic clay, extending to a depth of 36 inches, mottled in the lower portions with yellowish-gray and red. Most of this type is forested, the cultivated portion being devoted to the production of corn, oats and cotton. This is a small and relatively unimportant type. MECKLENBURG SERIES. The soils of this series have been mapped in rather large bodies in Mecklenburg and Cabarrus counties, and will likely be encountered in Rowan, Davidson, Guilford and other counties in the Piedmont Region. These soils are closely associated with the Iredell soils and, in places ai)pear, to represent Iredell material in an advanced stage of weathering. They are derived from diorite, inica-diorite, metagabbro, and similar rocks. The topography is undulating and gently rolling, and the sur- face drainage good. The soils are productive, closely approximating ill agricultural value the corresponding Cecil types. The members of this series are locally known as the "red black-jack lands." MECKLENBURG CLAY LOAM. The surface soil of this type, locally known as "red black-jack land" consists of 4 to 8 inches of brown to reddish-brown or dull red, heavy loam or clay loam. The subsoil is a yellowish brown, ocher to red- colored clay, extending to a depth of 24 to 30 inches, and having a greasy feel, but at the same time, tenacious and sticky when wet, and cracking open when drying. The soft feel is probably the result of small mica scales present in the subsoil. The rotten rock usually comes within 30 inches of the surface, although in places the heavy clay ex- tends to a depth of 3 or 4 feet or more. This type also has a few rounded iron pebbles or concretions on the surface. On eroded slopes a red, heavy, clay loam or clay is exposed frequently. The clay loam is naturally a very productive and desirable soil, and one which can be built up to a high state of productiveness. It is especially adapted to clovers, vetches, and soy beans, and is also good for cotton, corn, oats, and wheat. Johnson grass is indigenous, and this together with Japan clover, furnishes excellent pasturage. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MECKLENBURG CLAY LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to a depth of 6f inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8.000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime Surfacel. i Subsoil) ^""^l .066 .050 .144 .166 .5110 .3913 1.046 3.075 1307 4000 2851 13280 10118 31304 20711 246000 30 The Bulletin average mechanical analysis. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Surface soil Subsoil 1.5 .6 3.4 2.4 1.2 5.9 3.6 4.1 23.9 12.2 20.8 18.5 10.3 19.9 16.8 25.3 28.4 30.4 45.7 Lower subsoil - 25.6 MECKLENBURG SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of tliis type consists of 6 to 12 inches of dark-brown to reddish -brown sandy loam to light loam. The subsoil to a depth of 20 to 30 inches is a brownish-yellow or ocherous-yellow, sticky, imper- vious clay. Usually below this depth the rotten rock is encountered, but occasionally the clay subsoil extends to a depth of 3 feet or more. On some areas a few small mica scales occur in the subsoil. Iron peb- bles are found on the surface throughout the type in many localities. This type is better suited to cotton than the other members of the series. Corn, oats, soy beans, and cowpeas are successfully grown. This soil is easy to till, and warms up and dries out earlier in the spring than the loam or clay loam. AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF MECKLENBURG SANDY LOAM. Surface soil. Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 10.5 3.3 Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent 12.7 5.3 8.5 5.4 Fine sand, per cent 18.1 14.3 Very fine sand, per cent 13.2 11.6 Silt, per cent 20.1 17.9 Clay, per cent 16.7 42.1 MECKLENBUKG LOAM. The surface soil of the Mecklenburg loam, to a depth of 6 to 8 inches, is a loam to a heavy sandy loam, varying in color from dark-brown to Teddi.=h-brown. The subsoil is a yellowish-brown or ocher-colored, tenacious clay, extending to a depth of 36 inches. Usually at 24 to 30 inches the subsoil becomes more friable, owing to the presence of partly decomposed rock, and occasionally the bed rock is reached within the 3-foot section. Small, rounded, iron pebbles or concretions are present in the soil in many localities, while small scales of mica are character- istic of the subsoil, giving it a greasy, soft, feel. This soil is well suited to corn, oats, cotton, and wheat, and is ad- mirably adapted for pasture. Japan clover, Johnson grass, and other grasses are indigenous, where permitted to grow. Cotton matures a few days earlier on it than upon the clay loam. Cotton has a ten- dency to rust, and com to "french" on all types of this series. Kainit is used to minimize the injury caused by these diseases. The Bulletin 31 AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MECKLENBURG LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6§ inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8.000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface! ( Subsoil/ '{ .053 .035 .106 .133 .717 .367 2.771 3.42 1034 2800 • 2067 10640 13982 29360 54035 273600 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Surface soil. Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 2.3 .2 Coarse sand, per cent 6.9 1.8 Medium sand, per cent 7.5 3.9 Fine sand, per cent 25.2 13.3 Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent 21.7 9.5 19.0 20.3 Clay, per cent 17.3 51.1 CONOWINGO SERIES. The soils of this series are derived from serpentine or talcose schists or steatite. These soils usually have a greasy feel, and are locally known as soapstone lands. The topography is rolling to hilly, and the soils have to be carefully handled to prevent serious erosion. This series will have a small development in the State. Only one member, the Conowingo clay, has thus far been mapped, and that type lies in the Hickory area. CONOWINGO CLAY. The surface soil of the Conowingo clay is a grayish-yellow loam, having a depth of about 8 inches. The subsoil is a reddish clay loam, which grades into a rotten rock, locally called soapstone at about 2 to 5 feet. Gravel and fragments of rock are seen on the surface, and scat- tered throughout the soil and subsoil. Corn, wheat, and oats are the principal crops grown. Deep plowing and the incorporation of vege- table matter improves the soil. The possibility of using this soil for grapes is demonstrated at Valdese, near Morganton. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CONOWINGO CLAY. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8.000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surf acel „ ( „ , .,>2mm. SubsoiU I .084 .054 .083 .103 1.56 1.839 .622 .539 820 2269 810 4328 15229 77282 6072 22651 32 The Bulletin Surface soil- Subsoil AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent 15.50 14.34 Coarse sand, per cent 17.16 16.46 Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent 9.80 7.82 16.98 12.36 Very fine sand, per cent 9.22 5.84 Silt, per cent 17.84 11.34 Clay, per cent 12.90 31.52 LOUISA SERIES. The soils of this series have a very small representation in this State, and are of minor importance, occurring only in a few small bodies. The material is derived from talcose and micaceous schists, and imper- fectly crystalline elates. These soils are less productive than the cor- responding types of the Cecil series, and more difficult to maintain in good state of productiveness. Only one type has thus far been encoun- tered in the State, the Louisa loam (mapped in the Statesville area as Davie clay loam). Other types will be found in Wake and Lincoln counties. LOUISA LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of almost a white to yellowish- gray silt loam, or loam, with an average depth of about 8 inches. This passes gradually from the silt loam or clay into a friable clay of yellow- ish-red color, and this grades at about 15 inches into a red clay. This possesses a greasy, soft feel, due to the presence of small mica scales, which constitutes one of the essential differences between this soil and the Cecil types. This soil is very deficient in humus. Wheat, com, and tobacco are the main crops grown. PENN SERIES. The Penn Series includes Indian red soils derived from the red sand- stone and shales of Triassic. The soils of this series will occur only in small bodies in a few counties of the State, in close association with the Granville soils. They are usually well drained, but at the same time, not so rolling and hilly as the Cecil soils, occurring mainly in the shal- low basins of the Piedmont region. In this series the Penn silt loam has been mapped in Eichmond County. PENN SILT LOAM. ■ The surface soil of the type to a depth of 4 to 8 inches, consists of a light-red to dark Indian red, heavy, silt, loam, or silty clay loam. The subsoil is a plastic, heavy, clay, or silty clay of deep Indian red color, which usually grades into a purple or brown fine sandstone at 24 to 30 inches. Small flakes of mica impart a smooth, velvety feel. This type also includes a gray, fine, sandy loam, which belongs to the Gran- ville series. The surface consists of level, undulating to rolling areas. The Bulletin 33 Cotton, corn, oats and wheat are the principal crops. Liming, incor- poration of organic matter, and deeper and better preparation are essential for the improvement of the Penn silt loam. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PENN SILT LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Siu-face Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface!- f SubsoilP'"™-! .0295 .0325 .025 .016 .661 1.57 .101 .142 563 2579 477 1270 12612 124595 1927 11269 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Surface soil 1.4 1.1 .6 1.2 6.6 1.8 15.8 2.0 53.1 49.7 22.5 Subsoil 44.2 HEKNDON SERIES. The soils of the Herndon Series occupy high, isolated hills or ridges in the Piedmont region, and are derived principally from quartzite and quartzite schists. Many of the low mountains and monadocks will be occupied by the Herndon soils. The Herndon stone loam mapped in Caswell County, is the only member of the series thus for encountered. HERNDON STONY LOAM. The Herndon Stony Loam to a depth of about 6 inches is a yellowish- gray or gray fine, sandy loam, containing about 30 to 60 per cent of rock fragments of quartzite schists, and fine gravel. The subsoil is yellow, fine, sandy clay, whicli passes into a red clay at about 12 to 15 inches. Stone interferes with cultivation of this soil, and it is best suited to forestry and pasturage. ROUGH GULLIED LAND. (This was mapped Caswell sandy loam in Caswell County.) In "eality, the Caswell sandy loam should have been divided into Appling sandy loam and Rough Gullied Land. The greater part of it or rather that part of it occupying the more gently rolling to rolling areas, should be Appling sandy loam; while the rough, broken, eroded hillsides, should be included as Rough Gullied Land. The surface soil is a light gray, yellowish-gray or ashy-colored medium sandy loam to a depth of 2 34 The Bulletin 6 to 10 inches, and usually contains a few fragments of gneiss and quartz. This type includes spots of Cecil, fine, sandy loam. The sub- soil is a yellow, sandy clay, more or less streaked and mottled with red. On slopes it grades into a disintegrated rock at about 20 to 40 inches, and in places the decayed rock joins the surface material on the slopes. The more unifonn areas produce an excellent quality of bright yellow tobacco. Corn, wheat, and oats give low yields, but these can be in- creased by filling the soil with organic matter and barnyard manure. The roughest areas should remain forested, or be reforested or seeded as pasturage purposes. ALTAVISTA SERIES. The soils of this series are developed as well defined to rather indis- tinct terraces or second and third bottoms along the streams, and lie above normal overflow. These soils are encountered in the Piedmont Region, or in the near-by Coastal Plain Region along the streams aris- ing^ in the Piedmont. Typically, the material is of an alluvial origin, and consists of sediment brought down and deposited when the streams flowed at higher levels than at present. In places near the slopes some colluvial material has washed down, and modified the alluvial sediments. In places the subsoil appears to be at least partly residual in origin. The natural surface drainage over the greater part of this type is good, and only the lower lying and flatter areas require much artificial ditching. These soils are considered fairly productive, and are amenable to the use of improved machinery. Corn, oats, cotton and cowpeas are the principal crops grown. The AltaVista Series consists of the following types : loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, and silty loam. Only small areas have or will be encountered in the State. ALTAVISTA FINE SANDY LOAM. The AltaVista fine sandy loam consists of a light, gray, fine sandy loam, having a depth of about 6 to 10 inches. The subsoil, to a depth of 3 feet or "more is a stifle, compact, heavy, fine sandy clay or clay loam, varying in color from pale yellow to yellow, slightly mottled with shades of gray and brown. In the forested areas the surface few inches is darkened by organic matter, giving a dark gray color. Most of the type is under cultivation, and is used for the production of corn, cotton, oats, and cowpeas, AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF ALTAVISTA FINE SANDY LOAM. Fine gravel, per cent Surface soil- Subsoil Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent 2.0 1.1 Fine sand, per cent 31.8 21.6 Very fine 5;,^ ^^''^\ 1 percent per cent i ^ Clay, per cent 34.6 19.0 24.4 33.0 6.4 25.0 The Bulletin 35 ALTAVISTA LOAM. The Altavista Loam consists of a light gray to dark gray silty loam to fine sandy loam, passing into a pale yellow silty to fine sandy loam at about 8 inches. This pale, yellow stratum extends to about 12 to 14 inches. The typical subsoil is a heavy, friable to plastic, silty, fine sandy clay of yelloAv color. Slight hummocks or low ridges are more nearly a fine sandy loam underlain by a pale, red, fine to medium sandy clay. In slight depressions the surface soil is dark gray to almost black, heavy, silty or clay loam, with a clay subsoil showing mottlings of red and drab. This is naturally a strong and productive soil. It is used now for the growing of cotton, corn, and oats, and the yields are satisfactory. AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF ALTAVISTA LOAM. Surface soil. Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent 5.0 3.2 Coarse sand, per cent 11.1 8.6 Medium sand, per cent 7.3 6.8 Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent 12.8 13.7 8.3 5.1 Silt, per cent Clay, per cent 46.9 34.7 7.7 28.4 ALTAVISTA SILT LOAM. The surface soil of the Altavista Silt Loam consists of a gray to yellowish-gray silt loam, to a depth of about 8 to 10 inches. The sub- soil, to a depth of about 15 to 20 inches is a dull, yellow, or drab, silty clay. Below 20 to 24 inches, the material shows a yellow or drab, stiff, plastic clay, showing also considerable mottling of red. In places the red mottlings give way to gray. The surface soil is smooth, and pos- sesses a floury feel, and when once plowed and harrowed, a good tilth is secured. Corn and oats give best returns, although cotton can be grown on the higher and better drained areas. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ALTAVISTA SILT LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to a depth of 6' inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Phos- Nitrogen! phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacel- f „ , .,>2mm.< SubsoilJ I .024 .017 .018 .0161 .28 .442 .16 .337 480 360 ; 5600 1360 1288 35360 3200 26960 CONGAREE SERIES. The Congaree Series represents the River Flood Plains and first bottom lands lying along the streams in the Piedmont Plateau Region. These soils usually lie only a few feet above the normal water-level of the streams. The surface is prevailingly flat, with slight undulating 36 The Bulletin and hummocky areas near the stream channels and few depressions ad- joining the uplands. The natural surface drainage is poor, and much of the land is subject to overflow during freshets. Ditching and occa- sional diking is necessary for the drainage and reclamation of this land in order to restore it to the position of agricultural utilization. The material is derived from the soils of the Piedmont Region, and some admixture of the Appalachian has been washed down and de- posited by the streams, thus building up flat alluvial lands. Small mica scales are characteristic of this series, and are distributed through- out both the soil and subsoil in many areas. These soils are naturally very productive, but have no very extensive development occurring in narrow belts along the rivers and streams. Yields of from 50 to 100 bushels of corn per acre are not unusual for the Congaree soils. The following types are represented in the Congaree Series : fine sand, find sandy loam, loam, silt loam, silty clay loam and clay. CONGAREE FINE SAND. The Congaree fine sand consists of 6 to 10 inches of grayish brown to chocolate brown fine sand or loamy fine sand, underlain by fine sand or loamy fine sand of a slightly darker color than the surface soil. In a few localities a fine sand or silty loam is encountered at a depth of about 2 feet. The soil has an uniformly mellow structure, and is very easy to cultivate. The soil is well suited to the production of com, oats, cotton and Avatermelons. Owing to the fact that it is better drained, the Congaree fine sand is a more desirable soil for the production of cotton and watermelons than the Congaree loam. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CONGAREE FINE SAND. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface\„ / SubsoilJ I ;::::;:; .034 .012 .005 .003 1.742 1.88 1.432 .28 680 960 100 240 34840 150400 28640 22400 CONGAREE FINE SANDY LOAM. The surface soil of this type is a light brown, chocolate brown, or reddish brown fine sandy loam, varying in depth from about 8 to 15 inches. The subsoil, extending to the depth of 3 feet or more, is some- what variable in texture, but is generally a fine sandy loam or silty loam, being more compact than the surface soil. The surface soil is mellow and friable, and works up into a good loose tilth. The texture is such that excellent capillary action is established, and the supply of moisture is adequate for crops. This soil is well suited to the produc- tion of corn, oats, pumpkins, rye and watermelons, and in the southern part of the State, to cotton. The Bulletin average chemical analysis of congaree fine sandy loam. 37 Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000.(100 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface! „ i c u ■^ 2mm. SubsoilJ I .049 .020 .151 .150 2.04 2.10 .92 .81 980 1600 ■ 3020 12000 40800 168000 18400 64800 AVERAGE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Soil 1.4 8.1 8.9 32.8 19.5 17.5 11.4 CONGAREE LOAM. The surface soil of the Congaree loam is a grayish brown to a choco- late brown loam or silty loam, varying in depth from 6 to 10 inches. The subsoil, to a depth of 3 feet, is a light brown or chocolate loam, or heavy silty loam, grading in places into a silty clay. This type in- cludes spots of fine sandy loam, and frequently bodies of silt loam. In general, the type is very similar to the silt loam, containing as it does an exceptionally high silt content, as shown from the mechanical analysis. It, like its associated types, is well adapted to corn, oats and grasses. It lends itself admirably to the use of farm machinery, working up to a mellow tilth. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CONGAREE LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6| inches, 2,000.000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surface! „ 1 c , ., 2mm. SubsoiU I .077 .173 .036 .071 1.728 1.700 .935 .879 1493 13683 698 5616 33513 134463 18133 69525 38 The Bulletin average mechanical analysis. Surface soil. Subsoil Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent .8 1.6 Medium sand, per cent .5 1.3 Fine sand, per cent 16.9 19.9 Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent 13.8 13.8 5.28 45.2 Clay, per cent 14.7 18.2 CONGAEEE SILT LOAM. The surface soil consists of a brown, chocolate-brown, and in a few places a reddish-bro^vn silt loam, to a depth of about 8 to 15 inches. It is underlain by a light-brown or chocolate-brown silty loam of rather compact structure. Occasionally at 30 inches the material passes into a blue or drab colored, heavy, silt loam. In some places a brown, silty, clay loam is encountered. This type includes numerous patches of fine sandy loam, fine sand, and loam. The typical areas of this type work up into a mellow soil easily handled with modern machinery. The Congaree silt loam is peculiarly adapted to corn, grasses, and pumpkins. It is held in high esteem as a corn soil. AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF CONGAREE SILT LOAM. Pounds of Total Plant Food Constit- uents per Acre Surface Soil to depth of 6? inches, 2,000,000 lbs. Subsoil to depth of 28 inches, 8,000,000 lbs. Vola- tile matter Nitro- gen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Nitrogen Phos- phoric acid Potash Lime CaO Surfacel. r Subsoil/^"'"'-! .134 .063 .1122 .0932 1.28 1.071 1.125 2.090 2680 5040 2244 7456 25600 85680 22500 187200 CONGAREE SILTY CLAY LOAM. The surface soil of this type consists of a brown to a reddish-brown silty clay loam, having a depth of 12 to 15 inches. The subsoil to a depth of 3 feet or more is a brown to reddish-brown silty loam to silty clay loam, averaging a little lighter in texture than the surface soil. The type includes spots of rather light loam to fine sandy loam, the sandier areas occurring mainly near streams. With the exception of a few areas, the soil is mellow and easily tilled. Most of this type is now in wild grasses, and only a few areas are devoted to the production of com. It is especially suited to com and grasses, and large yields can easily be obtained. The Bulletin 39 average mechanical analysis of congarbe silty clay loam. Fine gravel, per cent Coarse sand, per cent Medium sand, per cent Fine sand, per cent Very fine sand, per cent Silt, per cent Clay, per cent Surface soil Subsoil- . . .3 .3 .9 1.9 8.1 13.2 28.6 56.4 35.4 27.9 26.8 1 LOCATION OF EXPERIMENTS. Experimental field work is now being conducted on five of tlie larger and more important soil-type areas of tlie Piedmont Region of the State. The results secured in these experiments have given us much information of practical value with reference to the plant-food deficien- cies, and the fertilizer requirements of the different types of soil for the chief crops of the different sections of the Piedmont Plateau in which the experiments have been conducted. The work is at present located at tbe following places : 1. The Central Farm which lies about two miles west of Raleigh in Wake County. This farm is about 400 feet above sea level. 2. The Iredell Test Farm which is located about one and one-half miles northwest of the town of Statesville in Iredell County. It is well up in the Piedmont Section of the State and has an elevation of about 950 feet above sea level. This is one of seven test farms owned and operated by the State Department of Agriculture, 3. Charlotte field ISTo. 1 located on the farm of "W. M. Long, four miles southwest of the center of Charlotte ; and Charlotte field No. 2 on the farm of 0. H. Bailes, eleven miles southwest of Charlotte. 4. The Monroe field, situated one and one-quarter miles west of the to'wn of Monroe on the farm of J, J. Crow. 5. The Gastonia field, two and one-half miles south of Gastonia on the farm of C. M. Faires. FERTILIZERS USED AT THE CENTRAL AND IREDELL FARMS. At these farms, the fertilizer was applied in the drill just before planting the crop, the exact quantity of material for each row being weighed out separately so that each would get its proper amount of the several fertilizer constituents. Acid phosphate was used as the source of phosphoric acid; dried blood as the source of nitrogen; manure salt as the Source of potash, and rock or building lime for lime. The ferti- lizer materials were analyzed each year and applications made on basis of actual analyses, so as to give the exact quantities of nitrogen, phos- phoric acid, and potash indicated for each plat. For the sake of simplicity and convenience in presenting the results of a number of years' experiments, the fertilizer applications are expressed in terms of acid phosphate containing 16 per cent available phosphoric acid, dried blood containing 13 per cent nitrogen, and manure salt con- taining 20 per cent potash, which figures represent the average compo- sition of these materials. The normal (ITPK) fertilizer application for cotton in the experiments is 400 pounds of a mixture containing 7 per cent available phosphoric acid and 2^/^ per cent each of nitrogen and 40 The Bulletin potash; for corn at the rate o£ 300 pounds per acre of a mixture con- taining 7 per cent available phosphoric acid, 3 per cent nitrogen and IV2 per cent potash ; and for cowpeas at rate of 300 pounds per acre of a mixture containing 8 per cent available phosphoric acid, 1 per cent nitrogen and 4 per cent potash. Lime was applied at the rate of 500 pounds rock or building lime, or 1,000 pounds slaked lime. The ferti- lizer applications in the tables, in addition to being represented in terms of acid phosphate, dried blood, and manure salt, are also expressed in terms of the symbols N, P, K, and L, which have the following signifi- cance : N equals: for cotton, at rate of 10 pounds nitrogen per acre, or 77 pounds of 13 per cent blood; for corn, 9 pounds per acre, or 69.2 pounds of 13 per cent blood; and for cowpeas, 3 pounds per acre, or 23 pounds 13 per cent blood. P equals: for cotton, at rate of 28 pounds phosphoric acid per acre, or 175 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate; for corn, 21 pounds per acre, or 131 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate; and for cowpeas, 24 pounds per acre, or 150 pounds 16 per cent acid phosphate. K equals: for cotton, at rate of 10 pounds potash per acre, or 50 pounds 20 per cent manure salt; for corn, 4.5 pounds per acre, or 22.5 pounds 20 per cent manure salt; and for cowpeas, 12 pounds per acre, or 60 pounds 20 per cent manure salt or its equivalent of some other potash salt. L equals: for all the crops, lime at the rate of 500 pounds rock or 1,000 pounds slaked lime per acre. The following prices have been used in all the experiments in figuring the cost and the value of crops : Acid phosphate, 16 per cent, $14.00 per ton. Dried blood, 13 per cent, $60.00 per ton. Manure salt, 20 per cent, $20.00 per ton. Rock lime, $10.00 per ton. Cowpea hay, $18.00 per ton. Oat and vetch hay, $18.00 per ton. Red clover hay, $18.00 per ton. Wheat straw, $6.00 per ton. Corn stover, $10.00 per ton. Corn, 80 cents per bushel. Cowpeas, $1.75 per bushel. Wheat, $1.00 per bushel. Seed cotton, 4.5 cents per pound. FERTILIZERS USED ON SOIL TYPE FIELDS. The fertilizing materials used on the Monroe, Gastonia, the two Charlotte fields, and on Field E of the Iredell Test Farm as carriers of the different elements of plant food were as follows : Dried blood for nitrogen. Acid phosphate for phosphoric acid. Potassium sulphate for potash. Rock lime for lime. The Bulletin 41 The rate of application is based on the amounts of phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash known to be removed by maximum yields. This may seem high to some but many such yields are yearly obtained in the State and over tAvice this amount has been produced on a measured acre. Ea'cu on these more or less depleted soils, a yield of nearly 80 bushels per acre on Charlotte field No. 2 has been obtained by the use of commercial fertilizers alone. In order to secure the required amount of plant food, it was necessary to apply tbe following amounts of ma- terials for corn : 13 per cent dried blood — 1,138 pounds. 16 per cent acid phosphate — 331 pounds. 50 per cent sulphate of potash — 170 pounds. In calculating for maximum yields of corn, wheat, oats, cotton and red clover the following figures were used in determining the applica- tions of blood, acid phosphate and manure salt required per acre: Crop Yield Pounds of Different Plant Food Constituents Required Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid Potash Corn 100 bu. grain and 3 tons stover 100 bu. grain (stover turned under)... 50 bu. grain and 2H tons straw 75 bu. grain and 2 tons straw 148 100 96 73 137 88 *120 53 39 37 28 59 39 35 85 23 58 62 Corn Wheat Oats Cotton _ . 1000 lbs. lint, and 2000 lbs. seed (first year) and 6000 lbs. stalks . IfiS Cotton... . 1000 lbs. lint and 2000 lbs. seed (second year) RR Red clover.. 3 tons. 100 1 •Applied only 40 lbs. N., assuming that two-thirds of it was taken from atmosphere. Lime was applied at the rate of 1,000 pounds of rock lime per acre annually, except in 1912 and 1914 it was left off of the Gastonia, Iredell Field E, and the two Charlotte fields. On the soil type fields, the fer- tilizing materials were always carefully weighed out each year and ap- plied uniformly broadcast over the plats. As soon as applied they were immediately harrowed or disked in and seeding of the crop made. ANALYSES OF SOILS OF EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS. Below will be found the amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash and lime in the top and in the subsoil of the soil of each of the experi- mental fields. The top soil is calculated as weighing 2,000,000 pounds per acre to the depth of 6^^ inches ; and the subsoil as weighing 8,000,- 000 pounds to a depth of 28 inches beneath the top soil. From the chemical analyses the calculations are made of the number of pounds of each of the plant food constituents contained in top and subsoil of each field. 4S The Bulletin o^cr* 2! ^ 1 o o • O CO CO '^ t^ CO 1° 3o ■* t> 1 o Csi 1 cq Oi CQ CQ -^ CO O Ci 1 CO 1 t^ cq ^^ cfl CO oo CO CO ' lO CO 1 r- CO c^ c^j CO Tt* N - -H 1 ■* CO J t^ OO ' CQ 00 CO CI lo oo CQ PL4 1 ^H 1—1 < 8. ' ^ Pk fl 1 O 05 CO I o o 1 O O C? lO t^ -^ M-^ lO CO " CK| o 1 oo T}4 CO 05 a> Oi 22; CO CO ^^ t CQ b- r^ t^ oo ^* cq .-H • CO 04 1 CQ 1-H ^ C^ CQ ^ o ■*j ^— ' 3 .1 g ■e o o 1 1 "O o Cd I o o 1 O CO CO '^J' CO C4 o ^H tN- 1 (M »o t O »0 t^ -^ •-< CO ^ la ira 1 oo »o 1 .^ ^^ lO lO CO lO lO to 1 CO T}4 1 03 »-« CO O O r-( '•^^ I "^ •*» d ;? PM «t-t o "5 d RIM •9::? — < CO I (^ o 1 O Tjl CO CO CQ O 20 lO CO 1 CO CO 1 o CO *-H CO r-^ OO iS «. o •* ''^ lO W3 00 00 t^ CO t^ 1 00 p^ ^ ; 1 HH 1 1— ( *— 4 1 1 1 ' 1 1 2 w 1 m 05 I I ' -J I I a [ a> O ^H (M 1 ' •^ P^ S 1 I 6 d 1 1 CQK CB l-H HH »2 a ; 2; 2; ; ; f^ < m ^ "^ 2 2 =3 ^ 0) O) o . > a 03 O. ft ID J3 60 c3 0) IB ft < .£H CC O o b- C^ t-^ l>- »0 ca r^ CO CO r* O O 0^ re q J 2 § O CO *-H *-H »-H ^H CO C < < u o O 1 0$ W3OOQ0C000OOO COCOCOCOCO*-!"— 'COO OOiOiOiOO'— 'OOOiCS no on o IM I^ r^ r^ 00 (M C^ to 1—1 , o o o 00 ^^ o (M o CO ■^ 1 c^^ lO >o OS U5 ^ t^ CO o CO CO " o •^ M 00 c« CO O X^ ^5 02 2S o 02 s § 02 fl GO •a ^^ o iCOOOOOOOOO ■^OCV|cD'-;0"^ co-n^i^cooor^'-'coo'— ' C^CMCNC^C^'-'(N ■,J o O o O o < 03 ■13 d 03 c3 3 T3 C3 ja (1) T3 bO a 3 c3 "ft la . o ^ ^ .-H ■^ a ^ o Eh o 46 The Bulletin As a result of three years' tests with com and one year's test with cotton, it is quite evident that the chief plant food deficiencies of the soil of this field are nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The use of phos- phoric acid alone yielded on an average above the unfertilized plat an increase of 8.0 bushels of corn and 541 pounds of stover, and 67 pounds of seed cotton; and of nitrogen alone 6.9 bushels of corn and 121 pounds of stover, and 172 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Potash alone and lime alone produced 4.3 and 7.0 bushels of corn ; 381 and 366 pounds of stover; and 67 and 127 pounds of seed cotton increases respectively per acre. On this field, the greatest gains for each of the plant food con- stituents were secured when they were used alone. The average gain for each element, given in the lower section of the table, has been computed from the figures in the main table. For ex- ample, there are four plats, each one of which received exactly the same treatment as some other plat except that nitrogen was applied in addition. In each case the gain for nitrogen may be determined. Plat 2 for instance, yielded on an average at the rate of 6.9 bushels of corn and 121 pounds of stover, and 172 pounds of seed cotton more than plat 6 ; plat 'No. 5 yielded at the rate of 1.5 bushels of com and 100 pounds of stover, and 8 pounds of seed cotton more than plat 2 ; plat 7 at the rate of 0.1 bushel of corn and minus 40 pounds of stover and 188 pounds of seed cotton more than plat 4 ; and plat 9 at the average rate 4.7 bushels of com and 210 pounds of stover, and 120 pounds of seed cotton more than plat 8. The average of these four are the average gains, as will be seen in Table 1, of 3.3 bushels of corn and 98 pounds of stover, and 122 pounds of seed cotton per acre. The average gains for phosphoric acid, potash and lime with each crop are secured in the same manner. On an average, the gain with com is greater from the phosphoric acid applications but with cotton the nitrogen applications produced the larger increases. Taking the results as a whole nitrogen at the present time seems the more essential constituent for this soil, particu- larly so for the growth of cotton. Lime next to nitrogen and phos- phoric acid seems to be more essential than potash for the growth of such crops as corn and cotton. The marked benefits of applications of nitrogen and phosphoric acid compared with potash certainly justifies the assumption that the nitrogen and phosphoric acid must be increased if maximum crops are to be produced permanently on this soil. Such an assum^jtion is in accord with the chemical analysis of this soil which shows it to be high in potash. The surface 6% inches contains enough of this material for nearly 124 one hundred bushel corn crops, while it is deficient in both phosphoric acid and nitrogen. Twenty-seven such crops would require an amount of phosphoric acid equal to the total existing in the top 6% inches, while less than one-third this number would use up all the nitrogen. TREATMENT AND RESULTS ON CHARLOTTE FIELD NO. II. The soil of Charlotte field No. 2 is typical Iredell loam, high phos- phoric acid phase. This type occurs quite widely over the Piedmont section of the State, and is generally known as "black-jack" soil. The ex]jeriments at this farm were started at the same time as those on Charlotte Pield No. 1. The plats are one-twentieth acre in size. The The Bulletin 47 rotation was identical for botli except that rye was substituted in this i5eld for crimson clover in seeding the cotton plats during the fall of 1911. The growth of the cowpeas generally was better on the plats of this field not receiving blood in the fertilizer application. The plats receiving blood were generally covered with a growth of crab grass. This grass was hardly apparent on the plats from which the nitrogen application was omitted. The possible explanation for this condition was that the rank growth of grass which was favored by the liberal Fig. I. Showing- the growth of corn in 1910 on Plats 12 (NPK) and 13 (O) of Charlotte Field No. 2. The marked difference in growth on Plat 12, receiving a complete fer- tilizer, over Plat 13, to which no fertilizer was applied, was due largely to the nitrogen/ in the fertilizer mixture. use of dried blood held in check the cowpeas in their growth. Then again, too, the ranker growth of com on those plats receiving the nitro- gen carrier did undoubtedly affect the growth of the peas. The stand of rye in 1911 was good on all the plats, but made decidedly the best growth on those plats receiving an application of blood. The rankest growth was made on plats 8, 9, 12 and 14. The stand of crim- son clover in the spring of 1914 was poor over all the plats, it not being over 40 per cent on March 21. The growth of the clover was slightly better on the nitrogen plats than on any of the others, the poorest growth of all being made on plat 13, The following table gives the fer- tilizer treatment, and results recorded on this field. 48 The Bulletin CO 1 CO 1 00 CO 1 22 HO CJ ' lO « CO t^ ( ^H l-H 1 r-t 1 CO CO • ■* 1 W ■^ . b- 1 CM 1 CM ' eq 6© P;2 rt 1 O 1 10 j CO 1 »o (-q ■ ^ 1 1 —1 t^ 1 ^H 1 S 1 0) ® M O a S^ i CD 1 CO to 1 CO cq 1 QO CO 1 rt 1 ' cq CO 1 1 CO CM CO CO M CO & o o •is 1:^ ■^ 1 W3 cs 1 (M cq 1 ^H 1 CM 1 "*. ^ H 'A o ^5 Oi 1 00 1 ' CO 1 tn CO 1 T-> Cs 1 ■* 1 ■* i Cs »0 CO CO 1^1 |i 000 000 CD Cl . I>- >ra 10 2 kJ ^^ CO oJ o ^5S 000 000 000 r^ CO CD (M CO Tj< •* IM U5 CV| 00 'x** 00 CD t-- ■^ CO 00 —1 00 2 i^ CO Oi ic:, ^ CO (M C^ 10 CO 10 (M (M CO 05 0^ CO —H CM CO rt CO bfi -tf hJ i M •S« cq CO 00 -^ OS 10 CO 00 OS t* CD cq CO 10 E < OS 00 ■* ■^ GO t^ CO CO r* « (M CO CD ^ ^ n o« [ t7 00 000 000 ■^^ ^ S fH _; So CO 2 So CO -H CM »o r^ P. ■ffl 3q^ 1 'Tt* CO CO CO CO -* K >3 d" - ° "^ 11 5^ ,-. OS 1^ -^ CD CO b* CO OS t^ •# O ^ CM CM t^ 00 "^o cs OS 10 CO CO ■^ -^ CO CO CM CM irj rt ^ 2 c5« % o 000 000 000 » ^ C^ (N 00 CO CD 00 CO •* t > s t^ ■^ 000 CM CM CO 00 05 -! CD CD 00 23 > 2 t^ C) C^ OS CM -H TJH -^ o s 1^ C4 03 CO CM N »-H T— ( CO CO 1-1 *-H 1 '6 •is 5« -^ l^ (^ CD CO t* t^ CO OS •* CO CO \< 'Tj* CM t^ 10 CM CM CO Cq CO CO &4 CM CM CM W3 iC »-i ^ 1 1 1 1 I ' '^ "6 1 ■c ; : -d kH I I *S I ! J S 1 1 J3 • (^ ■u f^ : ! < 1 1 ® < ; tt 1 d ■a •2-S 05 S i d d ^^ h-l ffl I 1 £ : 1 ; ; 2 ; ; < 111 1 I '(-« ' : & I 1 ° ; ; f^ 1' 1 d" ■ 1 4^ ! ' ; '. (^ ! ■< Pti ; fl" ; S DO . 111 •*^ 1 ! a ; m [ d 03 M 1 |l iS .'2 III z 2; S 2 4) III n, a 3 1 d _d "cs '3 o ■§d ^ C3 CO rj* 10 to t~ 00 OS i-c c^^ cc •# S^ 1 The BuLLETiisr 49 o o o t^l o o O o oo o o o r^ c*» (M Tt< CO fN CO Oi 00 •<4< t^ lO 1 1 1— 1 o 'i* n o «D r-- r^ o o o r^ '^ 00 c^ »0 ^ r^ Oi N CO •* oo o (XJ c^ tH lO T-H T-t r~t (M 1 CO O OS lO (M o t^ CO C5 00 CO 1^ o lr~ t- o o CO (N cc o o «D ,-H CO l« m "? 1-H ■^ to Tj« 1 1 1 1 1 1 o 4J O o -« PL, PL, ■$■% a a W M O O h u a a "5 "3 O O z m o o PS o g O o < O T3 a (S 2 13 & & S ■73 -a T3 ^ '3 'o 'o 'o «; ! K H > < o Q. CO O j3 P^ a a 3 3 c3 C3 o o o m a m 50 The Bulletin The results of five years' tests of this field certainly show that nitro- gen is decidedly in greatest need hy this soil. The returns per acre, above that secured from the unfertilized plat, from the three crops of corn and the two crops of cotton were more than twenty times as much for nitrogen alone as for phosphoric acid alone, and more than six and one-half times as much as for potash used alone. Nitrogen alone on an average has given 39.4 bushels of corn and 1,426 pounds of stover, and 510 pounds of seed cotton increases per acre. Phosphoric acid used alone has only averaged a gain of 0.5 bushels of corn and 53 pounds of stOA^er, and 40 pounds of seed cotton, potash alone an average gain of Fig. II. Rye as a cover crop after cottou, sown during fall of 1911 on Charlotte Field No. 2 and photographed the following spring just before breaking the land for corn. Note the difference in growth of rj-e secured on the two plats (7 and 8) for turning into the soil. 0.9 bushels of corn and 126 pounds of stover, and 230 pounds of seed cotton, and lime alone 3.7 bushels of corn and 140 pounds of stover, and 230 pounds of seed cotton per acre. On an average of three years' results Avith corn and tv'o Avith cotton, the average gain for nitrogen used alone and in combinations has been 42.9 bushels of corn and 1,613 pounds of stover, and 528 pounds of seed cotton. For phosphoric acid a decrease of 0.3 bushels of corn and 3 pounds of seed cotton and an increase of 20 pounds of stover; for potash an increase of 5.0 bushels of corn and 470 pounds of stover, and 218 pounds of seed cotton; and for lime a decrease of one bushel in the yield of corn, but an increase of 104 pounds of corn stover, and 120 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Phosphoric acid used with nitrogen or potash alone seems to have had on an average a rather depressing effect upon The Bulletin 51 the yield, but when used with the two together this does not seem to be true, although on an average there is practically but little increase in the yields of the two crops. The decided benefit of applications of nitrogen to this soil certainly justifies the conclusion that in order to produce large crops pemianently on this type of soil that nitrogen in some available form must be added. Such a conclusion is borne out by the chemical analysis of this soil which shows that it is high in phos- phoric acid but very low in content of nitrogen. Although the amount of potash present is fairly high yet the results indicate that next to nitrogen Avith corn and cotton this is the plant food constituent stand- ing next to nitrogen as a limiting factor in crop yields for the soil in its present condition. The surface 6% inches of this soil contains enough phosphoric acid for about 135 one hundred bushel corn crops; potash for 90 crops; and only enough nitrogen for less than 8 crops of corn of this size. TREATMENT AND RESULTS ON MONROE FIELD. The soil of this field is typical Alamance silt loam which has been derived from shales. The field was established in 1911, but the first crop which was corn was lost. The plats are of the same size and dimensions as Charlotte Pield No. 2. The rotation that has been used on the field is as follows : First Year — Corn. Second Year — Oats and vetch, with cowpeas. Third Year — Cotton, with crimson clover. As the cowpeas and crimson clover of the rotation have been grown for soil improvement they have in all cases been plowed into the soil. The cowpeas, sown broadcast in the summer of 1913 over the plats after the oats and vetch were removed for hay, made a fairly satisfac- tory growth, the best growth having been produced on plat 10. On this plat the vines were on September 9 of a very dark green color and were on an average about thirty inches high. On the other plat (No. 1) receiving lime, the Adnes were about twenty inches high and on all the other plats, except for those receiving no fertilizers, the vines were of a yellowish color and varied in height from twelve to fourteen inches. The plat treatment with results of yields of corn, cotton, and oat-and- vetch hay are recorded in the following table: 52 The Bulletin >< (-> z o o 'z o z Q w H o o O O s O Eh U IS - ^ d O CD -*^ a 3 03 OS S >- 03 d> -J) o CB O O 05 C^ T I o O a o o o o 1-t eo OS >0 IM O r-> m O o o o on (M c-^ on CO CO CO 40 Tj< CO ■* o o o o o o c-i c^j CO '<*' oo oo o >o o o o o o 00 CO (M O oo ^H 00 »0 00 OO tBCL, el's ■.-(eoOiO>^"^cOf-*co cqoc^t^coooost^oo CO »o cq c^ eq o CO 'H o o o -<*4 O CO iC CO o o o o oo CO d 2 O O m ° a 03 I. t, 5 t. b •-- ja o o V" ■-■ ja v;^ . o •^ ja p. m 2 c3 O PL, a o ja 0. m O Ph o p^ 13 (3 > ■•-> 4-> I ^ PL. Z a J3 j3 J3 "cS '5 'S '& "O -a -3 -a »-« C^ CO ■* »0 CD t^ oo 05 O o n in o H Pli 0) ja J3 ja o -^ -^ ^ o CJ O CJ c-> <; < < -hi. t^H _a a a a ^ ^ C3 ^ o o o o S d =s -3 m I t-; 1-J r-; 1-H 1 CO O M O CO O ' CS ^ »-H CO 1 CO t^ 00 O (3 O 1 E-(> t »-( o O U3 lO lO CO lO o u l! O in 1 00 »o »o o CO O 1 OS CO o lO C^l 1 t^ oo lO CO •S" J^-^ j 1 CO CO lO CO 1 "M -^ f- C<> 1 rt CO CO 5a X O • .«^ . 1 OS oq 00 ic ■^ OS 1 OS oo en oo CO •* 05 C »0 CO rt< 00 00 o 1-* -Tt* r^ OS a) -WO T-l CQ oS O a Cfl ^ O O !>; O lO CO to ^ « 'i >5 n S5 CO t^ 00 00 CO r^ CO OS O 00 CO (M tH rH d (N < o« Is c5« t^ »o o ; O O CO CO !>; !>; CO t^ o «-4 1— 1 00 O Cfl CO Oi OS iO - lO «5 O C^J ? C^ W CO CO cs ^* CO CI CO rt* •* fe o o o o o o o o o o o O CO M CO <<»< CO -**< oo C^ 00 CO CQ CO lO Th (N o CO CO oo oo 1—1 1 rH 1-H 1-H O) (N CO »-< Oi CO UtA 2 « CO o O 1-t •Is 5« O Ci CO ^H CO ^ CO t-; TJ4 -^ o 00 -* ■* OS CO -H CO »-< iO W5 CM »-H (M M CO C^ -^ Cq C^ CJ CO Td i I i-g ' ; : <« o 1 1 i Pm fe O O O O O o o o o o o o5 ^H 05 00 -^ !>• CO CO CO t^ oo CM Cfl OS lO -* m -«*< (M CO -^ OS 00 M i-( (M I "O 1 -o 1 d 1-1 »H C^ I>- ^ ^ OS O »-i lO ^-t C« CO -^ CO CO ■^ to a> -^ OS CO ^ oo »C 00 to TH cq CO Tt« 05 CO 1" 1 t> It) :-g is 2; m O i g O 1 0) 1 t« 1 o J2 1-1 ! ! ! '^ : 1 S 5 s ! ,D O J3 0) a J3 -3 S 1 1 i i i .'S i 1 t 1 'o ' osphoric Aci< tash , cid, Potash, osphoric Aci o o a J3 ogen alone., ogen with P ogen with P ogen with P ."2 3 '3 '3 <: < o o ■c -a o o ^ ja S< & tn 09 2 ; ; ; -*j : ^ o 1 -< jd ; bD en M M ^ M -M -W -W -»^ a o o H 1 1 I ^ I pL, Ph ; ^c f^ ; o t-l S z g S PLh PM ! Ids ; a a \ ^ a J g p4 td ^ ^ h g M It iilll (u CD t-- 00 Oi O , a .^ rH The Bulletin 59 lO »o ■* >o o >o »« OS o o o »-l CD 00 o lO 1— 1 c» M< 1 -- cq M CO 1 1-H 1 *— ( f-H ■* OS t^ >C 1-H OS TJ4 CO OS OS « O Ml o o esi o *— t *-H o ^H o •H 9-t 1 1 1 1 O 1(5 o t-) »c li^ o o o o lO — ■* CO o on in CO lO CO CO CO Ml t^ T 1 M to 1-H co t- Ml 04 o> o CO CI O CO 00 «5 o T T 1 Ml o o. m O ja di a a -a -2-S 05 P n en 03 03 -»^ -^ O O PL| PU •35 O O O O t^4 t^4 <4-i ^*-l d d a d >r4 >iM ^fH 'fH 03 Cj oS C^ o o o o -<1 H o PL| o g o o < o O, o PL| o 03 ^ a a o o 3 9 '3 '3 O O o 60 The Bulletin The results certainly indicate that phosphoric acid and nitrogen are the fertilizing constituents first needed by this soil. Phosphoric acid alone gave an increase of 13.5 bushels corn and 745 pounds of corn stover, 11.8 bushels wheat and 355 pounds of seed cotton; while nitrogen alone yielded an increase of 9.6 bushels of corn and 345 pounds of corn stover 1.8 bushels of wheat, and minus 50 pounds of seed cotton per acre. Potash alone gave an average increase per acre of 5.3 bushels of corn and 700 pounds of corn stover, 0.5 bushels of wheat, and 305 pounds of seed cotton. Lime alone as well as in combination with the other plant food constituents, like potash, made a poor showing. The results show that for these crops at the present time neither potash, nor lime can be used profitably on this soil in its present state. The average gain for four nitrogen plats, when used alone and in combinations, are 8.8 bushels of corn and 430 pounds of stover, 7.2 bushels of wheat, and 8Q pounds of seed cotton. The gain for phosphoric acid with corn was about the same as tlie average gain for nitrogen, but the gains on an average were about 49 Fig. VII. Wheat grown at the Iredell Farm and fertilized with nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potasla. Note marked difference in growth resulting from the addition of phos- phoric acid, by contrasting the wheat in this with that shown in Fig. VI. per cent greater with wheat and 230 per cent greater with cotton from the phosphoric acid applications than from the nitrogen applications. The average of the four cases where potash forms the only difference in treatment shows a decrease of 1.9 bushels of com and 1.3 bushels of wheat and an increase of 50 pounds of stover and 119 pounds of seed cotton. It will be observed from the results given in the last column of the table that the greatest value of increased yields over the unferti- lized plats was secured from plat 6, which received an application con- sisting of acid phosphate and dried blood, but had no carrier of potash applied. The increased yields from plats 11 and 10 over the unferti- lized plat were respectively next highest in value. The marked bene^ fits resulting from applications of carriers of phosphoric acid and nitro- The Bulletin 61 gen compared to potash certainly justifies tlie assumption that the phos- phoric acid and nitrogen supplies of this soil must be increased if large crops are to be grown permanently on the soil. Such an assumption is in accord with the chemical analysis of this soil which shows it to be abnormally high in potash. The surface 6% inches contains enough of this material for about 483 one hundred bushel corn crops, while it is deficient in both phosphoric acid and nitrogen. Eighteen such crops would require an amount of phosphoric acid equal to the total existing in tlie top 6% inches, while six such crops would use up all the nitrogen. TREATMENT AND KESULTS ON FIELD E, IREDELL TEST FARM. The soil of this field is of the same character as that of all the other fields at the Iredell farm. One-twentieth acre plats were laid off and the experiments started in the spring of 1910. Corn was the first crop grown in the following five-year rotation used on this field : First Year — Corn, with cowpeas. Second Year — Cotton, with rye. Third Year — Oats, with soy beans. Fourth Year — Wheat, with red clover. Fifth Year — Red clover. In this rotation the cowpeas, rye, soybeans and the last crop of red clover are grown and turned into the soil for its improvement. As the red clover seeded during the spring of 1913 failed, crimson clover was seeded on the plats during the following fall, cowpeas in the spring, of 1914 and crimson clover again in the fall of 1914 in order to make the conditions in the rotation as near as possible those of a successful clover crop. The stand and growth of crimson clover and cowpeas were the best on plats 14, 2, 8 and 5. The different fertilizer treatments received by the several plats of this field with their results upon the yields of corn, cotton, oats, wheat and red clover are contained in the following table: 62 The Bulletin H P 9 Oh Q H O CQ H CQ W f?3 pa (D>. 1 1— < en 1 CO b- 1 o rJH 1 .-< -H 1 1*1 1 rs »^ 1 t^ 1 CO O 1 05 t^ 1 o CO o CO 1 CO (N ' CO CO I 1JI 1 s o'i ' 1 (M 1 lO 1 o l>. 1 rt O 1 iiH E-|> ■ 1 1 *-l 1-1 1 l-l ^^ - . 1 t o o 1 o o o o I o o 1 o o o -a » >,oi t CO 2 ' ° o o O 1 o O 1 o o o ' o 1-1 ■* li I o ia 1 lO o o o 1 o O I o «o »o 1 1 1 1 u 03 H ^ g > .S"m I o Oi 1 CO o "5 Oi ■ CO lO 1 C0 0> 00 1 Ph |m f CD 1 -* 1 :- cq t^ CO 1 eji t^ 1 CO O CO 1 1 o o 1 o o o o 1 o o 1 o o o -»» -^ >il» lO O 1 o CO CO CO 1 OJ ^ 1 o O CO a c^ lr~ 1 o CM t^ 1 cq CO 1 a r~ e>> S p « l-< (M o lO o 1 o lo 1 o «2 us ^sii lo O 1 ,). 1 ^!l* CO 1 b- 1-4 t CO o e» o 1 *-( ' CO 1 k 1 (M CO 1 1-1 . r>. 1 t!* •^ ' cq CO CO 5« U5 1 t^ o 1 CO t^ 1 00 " 1 CO us us • o o o o o o o o o o o o o o T3 «> >> o « T« un CO ed 25 c< o t^ lO -* 1— 1 ^H -»< (M C5 »0 00 oo 00 -H 1-H 1-H (M l-H 1-1 1-1 1—1 ■>5 ■t^ij 1 c3 03 .So; (8 3 CO ■« 1^ 00 t^ ^H o o Csl CO o CO IN CD Oi 1-1 CO to ^H c^ 1-1 »-t c^ rt T-l rt 1—1 1—1 [ ] i o o o o o o o o o o o o o o !s c in o o o o -* o O -^ CO o o o o> oo -•** t^ t^ O OJ (M Tjl CO CSO CO t^ CO 1-1 »-l T-t T-( »-c CO 1—1 (M CO Yiel( _ o U5 us o o U5 O lO o o o in o o ^ O m INl CO r* f* 1-1 O 1-1 "5 05 CO CO O 05 lO oo CO CO lO C3i r^ t^ 05 t^ ■* CO 00 >ra oo o (4* o o o o o o o o o o o oo o ' 1 l' Tt< Cfl « q (M 1-1 ^H c^ « (M s o 5^ a*-! ^ o CO t-. n; CO o o CO OS CO rH il< CO ; 3 •3§ 5M »o CO 05 CO 1-t O -H 1** oo O O! ^- ir> 00 1 < M CO W C o ', 1 ■s 1 ; .a 1 1 a : ' o ; 1 o XI o PM fl Em J in c3 a d 0) V o o 43 43 1 t ^ a IS Ph a" a l-g S ; 1 o o 2 S " o III J) m o o s J 1 o o o M C3 1 o -t; 0) fc- o CI .1i Ph o s 12 d d •3 -3 ^ 3 :z;2;£ (S:?: 2 z^sS z z 3 o a *» . OS o cq CO -^ W3 CD r~ 00 o o ^ W3 tH 05 »— ( *— 1 00 ^ CO U3 o •o >o o o lO lO >ra >o CO ■* 03 ■* th t^ CO -Ji < <; o o K O n cu a) O M « o o o. m O ja a cj o o o o c ja XI ja c a c in oi (n o o o ^ j3 ja P-i Ph fli O X] a O Ph Z ^ •■ a XI o o o o o .S .9 .9 .9 ti ^ ^ ^ o o o o o o 03 5 o o Ph Ph ja j3 en m c3 03 -*^ -tJ o o Ph Ph o o o o «*H t*H t4-l tt-l .9 .9 .9 .9 cS ^ o3 ^ o o o o w a) o Ph T) a 03 O X! O. m O Ph O a x3 o .*j QJ (1) e s o o a a • ^ 'i-H oo o z o o « 03 ■n a O O XJ Eh 64 The Bulletin The results on this field show this type of soil to be chiefly deficient in nitrogen and phosphoric acid as are the soils of the Charlotte No. 1, Monroe and Gastonia fields. These results are in striking contrast to those secured from Charlotte field JSTo. 2, on which the use of phosphoric acid practically failed to show any increase in growth and yield of the different crops used in the rotation followed on that field. In the pro- duction of the seed of corn, cotton and wheat on Field E, phosphoric acid on an average almost doubled the increased yield, over the unfer- tilized plats, that were secured on an average from the nitrogen applica- tions; while in the yield of stover and hay the use of nitrogen gave a greater increase over the unfertilized plat than did the phosphoric acid applications. The increase in yield of air-dried oat-and-vetch and crab grass hay was more than doubled on an average with nitrogen than was secured with the applications of phosphoric acid. The average gains for nitrogen and phosphoric acid were: for nitrogen, 5.6 bushels of com and 465 pounds of stover, 98 pounds of seed cotton, 1,010 pounds of oat hay, 1 bushel of wheat and 490 pounds of wheat straw, and 4,300 pounds of mixed hay; and for phosphoric acid, 7.0 bushels of corn and 335 pounds of stover, 135 pounds of seed cotton, 890 pounds of oat hay, 5.5 bushels of wheat and 620 pounds of wheat straw, and 1,700 pounds of mixed hay. Potash used with a nitrogen application seems to have had a bene- ficial effect upon the production of crab grass and clover hay, but when applied alone or with phosphoric acid alone it seems to have had a de- pressing efl'ect upon the yield of the mixed hay. On an average, oats and corn, and the leguminous cover crops used on this field were apparently the only crops of the rotation benefited by the applications of lime. With the soil of this field as with others dis- cussed above, the chemical analyses of the soil are in close accord with the field results. In the surface 6^^ inches of this soil there is enough potash present to provide for the growing of more than 100 one hundred bushel corn crops, but the nitrogen and phosphoric acid supply of this soil would be exhausted in 7 and 17 years respectively by the annual growth of such crops. FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS AT THE CENTRAL FARM. The soil of the Central form on which the experiments were conducted is of the Cecil sandy loam type. The plats are embraced in Fields A and B. The soil of these fields was badly run down when the experiments were started in 1902. The plats in Field A were laid off in two series parallel to each other, there being sixteen plats to the series, and the plats of the two series joining directly on to each other without any driveway or turn row between the series. At the east end of the first series, and at the west end of the second series, there is a 10-foot driveway. The plats are one-twentieth acre in size and measure 132 feet long and 161/^ feet wide. There is neither a row nor extra space between the plats in the different series. Field B lies immediately south of Field A, and the plats of this field are laid out in a similar manner and are of the same size as those of the latter field. The Bulletin 65 During 1902, 1903, and 1904, cotton was grown continuously on Field A and corn on Field B, but since that time up to the present, these two crops have been grown in rotation in alternate years on the two fields. In Tables YI and VII are given the results secured with cotton and corn on the different plats of the two fields at this farm. TABLE VI.— RESULTS WITH COTTON ON FIELDS A AND B AT THE CENTRAL TEST FARM.i Treatment Average Yield of Seed Cotton per Acre. Average Increase per Acre Due to Fertilizer Value of Increase at 4.5 Cents per Pound Cost of Fer- tilizer per Acre Average Value of Plat No. For Field A (In 1902, '03, '04, '06, and '08) For Field B (In 1905, '07, and ■09) Increase Over Cost of Fertilizer 4-5 O $ 18.68 7.65 20.90 S 3.54 2.81 1.73 $ 1-1 NP. 1154.5 994.6 1126.0 768.2 437.7 895.3 415.1 169.9 464.4 15 14 2-2 NK 4 84 3-3 PK... 19 17 (4+12)-5 O 1 5-4 NPK 1130.8 925.7 524.6 23.61 4.04 19 57 (52 + 132)-(42 + 142) O 1 122-112 L 619.5 320.1 31.9 1.44 0.63 81 (132 + 192)-(42 + 142) O 142-122 NPKL 1007.2 975.3 572 7 2.=; 7S 4.67 21 11 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN. (4+12)-5 O... $ 19.51 23.61 $ - 2.88 4.04 % 6-6 N Yi PK 873.4 1130.8 918.1 925.7 433.5 524.6 16 63 5-4 NPK 19 57 (4+12)-14 7-7 N2PK 996.5 961.4 1023.6 1030.5 589.4 616.8 26.52 27.76 6.35 8.66 20 17 8-8 N3PK 19 10 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. ^Detailed results are given in Bulletin 227, North Carolina Experiment Station. (4+12)-5 O $ 20.72 23.61 % - 3.42 4.04 $ 9-9 NPJ4K 673.3 1130.8 922.9 925.7 460.4 524.6 17 30 5-4 NPK 19 57 (4-|-12)-14 O. 10-10 NP2K 898.6 947.3 1089.8 1084.5 748.0 761.2 31.41 34.25 5.26 6.49 26 15 11-11 NP3K. 27 76 66 The Bulletin Table VI. — Continued. EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF] POTASH. Treatment Average Yield of Seed Cotton per Acre Average Increase per Acre Due to Fertilizer Value of Cost Average Value of Plat No. For Field A (In 1902, •03, '04, '06. and '08) For Field B fin 1905. '07, and '09) Increase at 4.5 Cents per Pound of Fer- tilizer per Acre Increase Over Cost of Fertilizer 12-5 i S 28.13 $ 3.79 S 13-12 NPK H- 844.3 909.8 625.1 24.34 (4+12)-5 5-4 NPK 1130.8 925.7 524.6 23.61 4.04 19.57 12-14 O - 14-13 NPK 2 903.0 957.5 654.4 29.45 4.54 24.91 (12+19)_14 15-15 NPK 3 811.2 898.3 555.2 24.99 5.04 19.95 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF FERTILIZER. (12+19)-14 0-.. • $. $ 2.02 $ 16-16 14 (NPK) 706.2 744.4 ' 403.0 18.14 16.12 (4+12)-5 . _ . .. 1 5-4 NPK. 1130.8 925.7 1 524.6 23.61 4.04 19.57 52-14 ' „ - . 12-17 1% (NPK). ' 1162.8 1126.9 : 701.0 31.55 6.05 25.50 5M42 j 22-12 32-22 2 (NPK) 3 (NPK).. 1215.1 ! 992.3 1335.1 10.53.1 668.4 759.0 30.08 34.15 8.07 12.11 22.01 22.04 RESULTS WITH COTTON AT RALEIGH. Ejfect of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, Potash and Lime in Combina- tions. — The experiments, tlie results of which are presented in Table VI were planned to determine the efl'ect upon the yield of cotton when two of the constituents were applied together, as nitrogen and phosphoric acid (N P), nitrogen and potash (N K), and phosphoric acid and potash (P K), and when all three of the fertilizing constituents were applied to make a complete fertilizer (N P K) ; also to test the effect of lime (L) when used alone and when used in connection with a complete fertilizer (jSTPKL). The results are shown in yields of seed cotton per acre for the several years, average yields, average increases over the unferti- lized (0) plats which represent the effect of the fertilizer applications, the value of increase, cost of the fertilizer, and value of the increased vields over cost of fertilizer. The Bulletin 67 Nitrogen and Phosphoric acid, IST P (Plats 1 and 1). Nitrogen and phosphoric acid alone gave increased yields over the unfertilized plats for all eight years on the plats in the two fields, the average annual increase for five years in Field A being 326.1 pounds seed cotton per acre, and for the three years in Field B being 504.1 pounds seed cotton, or an average annual increase for eight years in the two fields of 415.1 pounds per acre, worth $15.14 over the cost of the fertilizer applied. Nitrogen and Potash, N K (Plats 2 and 2). From an application of nitrogen and potash combined there were small average increased Fig. VIII. Cotton on plats at Central Farm. Plat 12, unfertilized (O) in center; Plat 11, high phojphatic fertilization with normal amounts of nitrogen and potash (NP3K) on right; and Plat 13, low potassic fertilization with normal amounts of phosphoric acid and nitrogen (NPKy2) on left. NP3K plat yielded more than nine times and NPK% more than seven times as much seed cotton as the unfertilized (O) plat. yields on the plats of the two fields, the average for the five years being 166.2 pounds seed cotton for Field A, and 173.6 pounds as an average of 3 years for Field B, or an average annual increase for both fields of 169.9 pounds of seed cotton per acre, worth $4.84 over the cost of fertilizer used. Phosphoric Acid and Potash, P K (Plats 3 and 3). Phosphoric acid and potash combined gave increased yields on all the plats in the two fields, the average annual increase for five years in Field A being 297.6 pounds and for three years in Field B 631.2 pounds; or an average for the eight years in the two fields of 464.4 pounds, worth $19.17 over cost of fertilizer. Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash, N.P K (Plats 5 and 4). These three materials combined in a complete fertilizer gave increased yields in all the tests on all the plats in tAvo fields, the average annual increase for five years in Field A being 387.5 pounds of seed cotton per 68 The Bulletin acre, and for tliree years in Field B being 661.6 pounds, or an average annual increase per acre for the eight years on the two fields of 524.6 pounds of seed cotton per acre, worth $19.57 above cost of fertilizer. Lime, L (Plats 12^ and 11^). JAxne was applied at the rate of 500 pounds of rock or 1,000 pounds slaked lime per acre every fourth year. On plat in Field A during five years there was an average annual in- crease of 41.4 pounds seed cotton per acre, and on plat in Field B during three years an average increase of 22.4 pounds per acre, or on an aver- age, an annual increase from both of the fields of 31.9 pounds per acre, worth $0.81 annually per acre above the cost of the lime. Lime with Complete Fertilizer, N P K L (Plats 14^ and 122). Where lime was used in combination with the three fertilizer constitu- ents there was 84.9 pounds more of seed cotton produced per acre on an average in Field A than where the normal (N P K) application was used, and on Field B an average of 11.4 pounds more seed cotton per acre, or an annual average 48.1 pounds per acre from the use of lime in connection with the nonnal application of fertilizer. The average annual increase due to the use of lime was worth $1.54 per acre above cost of the lime. Taking the experiments as a whole, the average results show the fol- lowing : That phosphoric acid is the plant food constituent that gave decidedly the largest increase in yield and the greatest profit per acre. That potash and nitrogen in the amounts used in the experiments gave only slight increase and ])rofit per acre, the former constituent on an average gave a slightly greater profit per acre than did the latter. That lime when used alone had very little, if any, effect upon yield, but whe7i applied in connection Avith a normal (IST P K) application of fertilizer there was some better show for the lime. The main increased yields and profits, therefore, came from phos- phoric acid ; the next most profitable constituent was potash, nitrogen in the amount used only showing an average profit per acre above cost of 40 cents for the use of 10 pounds of nitrogen used with 28 pounds of phosphoric acid and 10 pounds of potash. Effect of Varying Quantities of Nitrogen. — This part of the tests was planned to determine the effect on the yield of cotton of varying quantities of nitrogen, leaving the phosphoric acid and potash constant. On one plat the nitrogen was reduced to one-half of the normal quan- tity, making the application 5 pounds of nitrogen per acre or practi- cally 1.9 per cent in the actual fertilizer mixture used. On two of the plats it was increased by 2 and 3 times the normal quantity (10 pounds per acre), making the application 20 and 30 pounds per acre respect- ively, or on the basis of the fertilizer mixture 5.3 and 6.6 per cent. The average results for five years on plats in Field A show the largest profit per acre above cost of fertilizer to be from the fertilizer application containing normal quantity of nitrogen in the several mixtures, while the average results for three years in Field B the greatest profit was from plats receiving a fertilizer application containing twice the normal quantity of nitrogen in the mixture, or 20 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Taking the eight years experiments together the average annual re- sults show an average increased yield per acre over unfertilized plats of The Bulletin 69 433.5 pounds of seed cotton, worth $16.63 for the fertilizer application containing one-half normal (5 pounds of nitrogen per acre) quantity of nitrogen; 524.6 pounds, worth $19.57 for the fertilizer containing nor- mal (10 pounds nitrogen per acre) quantity per acre; 589.4 pounds, worth $20.17 for the fertilizer with twice normal (20 pounds nitrogen per acre) quantity nitrogen; and 616.8 pounds, worth $19.10 for the mixture containing three times normal (30 pounds nitrogen per acre) quantity of nitrogen with nomial amounts of phosphoric acid and potash. These results indicate that nitrogen is not the most important or con- trolling constituent for the production of cotton on this soil and that the most profitable quantity of nitrogen to use per acre lies between 10 and 20 pounds per acre. Effect of Varying Quantities of Phosphoric Acid. — This part of the experiment was planned to show the effect on the yields of seed cotton of varying quantities of phosphoric acid, the nitrogen and potash re- maining the same. On one plat one-half the normal quantity of phos- phoric acid was applied, or an amount represented by 87.5 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate and equivalent to 6.5 per cent phosphoric acid in the fertilizer mixture. On two plats were applied two and three times the normal quantities of phosphoric acid, represented by 350 and 525 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate respectively, or 56 and 84 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre. The yields show good profits for all of the fertilizer mixtures. In Field A the largest yield and greatest profit per acre was secured on an average from the plat receiving three times normal (525 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate carrying 84 pounds of phosphoric acid) phosphoric acid, while in Field B the plat to which a twice normal (350 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate carrying 56 pounds of phosphoric acid) application of phosphoric acid with normal amounts of nitrogen and potash gave a slightly increased yield and profit over the plat receiving three times normal (N P3 K) phosphoric acid. HoAvever, as an average of all the tests on both fields there was a slightly greater profit over cost of fertilizer in favor of the heavy CN P3 K) application. The results on both of the fields, as well as the averages, show that the normal application (175 pounds of 3 6 per cent acid phosphate car- rying 28 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre) is not sufficient phosphoric acid in this soil for most profitable returns per acre with cotton. By increasing the phosphoric acid application, with normal quanti- ties of nitrogen and potash present, from 14 pounds to 28 pounds per acre each pound of phosphoric acid added yielded a profit of about 16 cents for each pound of the increase increasing from 28 pounds to 56 •pounds per acre each gave a profit of 23.5 cents per pound increase while increasing from 56 to 84 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre only gave an increase of a little less than 5.7 cents per pound for each pound of the 28 pounds of increase in phosphoric acid. Effect of Varying Quantities of Potash. — This portion of the experi- ments was arranged to show the effect on the yield of seed cotton of varying quantities of potash, the nitrogen and phosphoric acid remain- ing constant. On one plat only one-half the normal quantity of potash was applied, or 1.8 per cent in the fertilizer mixture, or 5 pounds of 70 The Bulletin potasTi per acre, while on two other plats two and three times the normal quantities were given, or 20 and 30 pounds of actual potash per acre respectively. On basis of the normal fertilizer mixture this would represent 5.7 and 7.5 per cent of potash in the mixture. The results are not uniform for the two fields, the most profitable application being slightly in favor of 5 pounds of potash per acre for Field A and slightly in favor of the use of 20 pounds of potash in Field E. The largest average increase in yield of seed cotton as well as the greatest profit per acre, was obtained from the plats receiving 20 pounds of potash (100 pounds of manure salt) per acre with the regular quanti- ties of nitrogen and phosphoric acid employed in the mixtures. Effect of Varying Quantities of Fertilizer on Yields. — This part of the experiments was planned to show the effect of increasing and de- creasing the normal (IST P K equals 400 pounds of a fertilizer mixture containing 7 per cent phosphoric acid, 214> per cent potash and 21/2 per cent nitrogen) fertilizer application on the yields of cotton. The appli- cations Avere at the rate of 200 pounds per acre (^/^ IST P K) ; 400 pounds per acre (jST P K) ; 600 pounds per acre (11/2 N" P K) ; 800 pounds per acre (2 IST P K) ; 1,200 pounds per acre (3 IST P K). The results on the two fields and the averages of these fields are quite uni- form in showing increased yields and increased profits for the several increases in the amounts of fertilizer up to 600 pounds per acre. On an average of the results of the tests on both fields the use of 800 and 1,200 pounds of the fertilizer mixture per acre gave a greater increase in value of total crop (lint and seed) over cost of fertilizer than did the use of 200 or 400 pounds per acre of the same mixture. The heavier applications, properly proportioned, have not only yielded the largest yields and profits per acre, but in all probability left the land in a more productive state. The results that may be secured from these plats in later years will be helpful in throwing light on the importance of large immediate returns by heavy fertilization and the results such practice will have on the permanent productivity of the soil. Too little attention is given by farmers generally to the matter of the permanent producing power of their soils. RESULTS WITH CORN AT RALEIGH. Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, Potash, and Lime in Combina- tion. — The experiments, the results of which are presented in Table VTI, were planned to show the effect on the yield of corn of nitrogen (!Nr), phosphoric acid (P), and potash (K), when two of the constitu- ents w^ere applied together, as nitrogen and phosphoric acid (N P), nitrogen and potash (I^ K), and phosphoric acid and potash (P K), and when all three of these fertilizer constituents were applied to make a complete fertilizer (N P K) ; also to test the effect of lime (L) alone and when used in connection with a complete fertilizer (N P K L). The results are shown in yields of bushels of shelled com and pounds of stover per acre for the several years, average yields, average increases over the unfertilized (O) plats, which represent the effect of the fer- tilizer applications, the value of the increase, the cost of the fertilizer, and the value of the increased vield of corn and stover and of corn alone The Bulletin 71 over cost of fertilizer. The value of the increased yield of corn and stover and of corn alone represent the profit from the several fertilizer applications after paying for the fertilizer itself. In these experiments the corn was cut, shocked and shredded, the stover heing all of the plant except the corn on the cob. Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid N P (Plats 1 and 1). A combina- tion of nitrogen and phosphoric acid increased the yields over the un- fertilized plats in all eight years in the two fields, the average annual increase for the three years in Field A being 6.5 bushels of corn and 514 pounds of stover per acre; and for five years in Field B 9.6 bushels of corn and 727 pounds of stover; or an average annual increase for the eight years in the two fields of 8.1 bushels of corn and 621 pounds of stover worth $3.49 over cost of fertilizer for corn alone, or $6.60 for the increased yield of corn and stover. Nitrogen and Potash, N K (Plats 2 and 2). There were small aver- TABLE VII. -RESULTS QF FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS WITH CORN AT THE CENTRAL TEST FARM. Treat- ment Average Yield per Acre Average Value of Increase with Corn at $0.80 per Bushel, and Stover at $10.00 per Ton Cost of Fertilizer per Acre Plat No. For Field A (In 1905, '07, and '09) For Field B (In 1902, '03, '04, '06, and '08) Increase Due to Fertilizer Treatment e Value o s Over Co lizer Corn, Bus. Stover, Lbs. Corn, Bus. Stover, Lbs. Corn, Bus. Stover, Lbs. C3 d t^ < 4-5 $ 9 .55 1.44 7.31 S 2.99- 2.30 1.14 $ 1-1 2-2 3-3 NP NK PK 20.7 14.5 17.2 1683 1266 1405 18.8 11.1 19.0 1521 919 1432 8.05 1.10 6.40 621 111 437 6.56 —0.86 6.17 (4+12)-5 1 5-4 NPK- 17.7 1521 18.4 151S 6.95 571 8.42 3.21 5.21 (52+132)- (42 + 142) 122-112 L. 12.9 1152 8.6 729 1.45 114 1.73 0.63 1.10 (132+192)- (42+142) 1 i 0_ 142-122 NPKL.... 18.5 1796 21.8 1567 11.40 898 13.61 3.84 9.77 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN. (4+12)-(5+14) $ 7.15 $ 2.18 $ 6-6 N 14 PK.- 14.4 1122 19.3 1555 6.35 414 4.97 (4+12)-5 0.. 5-4 NPK 17.7 1521 18.4 1518 6.95 571 8.42 3.21 5.21 (4+12)- (5+14) 0. 7-7 8-8 N2PK... 22.4 N3PK... 24.3 1790 1897 22.0 24.5 1687 1878 12.35 15.20 838 1011 14.07 17.22 5.28 7.35 8.79 9.87 72 The Bulletin TABLE Yll.— Continued. EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. Treat- ment Average Yield per Acre Average Value of Increase with Corn at $0.80 per Bushel, and Stover at $10.00 per Ton Cost of Fertilizer per Acre Plat No. For Field A (In 1905, '07, and '09) For Field B (In 1902, '03, '04, "06, and 'OS) Increase Due to Fertilizer Treatment e Value o e Over Co lizer Corn, Bus. Stover, Lbs. Corn, Bus. Stover, Lbs. Corn, Bus. Stover, Lbs. Averag creas Ferti 4-5 « - 11.29 $ 2.75 $ 9-9 NP H K- 17.1 1511 20.0 1509 10.00 658 8.54 (4-f-12)-5 - . 1 5-1-4 NPK 17.7 1521 18.4 1518 6.95 571 8.42 3.21 5.21 (4+12)- (5+14) 0. ._ 1 10-10 11-11 NP2 K_.. NP3 K... 16.8 17.9 1621 1742 22.9 21.0 1892 1988 11.90 12.15 928 1061 14.16 15.03 4.13 5.05 10.03 9.98 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF POTASH. EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF FERTILIZER. (12+19)- (5+14) O S 14.62 $ 3.10 $ 13-12 NPK 1^... 18.2 1811 20.2 1717 12.15 980 11.52 (4+12)-5 O 5-4 NPK 17.7 1521 18.4 1518 6.95 571 8.42 3.21 5.21 (12+19)- (5+14) 0- . 14-13 NPK 2.... 15.9 1476 21.7 1813 11.45 846 13.39 3.44 9.95 (12+19)-14 O 15-15 NPK3._._ 14.6 1528 19.2 1732 9.20 819 11.46 3.66 7.80 (12+19)-14 S 9.49 $ 1.61 $ 16-16 ^ (NPK). 15.6 1518 16.0 1411 7.80 649 7.88 (4+12)-5 5-4 NPK_ 17.7 1521 18.4 1518 6.95 571 8.42 3.21 5.21 52-14 12-17 1 VA (NPK) 19.1 1772 23.5 1891 9.80 784 11.76 4.82 6.94 52-42 22-12 32-22 2 (NPK).. 3 (NPK)._ 21.6 24.2 2008 2022 20.3 22.2 1884 2081 9.85 12.15 1006 1111 12.91 15.28 6.42 9.64 6.49 5.64 age increased yields of com and stover in tlie two fields fi-om the appli- cations of a mixture of nitrogen and potash, the average for the eight years in the two fields being 1.1 bushels per acre of corn and 111 pounds of stover, which increase on an average was not sufficient to pay for the The Bulletin 73 fertilizer. This fertilization was therefore at a loss, having cost $1.42 per acre more annually than the value of the increased yield of corn and 86 cents more than the value of the corn and stover combined. Phosphoric Acid and Potash, P K (Plats 3 and 3). This mixture of phosphoric acid and potash gave increased yields on all the plats in the two fields, the average annual increase for three years in i^'ield A being 4.7 bushels of corn and 418 pounds of stover per acre; and for five years in Field B 9.8 bushels of corn and 638 pounds of stover, or an average for the eight years in the two fields of 6.4 bushels of corn and 437 pounds of stover, worth $3.98 over cost of fertilizer on the basis of corn alone, or $6.17 on the basis of corn and stover. TsTitrogen, Phosj^horic Acid, and Potash, N P K (Plats 5 and 4). By combining all three of the fertilizer materials to make a complete fer- tilizer, increased yields Avere obtained on the two plats in the two fields, the average annual increase for three years in Field A was 4.7 bushels of corn and 418 pounds of stover per acre; and for five years in Field B 9.2 bushels of corn and 724 pounds of stover, or an annual average increase for the eight years in the two fields of 6.95 bushels of corn and 571 pounds of stover, worth $2.35 over cost of fertilizer on basis of corn alone, or $5.21 on basis of corn and stover. Lime, L (Plats 12- and 11-). Lime was applied at the rate of 500 pounds rock or 1,000 pounds slaked lime per acre every fourth year. On the plat in Field A during three years there was a profit of $2.93 per acre from the use of lime, counting the value of corn and stover. On the plat in Field B there was a loss of 73 cents per acre annually, the average for the eight years being a gain of $1.14 per acre. ^Complete Fertilizer with Lime, N P K L (Plats 14- and 122). When lime was used in combination with the three fertilizer constitu- ents on Field A, there was an average increase of 4.9 bushels of corn and 578 of stover more from the JSF P K L application than from N P K. The increase was not uniform for the different years, in fact in 1905 the JNT P K application produced 6.3 bushels of corn and 208 pounds of stover per acre more than did the application of JST P K L. The lime was applied to this field during May, 1903. The average increase in Field B from lime used Avith a complete fertilizer over a complete fer- tilizer alone was 4 bushels of corn and 75 pounds of stover per acre. The increases of shelled corn were in each year uniformly larger from the ]Sr P K L than from the JST P K application. On an average, taking the results of both fields together, there was an increase due to the lime above the cost of the lime to the value of $2.93 per acre on the basis of corn alone and of $4.56 on the basis of corn and stover together. As an average of all the results, the experiments show: (1) That a nitrogen and phosphoric acid mixture added decidedly to the increased yields and profits, the average annual increase being worth $6.60 per acre above the cost of the fertilizing materials; (2) That nitrogen and potash combined increased the yield very slightly but at a loss ; (3) That on an average phosphoric acid and potash yielded 1.7 bushels of corn and 184 pounds of stover less than did the combination of phosphoric acid and nitrogen ; 74 The Bulletin (4) That potash added to nitrogen and phosphoric acid resulted in a small increase in yield and without profit; and (5) That the use of lime alone resulted practically in no profit per acre, but when used with nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash there was a somewhat better showing made. Effect of Varying Quantities of Nitrogen. — These experiments were arranged to test the effect on the yield of corn and stover of varying quantities of nitrogen, leaving the phosphoric acid and potash con- stant. On one plat the nitrogen was reduced to one-half the normal quan- tity, making the application 41/2 pounds of nitrogen per acre, or practi- cally 2.4 per cent in the actual amount of the fertilizer mixture used. On two of the plats it was increased by two and three times the normal quantity (9 pounds per acre) making the application 18 and 27 pounds per acre respectively, or on the four plats 41/2, 9, 18, and 27 pounds of nitrogen per acre. The average results for three years in Field A showed the largest profit to have come from the application containing three times the nor- mal quantity of nitrogen per acre, or 27 pounds of nitrogen, the average yield being 24.3 bushels corn per acre, and the profit $4.65 over cost of fertilizer on the basis of corn alone or $9.60 on the basis of com and stover. For five years in Field B the largest yields and profit were too from the application containing three times the normal quantity of nitrogen, the average yield of corn being 24.5 bushels per acre, and the profit $4.97 over cost of fertilizer, on the basis of corn alone, or $10.13 on the basis of corn and stover. Averaging the results of both fields, the gain per acre from the use of the N3 P K application was $4.81 on the basis of com alone and $9.87 when both corn and stpver are con- sidered. On an average as will be seen from the results in Table VII the yields and profits per acre increased as the amount of the nitrogen in the mixture increased. Effect of Varying Quantities of Phosphoric Acid. — This part of the experiineiits were planned to show the effect on the yields of corn and stover of varying quantities of phosphoric acid, the nitrogen and potash remaining the same. On one plat one-half the normal quantity of phosphoric acid was applied or an amount represented by 65.5 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate and equivalent to 6.7 per cent phosphoric acid in the fertilizer mixture. On two plats were applied two and three times the nomial quantities of phosphoric acid repre- sented by 263 and 394 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate respectively, or 42 and 63 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre. The results in all the fields show increased yields and profits from all the different quanti- ties of phosphoric acid. The largest increase in grain in yield on Field A was from the use of three times normal phosphoric acid with nitrogen and potash, while in Field B it was from the use of three times normal phosphoric acid. On an average of the results of both fields, there was practically no difference in the profit per acre above cost of fertilizer from the two and the three r»hosphoric acid applications, when the quantities of nitrogen and potash remained the same in the mixtures. Effect of Different Quantities of Potash. — These experiments were arranged to show the effect on the yield of corn and stover of varying The Bulletin 75 quantities of potash, the nitrogen, and phosphoric acid remaining constant. On one plat only one-half the normal quantity of potash was applied or 1.1 per cent in the fertilizer mixture, or 2.25 pounds of potash per acre. On two other plats two and three times the normal quantities were given, or 9 and 13.5 pounds per acre respectively. This would make the application of potash on the several plats 2.25, 4.5, 9, and 13.5 pounds. The results on an average show that the most profitable application is one containing one-half normal potash with normal quantities of nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The indications are that 1^/2 per cent of potash is all that is needed for corn in this soil when used in connection with the regular quantities of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the normal corn mixture. Effect of Varying Quantities of Fertilizer on Yields. — These tests show the effect of inci'easing and decreasing the normal fertilizer appli- cation on yields, the normal (IST P K) being 300 pounds of a mixture containing 7 per cent phosphoric acid, 3 per cent nitrogen and IV2 per cent potash. The applications were at the rate of 150 pounds per acre (V2N" P K) ; 300 pounds per acre (IST P K) ; 450 pounds per acre (IV^ N" P K) ; 600 pounds per acre (2 N P K) ; 750 pounds per acre (21/2 ]Sr P K). The results in all the fields show increased yields and profits for all the quantities of fertilizer. The average results of the two fields taken together show that 150 pounds per acre is the most profitable quantity of the fertilizer mixture to use for corn. FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS AT IREDELL TEST FARM. The main type of soil on the farm is red (Cecil) clay loam, the sub- soil being a moderately heavy clay, but the surface soil has sufficient sand in it to make it a clay loam rather than -a clay, though when freshly plowed it would to a casual observer be looked upon as red clay. The main types of soil in the Piedmont are Cecil sandy loam (gray land), red (Cecil) clay loam and red (Cecil) clay. The clay and clay loam types are rich in potash, very poor in phosphoric acid, the amount of nitrogen depending on the organic matter in the soil. The plats on which these experiments were conducted were embraced in Fields A, E and C. Fields A and B had been long in cultivation and were badly run down when work was started in 3 903. The plats in Field A were laid off in two series parallel to each other, there being twenty plats to the series, with a driveway or turn row between plats. The plats are one-tenth acre in size, or 217.8 feet by 20 feet, with space between plats sufficient for two rows of corn or other crops, the row on either side of each plat being fertilized like the plat which it adjoins. The plats in Field B were laid out in a similar way and are of the same size. The plats in Field C were part of an old field, covered with broom sedge, briars, and small pines in 1903. The pines were grubbed out and the other growth turned under with a two-horse plow in the spring of 1903 and cultivated in corn that year, with a fertilizer application of 300 pounds per acre, of the normal corn mixture. In the fall of 1903 crimson clover was sown but no stand was obtained. The land was prepared in the spring of 1904 and laid off in plats of one-twentietk 76 The Bulletin acre eacli, the size being 108.9 feet by 20 feet, with space between plats for two extra rows, the rows nearest the plats having four-foot space at the ends of the plats. There are two series of sixteen plats each in this field, Avith driveway or turn row between. In the case of all plats on this farm there is a four-foot extra space at the ends. Field A. — These plats were used for fertilizer experiments with cot- ton in ] 903-4-6-9; for fertilizer experiments with corn in 1905-7; for general crop of oats without fertilizer in the fall and spring of 1908; and for fertilizer experiments with peas in the summer of 1908. In case of each of the three crops the same plan or system of fertilization was followed. Field B. — These plats were used for fertilizer experiments with corn in 1903, 1904, 1906, and 1908 ; for fertilizer experiments with cotton in 1905 and 1907 ; for a general crop of oats without fertilizer in the fall and spring of 1909, and for fertilizer experiments with peas in the sum- mer of 1909. Field C. — These plats were used for fertilizer exj^eriments with peas in 1904, 1905, 1906, and 1907, a grain crop without fertilization pre- ceding the pea crop in each year except 1904; for fertilizer experiments with cotton in 1908; and for fertilizer experiments with corn in 1909. No catch crops for the improvement of the soil were grown on these fields during the year 1903-09, but since that time rotations have been arranged for each field in which they have found a place at frequent intervals. The results of seven years' experiments with cotton, are contained in Table VIII. The Bulletin 77 TABLE VIII.— RESULTS WITH COTTON ON FIELDS A, B AND C AT THE IREDELL TEST FARM.i Treatment Average Yield of Seed Cotton per Acre Average Increase per Acre Due to Fertilizer Value of Increase at 4.5 Cents per Pound Cost of Fer- tilizer per Acre Average Annual Plat No. For Field A (In 1903, '04. '06, and '09) For Field B (In 1905 and 1907) For Field C (In 190S) Value of Increase Over Cost of Fertilizer 4-52-8 $ —0.53 19.88 $ 2.31 1.40 $ 1-32-1 N.. 210.6 655.6 377.5 897.5 505.0 860.0 —11.7 441.8 —2 84 2-42-2 P 18 48 4-(52+142)-8 3-62-3 K 301.3 537.5 435.0 85.4 3.84 0.50 3 34 (4+11)- (52+142)-8 5-72-4 6-82-5 NP NK 897.5 348.8 727.5 406.3 620.0 400.0 520.1 96.5 23.40 4.34 3.71 2.81 19.69 1.53 (4-f-ll)- (52+142)-82 7-92-122 PK _-. 855.0 959.8 725.0 608.0 27.36 1.90 25.46 (4+11)- (52+142)-8 0.... « 8-102-6 NPK 923.8 1002.5 1070.0 717.7 32.30 4.21 28.09 182-54-82 142-44-72 L 97.5 728.8 160.0 637.5 4.30.0 945.0 (2)27.0 (2)573.5 1.22 25.81 0.63 4.84 59 152-6^-92 NPKL.... 20.97 (4+11)- (52+142)-8 0.... 8-102-6 NPK 745.0 1002.5 1070.0 (2)706.7 31.80 4.21 27.59 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN. (4+11)- (52+142)-8 $ 33.17 32.30 34.99 % 3.06 4.21 6.52 S 9-112-7 8-102-6 10-122-9 N Yi PK.. NPK N2PK... 923.1 923.8 875.0 1005.0 1002.5 1108.0 1110.0 1070.0 1285.0 737.0 717.7 777.5 30.11 28.09 28.47 ll-(52+142)-8 12-132-10 N3PK-.. 783.0 1038.8 1145.0 698.1 31.41 8.83 22.58 78 The Bulletin TABLE yUL— Continued. EFFECT OF VARING QUANTITIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. Treatment Averace Yield of Seed Cotton per Acre Average Increase per Acre Duo to Fertilizer Value of Increase at 4.5 Cenla per Pound Cost of Fer- tilizer per Acre Average Annual Plat No. For Field A (In lon.'i, '04, '06, and '09) For Field B (In 1905 and 1907) For Field Peas, Bus. Hay, Lbs. Peas, Bus. Hay, Lbs. Peas, Bus. Hay, Lbs. 4-8 O s S . .__ $ 1-1 N 3.0 7.9 1.4 400 2100 400 8.9 12.3 10.1 2215 2460 2080 —1.1 2.6 —0.5 380 916 272 1.50 0.69 12.79 1.20 1.57 0.60 81 2-2 P 11 59 3-3 K 0.97 (4+11 )-8 0.. 5-4 6-5 NP. NK 9.8 1.8 2200 900 13.4 10.3 2200 2033 3.9 —0.1 728 334 13.38 2.83 1.89 11.49 1.29 1.54 (4 + ll)-82 O j 1 7-122 PK 9.0 2300 12.1 2720 3.4 1052 15.42 1.80 13.62 (4+ll)-8 O j 8-6 NPK 8.3 2200 12.9 2702 3.4 1130 16.12 2.49 13.63 11-82 1 14-72 L 1.2 400 11 1 i M2.'i 1.3 356 5.43 0.63 4 85 18-82 O j 15-92 NPKL.... 8.2 2200 15.1 2920 5.7 1212 20.88 3.12 17.76 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF NITROGEN. (4+ll)-8 O J 18.13 16.12 22.26 $ 2.14 2.49 3.18 $ 9-7 8-6 10-9 N H PK-. NPK N 2 PK... 9.5 8.3 9.2 2200 2200 2300 13.7 12.9 14.7 2763 2702 2978 4.3 3.4 5.1 1178 1130 1370 15.99 13.63 19.08 11-8 i 12-10 N 3 PK... 8.2 2200 15.1 3195 5.3 1524 22.99 ■ 3.87 19.12 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID. 11-8 $- 7.42 S 1.89 $ 5.53 13-11 NP J^K.. 6.3 2100 10.2 2102 1.0 630 (4+ll)-8 8-6 NPK 8.3 2200 12.9 2702 3.4 1130 16.12 2.49 13.63 11-8 1 O.... 1 i i 14-12 15-13 NP2 K... NP 3 K... 7.5 14.0 2800 3200 15.8 14.9 3045 3080 5.7 6.3 1524 1632 23.69 25.71 3.69 4.89 20.00 20.82 92 The Bulletin TABLE X— Continued. EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF POTASH. Treat- ment Average Yield per Acre Average Increase Value of Increase with Peas at SI. 75 per Bushel, and Hay at SIS 00 per Ton Cost of Fertilizer per Acre c cs 35 Plat No. For Field A (In 1908) For Field C (In 1904, '05, '06, and '07) Due to Different Fertilizer Treatments Value of Average nual Increase of anH Hay Over of Fertilizer Peas, Bus. Hay, Lbs. Peas, Bus. Hay, Lbs. Peas, Bus. Hay, Lbs. 18-8 O. $ 10.07 $ 2.19 $ 16-14 NPK 14... 8.3 2200 10.6 2448 1.2 886 7.88 (4+ll)-8 o 1 1 8-6 NPK 8,3 2200 12.9 2702 3.4 1130 16.12 2.49 13.63 18-8 O 1 17-15 19-16 NPK 2.... NPK 3.... 8.4 13.8 2500 1900 11.4 11.5 2275 2485 1.9 3.1 808 856 10.60 13.13 3.09 3.69 7.51 9.44 EFFECT OF VARYING QUANTITIES OF FERTILIZER. 18-82 $ 6.60 $ 1.24 $. 20-12 Vi NPK... 4.9 2200 (3)13.5 1935 1.9 364 5.36 (4+ll)-8 1 1 1 8-6 NPK 8.3 2200 (3)14.8 2702 3.7 1130 16.65 2.49 14.16 42-82 . 1 12—22 22-32 32- VA (NPK) 2 (NPK).. 3 (NPK).. 8.8 10.7 10.8 2200 2900 2800 (3)16.8 (=>)18.7 2675 3020 (2) 6.0 7.9 10.0 996 1412 2400 19.46 26.53 39.10 3.73 4.98 7.47 15.73 21.55 31.63 (')Detailed results are given in June, 1910, Bulletin of North Carolina Department of Agriculture. (2)Three times normal application added only one year and this to Field A, Plat 32. OAverage for three years (1904-'05 and '06). in the soil. After 1904 a grain crop preceded the pea crop, a crop of each being produced each year. It may be possible that the land was tired of peas, or that it was *'pea-sick," as is. now and then spoken of in connection with other crops. The inference that such was the case would be very strong were it not for the other conditions influencing the yields, which have already been referred to, and which must be consid- ered. That the land is really in better condition for growing other crops is shown by the yields of cotton and corn on these plats, they having been in cotton in 1908 and corn 1909. The results of these two crops on plats having the same fertilization show greater increases over unfertilized plats than were obtained on the plats where corn and cotton have been grown in rotation with each other, and where the type of soil is the same. The experiments were planned to cover the culture and fertilization of the cowpea as a whole, but the results of the several subdivisions or phases of the subject are grouped in short sections in the table to facili- tate examination and the drawing of conclusions. I The Bulletin 93 Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, Potash and Lime Alone and in Combinations. — These experiments were planned to test the effect on yield of nitrogen (jST), phosphoric acid (P), and potash (K) when applied singly; when two of the constituents were applied together, as nitrogen and phosphoric acid (JST P), nitrogen and potash (N K), and phosphoric acid and potash (P K), and when all three of the fertilizing constituents were applied to make a complete fertilizer (N P K). Lime (L) alone and with a complete fertilizer (N P K L) is also studied. The results are shown in average yields of hay in pounds and peas in hushels per acre for the several years, and average increases over the unfertilized (O) plats, Avhich represent the effect of the fertilizer applications, the value of the increase, the cost of the fertilizer, and the value of the increased yield over cost of fertilizer. EFFECT ON YIELDS OF HAY. Xitrogen, N" (Plats 1 and 1). From nitrogen alone in Field C there were increased yields of hay in 1904 and 1905 and decreases in 1906 and 3907 over the unfertilized plat (8), the average increase being 475 pounds, while in 1908 in Field A the plat (1) receiving nitrogen and the unfertilized plat (4) produced the same yield. Plat 1 had had an application of nitrogen alone in corn and cotton tests during the pre- vious six years and plat 4 had had no fertilizer during the same time. Phosphoric Acid, P (Plats 2 and 2). Phosphoric acid alone pro- duced increased yields in all of the five years on the plats in both fields, the average for the first four years being 720 pounds of hay, and for the fifth year in Field A 1,700 pounds, worth at $18 per ton respectively $5.28 and $14.10 over the cost of fertilizer. Potash, K (Plats 3 and 3). From potash alone in Field C the yields increased in 1904, 1905, and 1907, and decreased in 1906, the average annual increase being 340 pounds of hay. In Field A there was no increase due to potash in 1908 and the fertilizer application was used at a loss. Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid, N P (Plats 4 and 5). ISTitrogen and Phosphoric acid combined gave increased yields over the unfertilized plats in all five years on the plats in both fields, the annual average for the first four years in Field C being 460 pounds of hay (less than for phosphoric acid alone, which was 720 pounds). For the fifth year (1908) in Field A the increase was 1,800 pounds, or 100 pounds more than the phosphoric acid alone gave. Nitrogen and Potash JST K (Plats 5 and 6). From the application of nitrogen and potash combined the yields were increased in three years and gave the same yield in one year in Field C, the average increase for the four years being 292 pounds of hay, the smallest increase from any of the applications in the test. In Field A in 1908 there was a gain of 500 pounds of hay, due to nitrogen and potash. Phosphoric Acid and Potash, P K (Plats 122 ^nd 7). Phosphoric acid and potash combined produced increased yields of hay in all five years of the tests on the plats in both fields over the unfertilized plats, the annual average increase for the first four years in Field C being 840 pounds per acre (120 pounds more than phosphoric acid alone). 94 The Bulletin and for the fifth year (1908) in Field A 1,900 pounds (200 pounds more than phosphoric acid alone), valued over the cost of fertilizer respectively at $5.76 and $15.30 per acre. Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash, IST P K (Plats 6_ and 8). These three materials combined in a complete fertilizer gave increased yields in all of the tests on all the plats, the annual average increase for the four years in Field C being 962 pounds of hay and for the fifth year in Field A 1,800 pounds. The net value of the increase (value over the cost of fertilizer) was $6.17 in Field C and $13.71 in Field A, or 89 cents more than phosphoric acid in Field C and 39 cents less in Field A. For the production of hay these experiments, as a whole, show that phosphoric acid (Acid phosphate) produced the increased yields and that nitrogen and potash had very little effect, and in a number of tests none at all. Lime alone, L (plats 7^ and 14). On the Plat in Field C lime alone gave a profitable yield of pea-vine hay in the four years' test, the aver- age increase being worth $3.38 per acre. On the plat in Field A in one year's test there was no increase in yield over the unfertilized plat, and the lime was therefore used at a loss. Complete Fertilizer with Lime, [N" P K L (Plats 9^ and 15). Where lime was used in combination with the three fertilizer constituents there was a slight increase over what the complete fertilizer alone gave, but not sufficient to make the profit any greater than was obtained from the three fertilizer constituents by themselves. Taken as a whole, lime was of doubtful value in increasing the yield of pea-vine hay. EFFECT ON YIELD OF PEAS. The yields of peas given in Table X for the singles and combinations were obtained on the same plats as the hay, the hay being cut on one- half of each plat and the peas gathered on the other half. Nitrogen, N (Plats 1 and 1). After the first year (1904) nitrogen alone gave no material increase in the yield of peas; in two years (1906 and 1907) there was a decided decrease. Potash, K (Plats 3 and 3). Potash alone did not increase the pea yields, the net result being a small loss in yields and the loss of the cost of tbe fertilizer application. Nitrogen and Potash, IST K (Plats 5 and 6). Nitrogen and potash combined did not help the yield of peas, and the cost of the fertilizer was lost. Phosphoric Acid, P (Plats 2 and 2). Phosphoric acid alone gave an annual average increase of 2 bushels of peas per acre for the four years' test in Field C and 5 bushels for the fifth year in Field A. Nitrogen and Phosphoric Acid, N P (Plats 4 and 5). Nitrogen and phosphoric acid combined increased the yield of peas in each of the tests, the annual average for the four years in Field C being 3.1 bushels, and for the fifth year in Field A 7.2 bushels. These were the largest and most profitable increases obtained frotn any of the fertilizer appli- cations. Phosphoric Acid and Potash, P K (Plats 122 ^^^ 7). From phos- J The Bulletin 95 phoric acid and potash together there was an average annual increase of 2.5 bushels peas per acre for the four years in Field C, and 7 bushels for one year in Field A. N'itrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash, N" P K (Plats 6 and 8). These three materials in a complete fertilizer produced an average in- crease of 2.6 bushels for the four years in Field C, the main increase being the first two years, and 6.6 bushels for the fifth year in Field A. The yields above were a little less than where nitrogen and phosphoric acid alone were combined, shoAving that potash, whether used alone or with other materials, has not added to the production of peas. Lime alone, L (Plats 7^ and 14). On the plat in Field C lime alone on an average gave an increased yield in peas worth $2 above the cost of the lime. On the plat in Field A as a result of one year's test there was a loss of 3 cents per acre. Complete Fertilizer with Lime, N P K L (Plats 9'- and 15). On the plats in one field there was a small increased yield from the use of lime in connection with a complete fertilizer, while on the plats in the other field the yield was practically the same where lime was used and where it was not. On an average, the lim.e used with complete fertilizer gave a greater profit per acre by $3.38 than did the use of the complete fertilizer alone. The same fertilizers have not increased the yield of peas in the same proportion they did hay. Phosphoric acid was the most important constituent, whether used alone or in combinations ; nitrogen with phos- phoric acid was helpful; nitrogen alone, potash alone, and nitrogen and potash combined were used at a loss. Effect of Varying Quantities of Nitrogen. — This part of the experi- ments was planned to determine the effect on the yield of hay of vary- ing quantities of nitrogen, leaving the phosphoric acid and potash con- stant. On one plat the nitrogen was reduced by one-half, making the application iy2 pounds of nitrogen per acre, or 0.7 per cent in the fer- tilizer m.ixture. On two other plats it was increased by two and three times the normal quantity, or 6 and 9 pounds per acre respectively, rep- resenting 3.2 per cent of nitrogen in the fertilizer mixture in the highest application. EFFECT OlSr YIELD OF HAY. The results during the first four years on plats in Field C showed a profitable increase in the yields of hay from increased quantities of nitrogen, the average profit for the four years from the heaviest applica- tion of nitrogen with constant amounts of phosphoric acid and potash being $9.23 over the cost of the fertilizer application, or $3.95 more than an application of phosphoric acid alone gave, and $3.48 more than potash and phosphoric acid gave. For the one year's results on the plats in Field A the results showed no increase in yields of hay from increased quantities of nitrogen. The most profitable yield on these plats was from the plat receiving one-half the normal quantity of nitro- gen, and the yield on this plat was less profitable than that obtained from phosphoric acid alone. The yield on plat 12 of Field A receiving the highest application of nitrogen, was less profitable than that on the plats receiving phosphoric acid alone and phosphoric acid and potash, by $1.77 and $2.97 respectively. The losses on these plats were very close to the gains on the plats in Field C. 96 The Bulletin The four years' experiments, represented on these latter plats, taking the results as a whole, show some profit, as is shown in the yield of hay from the increased quantities of nitrogen, though it is small over the profits produced by phosphoric acid alone. EFFECT ON YIELD OF PEAS. The experiments were intended, as were those with hay, to show the effect of vaiying quantities of nitrogen on the yield of peas, the phos- phoric acid and potash remaining constant. The results show that the most profitable yields on the plats in both fields were where one-half the quantity of nitrogen was applied, or 0.7 per cent in the fertilizer mix- ture, and the profits on these plats were but slightly in excess of those where phosphoric acid alone and where phosphoric acid and potash were applied. The large application of nitrogen gave less profitable yields than phosphoric acid alone. On the whole, the results in the production of peas are unfavorable to the application of nitrogen. Taking the results as a whole and con- sidering the value of the peas and hay together the heavier applications of nitrogen yielded the greatest profit per acre above the cost of ferti- lizer. Effect of Varying Quantities of Phosphoric Acid. — -This part of ex- periments was planned to shoAV the eft'ect on the yield of hay and peas of varying quantities of phosphoric acid, the nitrogen and potash remaining constant. On one plat one-half the normal quantity of phosphoric acid was applied, or a quantity represented by 75 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate, an equivalent to 12 pounds of phosphoric acid. To two plats were applied two and three times the normal quan- tities of phosphoric acid represented by 300 and 450 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate respectively, or 48 and 72 pounds of phosphoric acid per acre. EFFECT ON YIELD OF HAY. The results on the plats in both fields in all the years show with marked unanimity decided increases in the yields of hay for increased J quantities of phosphoric acid. On an average, increasing the applica- ^ tion of 16 per cent acid phosphate from 75 pounds to 450 pounds, used with 23 pounds of blood and 60 pounds of manure salt, gave an in- crease of 1,002 pounds per acre worth $9.02 at a cost of $3 for the increase. The most profitable yield on the plats in Field C was from the plat receiving two quantities phosphoric acid or the equivalent of 300 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate per acre, while the most^ profitable return from the plats in Field A is from the one having three quantities of phosphoric acid or the equivalent of 450 pounds acid phosphate per acre, the profit in these cases being $8.06 and $20.31 per acre respectively. The results, as a whole, show in the most striking way the need of this soil for phosphoric acid in the growth of pea-vine hay. EFFECT ON YIELD OF PEAS. The pea yields point to the same conclusions as for hay, the most profitable results coming from two quantities of phosphoric acid on the plats in Field C and three quantities from the plats in Field A. The Bulletin 97 Taking the results as a whole for both hay and peas, the most profit- able application of phosphoric acid is 300 and 450 pounds of 16 per cent acid phosphate when the nitrogen and potash applications are con- stant at 3 and 12 pounds per acre respectively. By increasing the ap- plication of acid phosphate from 75 to 300 pounds the profit per acre, for hay and peas above cost of fertilizer, was increased 3.6 times. Effect of Varying Quantities of Potash. — This portion of the experi- ments was planned to shoAV the effect upon the yield of hay of varying quantities of potash, the nitrogen and phosphoric acid remaining con- stant. On one plat one-half the normal quantity of . potash was ap- plied, or about 3.0 per cent in the actual fertilizer mixture used, while on two other plats tAvo and three times the normal quantities were given, or 24 and 36 pounds per acre, the percentage of potash in the highest application being somewhat in excess of 10 per cent. EFFECT ON YIELD OF HAY. While there are some variations in the yield, the results show de- creased rather than increased yields from applications of potash, and on none of the plats in either of the fields Avere the profits from the appli- cations of potash in any quantity as great as from phosphoric acid alone. On the whole, these tests shov/ that potash used beyond 12 pounds per acre has decreased yields and profits. EFFECT ON YIELD OF PEAS. In the four years experiments on plats in Field C the increase in the yields of peas was very small and not sufficient to overcome the cost of fertilizer, which was used, in three out of four cases, at a loss. In one year's experiments on the plats in Field A the fertilizer application produced decided increase in pea yields, but the profits in only two cases were greater than from phosphoric acid alone and in only one from phosphoric acid and potash, and the increases in these cases were small. Taking them altogether, the results show that increases in quantities of potash have not profitably added to the yields of peas. Effect of Varying Quantities of Fertilizer. — These experiments show the effect of increasing and decreasing the normal (N P K equals 300 pounds of a fertilizer mixture containing 8 per cent phosphoric acid, 4 per cent of potash, and 1 per cent nitrogen) fertilizer application on the yields of hay and peas. The applications were at the rate of 150 pounds per acre, !/•> (IST P K) ; 300 pounds per acre, IST P K; 450 pounds per acre 1^2 (^ P K) ; 600 pounds per acre, 2 (IST P K) ; and 900 pounds per acre, 3 (N P K). EFFECT ON YIELD OF HAY. The results show an increased yield of hay for the increased appli- cations on the plats in Field A, the greatest average profit coming from the application of 600 pounds of fertilizer per acre; while on plats in Field C 300 pounds per acre gave the most profitable yields. 98 The Bulletin EFFECT ON YIELD OF PEAS. The most profitable yields were obtained on both fields from the plats receiving 600 pounds of the normal fertilizer application. Considering both hay and peas, the profit per acre was increased as the application was increased, the profit from the use of 900 pounds being 5.9 times greater than that from the use of 150 pounds per acre. PHOSPHORIC ACID. The results from the different experimental fields of the Piedmont Section of JSTorth Carolina contained in this bulletin show conclusively that phosphoric acid is the chief requirement of all the soils tested, except those of the Tredell loam. With this exception, wherever it has been applied the yields on an average have been markedly increased. Chemical analyses show that the total supply in any of the types of soil examined in the Piedmont Section which are farmed extensively is below that commonly required for the production of maximum crops, except the Iredell loam, the Mecklenburg loam, the Congaree silt loam and the Congaree fine silt sandy loam soils. Twenty to twenty-five large corn crops would require as much of this constituent as is con- tained in the surface 6-^ inches per acre of most of the types occurring in the Piedmont Section of the State. There are several sources from which phosphoric acid is commonly obtained as a fertilizer. These are acid phosphate, bone meal, basic slag, and ground phosphate rock or fioats. Floats is the name given to ground phosphate rock; acid phosphate is the same material treated with an equal amount of sulphuric acid; basic slag is a by-product of the manufacture of steel from phosphatic iron ore, and bone meal is a by-product of slaughter houses. Of these acid phosphate is the foremost extensively used in this State it being the more available carrier of phosphoric acid. It is readily available and consequently acts quickly. Bone meal either raw or steamed is suitable but is scarce and is a more expensive carrier of phosphoric acid than the others. Basic slag is a desirable form, if not too expensive, for sour soils, since it contains lime as well as phosphate and consequently assists in correcting any possible acidity. Phosphoric acid in this form, however, is not as available as that derived from acid phosphate. The ground rock or floats undoubtedly furnishes the cheap- est source of phosphoric acid to be used in the permanent improvement of the soils of this section. Phosphoric acid can be secured in this material at about one-fourth of what it would cost in acid phosphate and one-third as much as in slag. It is not readily available, but when applied in combination with stable manure or turned under with a green .crop, it usually has considerable effect the first year. By the use of the rock in the proper way, not only are the yields gen- erally increased rapidly, but the soil will be enriched in phosphoric acid about four times as fast. The practice of mixing rock phosphate with manure as it accumulates in the stable is certainly commendable. We advise the addition of 75 to 100 pounds to each ton of manure for the soils of this section. Another method of using the rock phosphate is to apply it to clover sod or a green catch crop. In this case we would rec- The Bulletin 99 ommend an application of 800 to 1,000 pounds per acre every three or four years. It should be remembered, however, that as a general thing, for immediate returns, acid phosphate used in the proper way and in optimum quantity will usually be found to supply phosphoric acid in the form that will afford the largest profit per acre, although the phosphoric acid in the acid phosphate will cost two to three times as much per pound as that derived from finely ground phosphate rock. NITROGEN. Most of the cultivated soils of the Piedmont Eegion are very deficient in organic matter, and therefore lack nitrogen, as organic matter is the principal source of nitrogen in the soil. This source of supply is not sufficient as is shown by the plat results. Other than organic matter there are three sources from which to obtain nitrogen: commercial fertilizers, farm manure, and the free nitrogen of the air. There are many nitrogenous materials used as fertilizer, but they are all expensive. Especially is this true for the Piedmont Region, since most of the general farm crops are heavy feeders on nitrogen. In the eastern part of the State where cotton is much more important commer- cial carriers of nitrogen can usually be used with profit. Where cotton is grown in the Piedmont Section, ordinarily here too the commercial forms of nitrogen may be used in fertilizing most soils and have them prove profitable. Where grains and grasses are grown chiefly, however, other sources will have to be depended upon largely. Staljle manure furnishes one of the most desirable sources, as there are large amounts of organic matter in it as well as nitrogen, and at the same time con- siderable quantities of phosphoric acid and potash. Still, it is not a well-balanced fertilizer for these soils unless fortified with additional phosphoric acid. Valuable as it is, however, the supply of organic matter and nitrogen in the soils throughout this section cannot be built up through the use of manure alone, because in the production and hand- ling of manure there is a great loss of the element nitrogen. The only other available source is that contained in the air. Here we find the supply which must be largely depended upon in the permanent increase of the supply of this element in the soils of the Piedmont Sec- tion. Most crops, including the grain and grasses, are unable to draw upon the inexhaustible supply, but there is a large class known as legumes Avhich have this power. The clovers, peas and beans, as is commonly kno-wn, are legumes. They furnish an economincal means of maintaining and even upbuilding the supply of this most expensive ele- ment of plant food in soils. It has tnithfully been said of them that "They not only feed themselves, but pay for the privilege," meaning that they not only secure nitrogen for their own growth but at the same time furnish a profitable crop. POTASH. Of all the types of soils of the Piedmont Plateau Region of the State thus far studied, the content of potash present in the surface soil is gen- erally sufficient for growing maximum crops for a hundred years or more. It is generally more a problem of making this supply available 100 The Bulletin than of increasing it. Not only do the chemical analyses show that there is a fairly liberal supply of potash in these soils, but in no case do we find any marked increases in yield due to its use, and frequently the yield is actually reduced. Generally it certainly would give better imniediate returns and would be far more beneficial to eliminate potash altogether for general farm crops, and put the money into an additional supply of phosphoric acid. Potash, however, can be applied with profit to tobacco and very probably to Irish potatoes on most of the Piedmont soils. LIME. The results on all the soils, with the exception of Field C at the Ire- dell farm where several crops of cowpeas had been previously plowed into the soil, do not indicate that the Piedmont soils in their present condition are particularly benefited by applications of lime, except for leguminous crops like crimson clover, vetch, and red clover, and for soils on which these have been plowed into them. Chemical examination does not show them to be strongly acid or generally lacking in lime. The soils thus far examined in the Piedmont Section show those of the Iredell, Mecklenburg and Congaree series in the order named to con- tain the highest percentage of lime. CROP EOTATIOlSr NECESSAKY FOR A PERMANENT SYSTEM OF AGRICTTLTUEE. It is the duty of every owner of agricultural land in this or any other section of' the State to follow methods of crop rotation and ferti- lization which shall maintain the producing power of the fertile soils, and which shall build up that of the poorer ones. Our methods of fann- ing should be such that the soils would become more_ productive year by year. The one great purpose in the present investigation of North Carolina soils as outlined in the beginning of this report, is to deteraiine the most economical methods of fertilizing the various soil types, which, when applied in conjunction with proper crop rotation, will increase the producing power and thereby establish a better system of agricul- ture in the Piedmont Eegion of the State. "We have experimental work in progress in this section which has this end in view. All of the results thus far secured in the experiments on the outlying fields and a resume of all the results from 1902 through J909 with cotton, corn and cowpeas at the two experimental f arms m the Piedmont Section are presented in Tables I-X of this Bulletin. From the information at hand we are able to recommend methods which if followed on the main soil types of the Piedmont Section of the State will come nearer maintaining their productivity than the methods more commonly now in practice. Such a system of management must first of all include the applica- tion of phosphoric acid. In addition, it must include either the use of large quantities of farm manures or the turning under of leguminous crops. The organic matter in the case of the greater part of the culti- vated soils of the Piedmont Section must be increased before maximum grain crops can be produced at a profit. With this purpose in view the following rotations are recommended : The BuLLETiisr Three-year Rotation. 101 First Year — Corn, with soja beans or cowpeas drilled in row at planting or before first cultivation. They may too be sown broadcast before last cultivation. Second Year — Wheat, red clover. Third Year — Red clover. This is a short rotation admirably adapted to the grain farms of the section. The corn stover and wheat straw should be plowed under or fed to stock and the manure carefully saved an'd returned to the soil. The soja beans or cowpeas should be turned under and likewise the last crop of red clover. Fig. SIII. Building up the productivity of the soil by sowing cowpeas broadcast in the corn at tlie last working. In starting this rotation we would recommend an application of 200 to 400 pounds of acid phosphate under the corn and 75 to 100 pounds of nitrate of soda used as a top dressing. If available, farm manure may be used with the phosphate and the nitrate eliminated. This fertiliza- tion applies to the more extensively tilled types. The nitrogen appli- cation could well be reduced or left off entirely on new land or on the darker phases or types. Unless lime has been applied within the last two or three years, an application of 1,000 pounds of ground limestone per acre should be added to those soils on which legumes are to be grown and to those containing a considerable amount of organic matter. The lime should be applied broadcast and be thoroughly incorporated with the surface soil with a disk or spike-tooth harrow at the time of pre- paring the land for corn or wheat crop. The first year wheat is grown it should receive similar treatment to 102 The Bulletin that recommended for corn. In addition to the acid phosphate it would he well to apply 200 to 400 pounds of rock phosphate per acre, as this fertilization is for both the wheat and clover crops. An application of 600 to SOO pounds of rock phosphate per acreto the crop of clover before it is turned under in the fall should furnish sufficient phosphoric acid for the crops of the second period of this rota- tion. Within a comparatively short time enough nitrogen should be furnished by the soja beans, or cowpeas, the clover, and the roughage, or stable manure if crops are fed, that the nitrate could be entirely dispensed with. The application of rock phosphate and lime should be made every 4 or 5 years. Livestock farming in connection with this rotation would materially help in improving the productivity of these soils. FOUR-YEAR ROTATIONS. A good four-year rotation is the same as the above with oats and soja beans or cowpeas following corn the second year. Other four-year rotations which could be adopted in this section are: First Year — Corn. Second Year — Crimson clover and cowpeas or soja beans. Third Year — Wheat, red clover. Fourth Year — Red clover. Or for sections of the Piedmont Plateau in which cotton is grown use one similar to this: First Year — Corn. Second Year — "Wheat, red clover. ■ Third Year — Red clover. Fourth Year — Cotton, rye. A similar method of fertilization should be adopted with these four- year rotations as is given for the three-year rotation. FIVE- OR SIX-YEAR ROTATIONS. Any of these rotations with two years of pasture added would make them even better adapted to livestock farming. Where it is desired to grow cotton, the following six year rotation should under^ an intelligent supplemental system of fertilization and proper cutlivation, give good results : First Year — Corn, with cowpeas in the row or sown broadcast just before the last cultivation. Second Year — Cotton, with rye sown broadcast in the cotton after the first picking and covered with a harrow or light cultivator. Third Year — Cowpeas, wheat. Fourth Year — Wheat, red clover. Fifth Year — Red clover. The fertilizer here too would be similar to that indicated above for a three-year rotation. The Bulletin 103 CRIMSON CLOVER IN CORN. A good and practical metliod of soil improvement and the production, at the same time, of profitable corn crops, is to grow a crop of corn and crimson clover each year, using good fertilization on the corn crop at first. Crimson clover is sown in corn during the latter part of August or early in September. A crop of crimson clover is obtained in this way each year and very little difficulty is found in getting a stand of Pig. XIV. Crimson clover sown in fall of 1906 after taking off crop of corn. Clover two feet high when photographed on May 13, 1907. crimson clover in the corn. The productiveness of the land can be rapidly increased with this cropping provided sufficient amounts of phosphoric acid be applied. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PIEDMONT SOILS. Fourteen years ago the mapping of the soils of the State was started. The maps, which are being made of the various counties, show the loca- tion and extent of each type of soil. Thus far about 40 per cent of the total land area of the State has been worked from which a large num- ber of soil samples have been collected and analyzed. These analyses are brought together on the following pages. They have been used in connection with this report and these and other analyses will be used in our further investigations of the soils and crops of the State. The analyses show all of the Piedmont soils to be fairly well provided with potash; poorly provided with phosphoric acid, with the exception of 104 The Bulletin those of the Iredell loam ; and fairly well stored with lime. The Iredell, the Congaree and the Mecklenburg series of soils and the Durham sandy loam type in Cabarrus and Caswell counties generally have been found to contain high amounts of lime. Of all of these, the soils of the Iredell series are decidedly richer in this constituent than any other of the soils of the Piedmont Section examined. The amount of nitrogen present in these soils is usually quite small and variable, the quantity present be- ing dependent upon the amount of organic matter contained in the soil. The field experiments which have been made on these soils and pre- sented, in part, in this report, shoAv that potash is not usually needed for the production of good crops, but that phosphoric acid and nitrogen are the most important constituents. The soil analyses and the experi- ments point the way to the proper use of fertilizers for the production of profitable crops in the Piedmont Section, as well as the kind of ferti- lization and rotations to be followed for the permanent improvement of the soils. Phosphates in some form must be used liberally, nitrogen must be supplied either in fertilizers or by growing soil- improving crops, while potash is not generally needed. A study of these analyses will prove of interest and value to those who are farming in the Piedmont Section of the State. They are fun- damentally important in connection with a more profitable and progres- sive agriculture for this portion of l^orth Carolina. The Bulletin 105 o Q O H U o o I— I H CO O PL( o o Pounds of Total Plant Food Constituents per Acre Surface 2,000,000 lbs. SubsoiL... 8,000,000 lbs. Mag- nesia, MgO. OS 1^ Ill to CO ' « '•J' <=> ' > 1 iC -^ ' 1 ' ' ' ' ' ■ ^ I ' ' ' I I I I 1 • 1 t0000»00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 10000000 1 ' 1 1 fOOC^^OOCO^'^ ' 1 1 1 1 ' 1 iiOiOOOCOtM-^ ' « • 1 t • rill CO CO coi'iii' 30 OC0OOO COCOfMi-ti-cOC^t^i-iCO 1— t 1—1 C^ICDcDC0C3OOOOOTt»0c0(MC0Ot^TtOC000 1-t i:^ CO '-I -s 1 Pm cooscoir^-^OOOOO Cdl-^-rt^t^-.-HOC'fMOO OC>Ot-»OcOTj*OiCOO iocDcr3-^iro'>tj*ooo<30coOTt<(MOO(Meq oi»o^Hc^o«Dc^Tt00'Mt^-*(MCOcOC5(MTt<«3'^00-^ oi^t^a5Tt<»oco*— .•O'^coi-HCRCDr^t^ »-« i-H .-H Cq i-H C^ (NT-lrH Percentage Composition of Fine Soil on Dry Basis Mag- nesia, MgO. 00 CO 1 «''»•' ' O{M»0 OOrHOOOOi-Hi-tOCOOrJ*Tl- GO'^OOO OOOiOTt* ■^toioa50r^'-4co^»oociOO'fticD i-H(M^lr^Tt^CO-<*'yDiOOCOCOOOCO (Mi-H*-I COCflTj'i-ICOC^ (Mf-CCOT-looooooooooooooo 8ui^ JO a. 00 t:}< -aD ■**< 1-H f^Ost^t^l^OOOOO cncncicnoaoooo'O ^ ,_) T-H T-l ^H i-H »o CO Oi CO 00 05 t>-t^0000OOOOC5OC5OOOt^0s OSOSCSOOOOOCKiOOOOOOCaOS County f Surface I Subsoil Gaston-- ' Gaston ■ Gaston Gaston _._ Gaston f Surface. I Subsoil Mecklenburg Mecklenburg f Cabarrus Cabarrus Caswell ■ Caswell Location all the anabases of the type Zyi miles s. s. e. of Gastonia.. 1 mile n. of Harden. Z]4 miles n. of Gastonia 2 miles w. of Gastonia Gastonia test field. _. all analyses for Gaston County 7 miles w. of Pineville 3 miles s. w. of Cornelius 9 miles n. n, e. of Concord. Near Bogerts Chapel 43-2 miles e. of Concord 4 1-8 miles n.of Yanceyville. . \ 2}4 miles s. w. of Locust Hill. jaqranj si 9|dm'Bg *o«:>oioaioo50 -V (N(McO'*rj<»r:)»OCO ^H(M • »— t*— 1 «' T— (rHi-HT-Hi— |^-(t-Ht-I TO 0^ eaqouj 01 q^dOQ OJ 'rt* CO CO 00 T-iCOOOCOCOCflOOCp ■< 0"<4*0000000 OCOOJ CD COC^CO CD CO CD 1-HCO > 00COI>-COi-HCO00CO0CCOI>-CO 0(N "^ 000050-^OOOOOOt^ ^ r-t ^H i-H 106 The Bulletin 8 S < o )j >^ Q IS < 03 o o o CO O Pk O o 03 QO oo oo oo oo c o oo a o o -a o o 03 O O 3 3 M.26 ^ en bfl sss c^ O o r^ oo o o o go E IS w oo n CO o CO o CT3 ^ o r^ CO ■<)< o o o ,d (M >o o o m *o CO CO o o! o CO en r^ •* -* ■K 1-* e^ c^ en *o CO o o »-l ^ ^ o _ _^ > 0Q O o 9, » Pu MI.20 lis O ^ Tjt o o loeoc^^o-^c^c^io 1— «•—<»-(.— tcOCO OOOOOOOO tnra z qiJ^a BUl^ JO ^3B^u.^^a^J o •a a o B .13 O rt a o m a o o o a o o T3 o o o 6 C3 J3 bt 13 o o Pi o i a -s. a o >. 03 o a o >. 03 I— < o o c3 jaqoin^ dldoi^g M CO CO CD o I I I I < I I I oc^oooooos u o w o o :z o I— ( E- 03 O Pu o o oo CO oo »-^ CO CD O O ^^ CO OO 00 CM i-« ^^ .-H CO CO or^ooooooo OCOOOCOCOOCMCOO 0«OOOCDCOCO»-"OOCM "^•^■^CMt^COt^COt^- lOCMlMOOOOOOOOO OiOO'-HCiOOOCi-^CMMO t^iOi>-r^r— 05r--.«oooiOio CO (M »-H -rj* (M «-H CO "^ O CO ■^ t^ o O9e0-**«OOOC a a OOO S i tn a; a> ca n a » IS a> o O, o w a ^ o Z S "s fQ 4) .i4 lU o M O >> "d c3 03 C4-I o 6 a P4 M Si-—! r3 s ■bS a a to eo^a50'-'CM»ococMcocor- .-•^^CMCOCOCO^^CMCM-^-^ .-(--.-•■-.,-i.-(^«»-*COCOCOCO CD CO »0 CO _ • I <0 CO '^ CO »o I I I I 'OOO O CO T7 o ■* d> The Bulletin 107 m •-H CO fM '^ o in ■^ "M cq lO C4 O 1— t iO w? en i-O O o -^ •^ OO O OO *>! o o o oj t- ■^ CO »o o CO - o CM in ■-r -r »n 00 en T) lO r^ CM OO M< '<*< Tji c» (N CM 00 Oi CD 9 M c« OO o CO t^ o o 60»'000«Or-CMO'— '^OtJ^O ebooco'^ooOTftoCM^Oi'^ »-HCO»-<00'— CO m IM 00 ■* CO «-4 t-4 »-H I— 1 P4 CO *-H o o cr> CO on to t^ m (-> r^ OS o 00 cr> CO Oi in ■^ lO r^ " CO C^l lO ^^ o n m in CO CO to IN IC (M to on c-> m r^ r^ C5 Tt* o O o o O O c^ O o o o IM 1-^ o (M *— 1 cn ■rt< o lO (M Oi CO r^ CJ on CO •o lO o O o o o o o o o o o o 1 o 1 o o o 1 CM CM OO t CM C-) o o o o o o o o o 00 CO to OO in C5 -^ c^ C-) CM CM UO t^ r^ ■*i< 'N OO CM CM CM 1-^ Oi ^-( CM CO i-H 1 CO »-4 CO •T}4 Oi in o •^ fM o O O O o o o o S CD o O OO > m to — < a Id in ■fc 03 W O s 03 ja a '3 o o « e :S C3 03 a 3 o d 03 a o U O O o IS o CO O O U 05 O 00 o OS CO 00 c> Oi CO lO o r^ to CO lO o o o C CO CO t^ CO CO CO r t I I O 00 O CO CO in ■<*« -* CD 1-H 05 CO ■^ CM ■^ ^ ^ CO Th CO CO OS CM CO CO lO i-t CO Ci CO O lo in ■ ■ . ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ *-l CQ m 05 o o CO CO o lO 00 CO r^ -^ O O O -H to lO o in to q 00 00 q CO o q IM lO o to o *o 14/ ™ .*^ .- O Oj 13 ^ -^ T T3 t4 i-> h w ™ CJ o3 > < T—CMco^mcOh-oo COCOOlOiOOOO ,_,_,^,-,CMCMCMCM Oa »-< CO "^ W3 (^ o ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ CM CM CM CM CM CM kC CM CO CO 00 I I I I I 0*0000 108 The Bulletin 3 8 s o 1^ o I-:) o o o o o CO O o o ;3. per Olbs. Olbs. Mag- nesia, MgO. "5 S§ 3 OO c> »-r OS .£ oo 00 CI t-- CO rH 1^- CO 1 I m oJ^ 0000^0 CO 13 u-g 1 CQ CO CO 00 00 ^ 00 ■«*< •* > p.!? s tfi Til r^ CO r^ UO CO ■•^t 00 1 tX ^ 1« CD CM 00 CO CM ag 03 00 S e5 CO ^H OS ^ C- M "^ =^ CO c^ *^. ^ C^ CO ' cq -^ CO ^ CO CO CO CS CS CD rH CO to CO H d f^ t-^ CO 00 W2 CVJ lO CO CO r- CO CM -^ CM to CM CO CM -rt^ rH .■S <» 1— 1 q q q 000000 0000 ^t. ' tat am J JO a^ 1 10 CD CD OS CO CD OS r-t y-^ ■'-^ »-H T-< T-l 1— 1 1— I T-r T— 1 r-l .— ( 1-1 r~l rH »— 1 rH rH *-H -— - -7- ^^-- "^ —7' ^-^ ''-^ . ,' 1 iii) bn til >, 1 1 1- 1^ b. .& 3 3 3 a 1 X! X! 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CO o c^ lO -H »0 lO 4d ^ o O CO Ol 00 q 00 00 rt Oi CO s q 00 t^ CO —K c« c^ ^H C^^ §1:2 l>- Oi CO 00 t^ 00 CO Oi 00 o h- 00 T-4 CM 00 -< CO CO 00 CM O CO CO (N to O Tf CO 05 CO W5 -^ Ol M 00 00 lO o b* CM -^ h a CO ^^ CO CO »-t — ^ CO •« "^ q q CM « 00 t^ CM onij JO 8j s§ 00 o s§ c-j oo O 05 OS -H OO 9> oo o Oi o oa OS §§ 00 o OS o OS o o o o o CO CO OS 0> ^^ 1-1 1-t *-i tM l-H 1— « 1—1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 T 1 bt >> u u -p • 1 3 3 a 1 1 TO J3 .D S d 3 0) -- o 7^ 3 a d o ¥^ d d d d a o & L. 'o fH « OJ d -P O o o o o O 03 a 3 s 3 3 CO m cS O en o CO O C3 o en c3 o 3 3 U o i3 o o t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 § "d ;3 o s m f-H CO k. g 1 XS (4.. o a '3 o tn O en •a o i "d 03 «2 o J3 M ja bD 1 o c8 O a o o o a o O o o d o C« 1 o O d .2 CO 1— t "o 6 m o 1 o d a 1— « en 3 "5 >> a 3 o O i a m a d d n 1 CO O m 03 o m o 's CO O o m a c3 . . — -"^ * . '-"^ '-' — • •-^^ ' » ^"^ 'o t^ 00 r^ 00 l-H (M ^ (M uo CO "o OS o CO r^ IM CO ^ CM UO CO jaqoin^ ,1 atdniBg jT?x u o O CO CO O CO o t^ OJ CO e < 1^ CO 1 1 ^H CO 1 1 A A 00 CO ' 1. 11 o:) saqou] ui mdaa °2 O 00 O 05 O CO O 00 O OS o -w ■= 2 O CM o 2 The Bulletin 111 < o hi ' t-H o w o 'fe o o H M o o o OOOOOOOOOO *-J to ^ o H 03 o O fa O o 03 O fa o o CO o CO tH CO o ea W3 CO iH oo ■* to lO o cq OS •* 00 to t>. 00 CO 00 >0 00 o to (M OO 00 >o 00 CO o "S< -H o o o d o a o >. C3 o o l-l o o u fa o o CO o PM o o 00 o t^ to >o 00 ,_, •o to ■* H Q w Q O IS o H O ft, o o (M 1— 1 1— 1 CO CO 1—1 csi C^ W3 CO 1— 1 00 t^ c3 d .a -s a r-^ C ^ 6 c3 ^^^ laqmn^ a^dm^g OsO^iO-^iOiOCOb-QOCOt-^ C^COCOCOCOCO»OkOC^C^OiO» > CO O O n o 00 CO to OS ■^ to o . CO o CO fM CO O o o o p p a> (M o IM on (M •^ (M »o (>J ■^ •? "t: £ a a 3 3 63 C3 to CO O O o Q. >> 4^ a O > c« (U o o o ffl O a m 03 O 1>^ Q O o W (« P Q O !z; o o Ph o o S IM -H ca ^.^ ^^ o lO CO 00 OS a OS OS »-< *— 1 CM Ol CO CO > o ■«*< o o r- o r-- Oi CO oi o o ■»:f Cff 1— < r^ •O »o Tt* o (M on Tt* CO CO (TS CD «o OO on r-- c-^ OO CO CO CO CM o !->- r-- CM ■rs CO ■n* CO CM »-H 1— r t^ ■^ ,— lO 00 oo CO Oi r^ CO f— f t^ o CI CO OJ to oo r^ CM CM <— > lO OO CO CO OS C-) on CM r-^ CO CO 1-^ on oo -«;t< lO o CM 00 o CO o Oi COOOCO'<**'^OOr- >COT-^tO t~*CO kOCOi— ; 00 (M 1-^ C3 <-> ro o to o on m o o (M OS to o on t- to C4 CO •* to to C35 io tit CO ■■»< to to ft »-< •^ N CO CM ft •* W5 00 on o CO >o (-13 CM CO • 00 o 00 00 OO Oi o> <3i 03 Oi 03 05 I s t: J3 3 3 CO CQ O O •*^ CO o 3 o m a .a o a o 4^ tn d O =3 3 a O 03 o Dt o 03 a 3 3 3 O 3 3 o 4^ 03 3 O >, c3 o O T3 o t*-l o o o 3 o O s :§ a CO "^ -3 !>■ T-l ^H "o W3 CD CO ■^ CD o h- on cr> r- ^ CM t-H »o »o r- 00 g •<*' ■^ lO lO CO CO CM CM ^ "^ "^ *— 1 i-H 1—1 1— < 1— t T- « OCMCMCO O COOCO CO i-ico^cooocor^eo«-(cooscM ooo-^ooooo-^oo o 1-1 Q CO W 2 W P w P3 O o CO O PL, o o 00 to c^i to O tft CO CM o ^^ CO ■<*< r^ 'Cf ^ O ■<*< -Tf* CM CO o t^ o ^ oo ^O 00 CO 1—1 CM Tt* o r^ '^ •* 1—1 C3 CM C3 t--. O CO t-» OS CM OS OO 00 i-H 00 CO OS o o »o CO t*t •o CM O CM lO Oi t—t CM CM • p ft ^H on OO lO CO lO -at to lO to CM p p p o o f« OS CO t^ <— < iC m ■^ CO CO lO CO -^ o o o o o o 1-1 -^Ifl T}< o CO r>- t^ O 00 o» 03 ^ 3 3 CO OQ 3 o 43 n c3 o d o 43 CO C3 O g .3 J3 o CD o w iz; o W •S S C3 a 03 a d o a 40 ud r^ CM Oi c^ I I I I O 1:^ O OS 114 The Bulletin < o >> Q •z < 02 Hi H P (a « o 'z o H 1—4 CO O o a £5 tn oo oo oo CI * _ 3 oo iS oo •5 °-°- Cl o O O O o SO 00 o ■»** o ec CO »0OC3OCDOrfOc300'-'C^ Ci50iCOOC^-^r-^Or--05"^ C5CZ)^^00'*OCCC10'— 'f^eo W CO ^^ ,-H cq o 73 a o PLh xnm An-a^ WecOO«0OC0C^C0OC3C>0 ■^»^oo?oocot--!r5or^co»o cooeoootoooioo^cocQOO 1-H »-H ,— I CO »-• cor^os^OiOostocoooO'-H ooo?oo»oooo»ooi»oo>o O»^^oo■^coc5"^codca^-.co 00 C4 C4 CQ *-< 1-1 !>. OOf~^OOOCOOOOOTtt»05000 »o»oooc^)r^O'— "Cc*— 00'— -oo OCOOOcocDOOiOcoeOOCl ^4* C^ > U o sa rt K bO C OS so »Ot^«3COCOt>.00COW3W5Co^c^*-HC90i ^j3 O >> £> a o d o O c3 P4 &■ d d m O « o ^ 3 GO 0) GJ 1 1 3 O o o U a o m 03 o 0) 3 >, J, 2 S J, ■-^ ^ jaqtnn^ sidmvg eo«j»>tt*>oooo-ej«»ooo '-•^-eocoeococococqc^ 00 •* o oo o to o eO^^OOC^-^C^^HCOOOCO I I I I I I I I I I ocooooc^o-^oo ■^ 00 •o o ■* 3 C3 o 03 3 ;3 < O pj >| P hJ w p w Pi o 'z o Eh i—t CO O P^ O o a t^ oo OS C3 csi M "^ *-) 00 O. OO o oo c oo o UO 00 ■-*« c^ I^ QO CD OS Cq CI »-l lO CO o oo o 00 Cq C5 W G) *^^ -^ I I ^ 3 w oo a >> o 3 a o d — "^ <*-« 1~- 00 i-H ^^ m o> o> M The Bulletin 115 as CO CO 1-H O T-< o oo o CD O OO O X) (M t^) OO Ci ci r^ GO CO CS C^ C<1 00 O CO o CD (M 00 C*a CO »0 - 00 o •* o CO CO o o 00 r^ OO M T-( eq (M i-H ^H o Tj< o C^ Oi (M Cfi »-H O i-i O b- CO *0 Oi ,-t ^ ^ CO O O O O •«** t^ 1^ M rf rv (-) CO o ■^t* tn >o on CO (M 00 o O OO -^ -^ CD O C CD c^ ^r =? 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CM o ^- tr* »-< ^ cl o O o cj v^ \0* U-i cc ■^ or Cs CO "^ h- 00 on on oi (M rrs •O »o CM C-4 CM hO bc br 00 CO 00 CO I I I I o o o ~ s^ O CO 00 CO 00 CO I I I I O O O C3 00 q CO CO T-t CO lO CO o o in q in in ii> a O a o >. in O o o CO CO CD CO I r O OO o >^ Q iz; < 03 > iz: «: o o o »-H H CO o O O iO OO lO ■<*♦ CO tM CD CM to O T'- C^l CM .-H CO Oi ■^ 1-H Tj« lO lO CO CM -* ■* CO CO 00 C5 r^ •* CO o — > ■T3 CI o u a C3 a o i?; t^ 00 o o 116 The Bulletin O Q m m < O O t O o I— I H GO O Ph O 00 •* 1^- O • 1 lO ^ « S 2 M So UD CO CO CO CO < % i i •* -^ CO 03 tH 1 ii ' 2 CO O O CO 00 Ci o o |-g3 to (M C<1 CO t^ Cq Tj* ^H lO CO CJ CO CO eo -* o O O o o o o o o o Ph 6 ^ 1-t ,— 1 00 W3 ^ »-l 05 h C4 C<1 i-H CQ C^ 1-1 C^ (M •^ a, o o o o o o o o ^^M 05 -H CO CD mx; a Z q^JBg O -H OS OS CO O O Tt* am^ }o a; SB^uaojaj 05 C» OS OS OS OS 00 oo i i ^_^_^ '— ^*.^ ^^.^-' >, 1 1 ^ j i ! 1 tS O O S S -3 O 3 3 OQ CQ O O tf J ' i >i o >> E -»^ O M M d 1 «*. o tn ID 1 § ^ 6 ^ ^ t*_ 1^ «*-l ^ >. o . o 3 ^ 3 03 3 C3 (P ^ (U 4) 1 3 's 4J *-l ^ 1-t "ea ,--^ ,-^-^ — --> s- r-- oo Oi o r^ oo aaqxnn N aidniBg O O O -^ lO »o CO CO CO CO ■<** 't** naij'Bx 1 c3 O CO CD CO B'BA\ aidtt i^s qaiqM > ' J^ X X X ^y o^ tiaqau ui q^daa ' < o >< Q OQ ►J O O o H t— I cc O fu O O c» o o 00 00 05 o •* t-H U5 o o ■»! •* o ,-H IM 00 t^ OO o o -d 3 o B o o 3 o -*3 3 •P o O s CO CO A, O w o o z o o Ph o o lO O (M O CD O CO O '^ O -^ O O CD -^ 00 OS CQ -T** CO o CD t-- r- lO r^ t— (M CO c» CQ O lO O "** o oo CO Cs O CQ CD OS CO CO O t-- 00 CO OS CO oo "^ O *-H CQ C^ Tjl T-t t- O CO CD lO O CO -^ CD o r^ 00 O CD »-< 00 OS rt* CQ O CQ CD T-< Tjf '^Jf O -^ O O O CO O OS CO O OO O 00 -^ t-^ CD 00 1-1 Cfl i-H d CQ tH CO N CO CO lO »-i <-H 1-1 CD OS O "^ CO t* CO i— t CD C4 T-* CO CO O O CO f-H _ ^ ^ ^ Cfl »-l ,— I 1— I o »o CO lO CD •<*< »-H CD iO CO t^ CO CO CO O O O O O O t* O OO O CO o OS O OS O C3S O .3 03 a 03 a> ,3 3 03 ^ a •o cd *— ' ^^ '— "^ t4-4 CO ■<** CD r^ CD CO CQ CQ CO bO > The Bulletin 117 < o ij o o p PQ Z W iJ o w o o w o pt, o o -H o i~- o CC CO TH o n o o O o O o <:0 O lO o t^ o r^ fT) CO »o '^ O rjn r^ OO CO r^ -^J* CO CO CM -^ »-H i-toooooeoo lOOOC^JOOOWI-^O CO<>)COOOCCCO»000 ll CO *— t CO CO -* o •^ CO CO on 1-H »— 1 V-* o CO r^ f» (-15 CO CO CD >o r^ CO CO -* lO CO O o o o o o o o (U ^ Ij CO M 3 3 ^ ^ a £3 o a> a 3 o o a) a> § s C4 cS O a o ft o JS CO ^ Q GG w 1— ( w o o pq o o o o ft — (N ca J3 O (U S a O <-i , o ^__l r-- 00 CM C^ CO CO CO CO ^ CO CO CO CO »-H T^ "^ '"' ^H Si < ■* Tl< O M CO cq CO CO 1 I I I I OO O 00 O 00 o o o S ■^ OO OO ■* ^H CO o o 00 o OS CO 3 s Q PL, o O CO o C^l s I p iz; o o o o o I— I CO O PM o o o o ■* o CO •* OO cq M CO 00 CO *-< O O a o a o a c3 a u o P3 ot o o 15 o o pq O ^: o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o lO CQ CO CO -^ 00 CM r— CO r^ »-" CO CM 00 cq »o c^ r— o o o o o O CO C5 C^l O CO CO O "— ' "Tf to ^O en lO C*l CCI 00 CM Ol CM ^ CO O CM O ■^ lO »0 CO -^ CM Tt< O O ;* CM l>- CM CO CM o o o o o o GO -^ C^3 CO CO O CO O lO O CO o CM lO CO ''f i— I CO lO <-> o 00 (M »o (M o ■* •"' OS tH 1— ( -^ -< " C II 3 3 CO CO a C3 u 4) ft >> !> ft C3 o •p o -S" ►- •S d^ fa 13 3 o C3 '-' • ,— ' — * o Oi (-> _, CM CD on 00 g^ lO lO iM CM ^^ '"' *"* ^-t <1> > O 00 CO ^* CM 1-H CO (III O 00 o o 118 The Bulletin < o hj w o o u p:. o o »— I H y-1 CO O 1^ o u ents per ,000 lbs. ,000 lbs. 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T 7 t^co o^ saqouj ni mdaa <; .— < .-H uo < o CO W o <; (J <; o o I— « H t— I CO O ;s o o ■^ CO — < C^J CO cor-.— (CO"-* ICO"— 'h-c^i »— irt^r^-r^co icocoooto cO'-.D^Htoro I'^oooo lOCO'^.-H^iJl ICO»0 CO rH ^H .-H I (M C^lCOcOiOOcOkOtMOcO h-Cnt— clCOCiOOOSCiOO cofMtoio-^'r^^-HOOir- OCOCO**<:OTlH|>.C-cocor--iocic^co (N »-( 1-t CO M CO ^ CB r-* CO 10 r^ r^ ■0 CO on CO >o CO 1-1 t>^ CM CO o r^ CO CO r^ r^ ■n 00 C3 C3 o» C33 t>l (M lyi I-) CT5 CO Tj* CO CO f>i r^ CO CO M< <=> c> c CO CO OS 00 00 t^ 00 •* •^ 10 .^ lO f- CO tH Oi 05 o> a> 03 Ci 05 OJ 00 3 .2 "> -Tl c3 .0 O IS O T3 a o B 0) o ^ (K o 2 ^ 03 o o s 05 -a t>o a a o m J> rt CO •5 '^ "-^ .^ s ^^ ^^^^ "0 00 CO CO OS CO CO Oi r- CO 00 c^ — CM Tn CO > r^CQCoc^r-cot^fM 1 I I I I r I I O05OC0O05OC0 The Bulletin 119 < o ij 02 03 m . 00 O 1—1 CO I^ CD « CO o O oo o lO -< O -^ i-H O o o o a o 1-1 h-l > o o w o p^ o o CO O PL, o o 1— < r-) CO <-) r-- on CD CM 1— t 1—1 *-H o T-l fM CM CO on CD CD o lO cn yD I—* 1— 1 CM «— 1 ^ -• CM CO o o CD Ci •o ri cn o O o O O l>- CO h* Tt« r* c:> co CM •f3 CO o O o o o o o 1-1 E-i CO > < H «i; o IS o H I— I CO O O U o o o o o o O CO CD (M O O C-1 OS -^ i-H O 00 CO tts 1— I r^ »0 CD Cq CM CM o o o o o o O CD CD oo O CM CD CO Tt< OO OO Ca W3 »0 1-H 00 O "-H CO 1-1 lO O OO O CD O O CD OO CM i-i C^l CO CO CM 1-t -Tti CD 1-1 O O O O O OO CO CO O O ■^ CO lO C-1 -^ cS — * ^— — . M-. to CO CO CO '^ "^ •^ Th ■rf* ■^ bO > t^ CO f^ CO I I I I O 00 O 00 r^ CT> iO CO h- o CO • cc o CO 0 r^ o <-) CO c^ o O q q q q -* r^ OO lO 05 1— 1 o o q q q q -a a o O Eh w Q W w o o E- CO O O o Ph O Q. a o +^ a •? o O O -^ -i el '-^ ^^ "o CO '^l CO lO »o *-< ^ CO CO to > CO OO CO t I I 05 o o 00*0 00-^0 ■^ ^ O lO CS OO .^ T-l CO ■— ' CD CM CM CM CM C5 CM lO CQ 05 O CM O O b- CD CD h- CM CD *-< CO CM O >— I »0 CO t^ -^ O CM CO CO *o o CO r^ ■ CO lO CM CO O l^ -^ O ^ «0 CM CS 00 ■-** 00 to CO C^ CO OO UO lO *-t (>1 lO ^ <>) »-H OS C<1 ■^ CO CO >o CO kO CO -X • CO CJ Oi • •* CO on CO o CO r^ o o q q q q q q CO CO r* CO ■* CI CO fM (N o q o q q O t-^ t-* O 05 05 O II 03 CO n o a u tl-t T3 d o a o 2 a o to fl ■> o O a d to 03 i? fl 0) OJ 1 1 CO »-H 03 '- ^— ^-^ ^ in CO o o •ra lO CO •* ■^ 'f ^ to > <1 O CM O CO 120 The Buixetin < o hj Eh ►J M [it O O CO o o o ft 5S oo oo oo oo CO oo a o o o o o a a o 0)— J 02 CQ ri o S « o CJ (H S « o O O ni ^^ w n ^ CQ a o d ^> ■^ PM K c3 t^ Cs -H O N O c^ «d *-H r-- CD c^ Ol C? C^i ■>-" Ol CO o a. C- O o (M CO d m ra r^ 0 '^ eo <0 lO CO oo CO CO 00 C9 ^H CO (M ^ O o o o o o o a em W5 lO O Ci (M c. fcO .-I T}< CM kO ooo-^-'J^'^^oosco ^HCdor^r^C'iooco O0coc0'*<<:0'<* CO oo •<^ ■^ r^ 1^ o CO lO Ol M< r^ r^ o> CO CO CO (M (M c-j no »o o lO 00 135 CM o t^ 1-H 1^ -H *-t 'H -^ IM CO CO CO no O »o re OO -H 00 <-> »o <-) CD CO o •^ CTS -* o o t-< o CD o O o 1-1 CO •>« *-< h~ 1« IN •* 00 « o CO 00 O) •o CO 00 ta »o U5 ■* ■* CO — . — J a) ^ ^ T3 1 ^ d c4 T> T3 »4 O C3 cS o u -Jl a d o 3 C3 O ^ 05 Eh o CO CO C-1 CO CO CO CO CO CM CO o CO CO > Til tK cs CM 00 C4 00 CO I p I I I CO o oo O 00 a The Bulletin 121 eo o> >* •* o 1^ 1-1 u N En o O z o hH H hH r/) O Pk S O o u 1^ a 03 u O o <; Pi O w 1-4 Q o 'z o I— I CO O O O 1— « 1—1 O CO g rt o U3 o> a o TO 13 ja o t-s :^ 1- 00 c^ CO in lO <; o 1-4 >^ P is < CO P o w o o iz; o I— 1 M O o o CO 05 lo eq Cq CO o o T3 a o a o s o o d o a :^ 00 O iJ 2; o CO :z; w o 1-5 o o 1— ( O PLl o o o o to 00 T)H .-* 00