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FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

MISSOURI

State Board of Agriculture

A Record of the Work for the Year 1909.

ALSO VALUABLE INFORMATION ON BREEDING AND FEEDING LIVE-STOCK,

IMPROVING THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL, GROWING CROPS,

DAIRYING, ROAD-MAKING, HOME ECONOMICS AND

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE FARM HOME,

AGRICULTURAL AND LIVE STOCK

STATISTICS, ETC.

PUBLISHED 1910.

LIBRARY

NEW YO»K
BOTANICAL

THE HUGH STEPHENS PRINTING COMPANY,

JBFFKKSON CITY, MO.
1910.

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OFFICERS OF THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

President — A. T. Nelson, Lebanon.
Vice-President — W. C. Hutchison, Jamesport.
Secretary — T. C. Wilson, Columbia.
Assistant Secretary — W. L. Nelson, Cokunbia.
Institute Director — -S. M. Jordan, Columbia.
Ti-easurer — W. A. Bright, Columbia.
State Veterinarian — Dr. D. F. Luckey, Columbia.
State Highway Engineer — Curtis Hill, Columbia.
Deputy State Highway Engineer — F. J. Kersting.
State Apiary Inspector — M. E. Darby, Springfield.

A. T. Nelson, Lebanon.
F. B. Mumford, Columbia.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

W. C. Hvitchison, Jamesport.

W. A. Dallmeyer, Jefferson City.

J. W. Boles, Auxvasse.

EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS.

Governor of Missouri, Herbert S. Hadley. Superintendent of Schools, H. A. Gass.
Dean Agricultural College, F. B. Mumford.

Con<
Dist

6.

9.
10.
11.
12.

2.

3.

5.
13.
14.
16.

1.

4.

7.

8.

15.

CORPORATE MEMBERS.

(Term expires July 20, 1910.)

Name. Residence.

. John Deerwestcr Butler

J. W. Boles Auxvasse

. M. B. Grecnsfelder Clayton

County.
. Bates.
. Callaway.
.St. Louis.

Norman J. Colman St. Louis City 821 Holland Bldg

\Y. R. Wilkinson St. Louis City 212 N. Main St.

(Term expires July 20, 1911.)

. W. C. Hutchison Jamesport

. A. M. Thompson Nashua

.J. B. Sampson Lee's Summit. . ,

. E. E. Swink Farmington

. R. A. Young Alton

. A. T. Nelson Lebanon

. Daviess.
.Clay.
.Jackson.
.St. Francois.
. Howell.
. Laclede.

(Term expires July 20, 1912.)

, E. L. Newlon Lewiston

. Geo. H. Sly Rockport

. N. H. Gentry Sedalia

. W. A. Dallmeyer Jefferson City . .

. Lewis.
Atchison.
. Pettis.
.Cole.

. S. McSmith Reeds Jasper.

(3)

OFFICERS OF STATE FAIR DIRECTORY.

President — R. A. Young, Alton.
Vice-President — W. A. Dallmeyer, Jefferson City.
Secretary — John T. Stinson, Sedalia.
Treasurer — C. W. McAninch, Sedalia.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE STATE FAIR DIRECTORY.

Norman J. Colman, St. Louis. A. T. Nelson, Lebanon.

W. R. Wilkinson, St. Louis. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia.

R. A. Young, Alton. E. E. Swink, Farmington.

A. M. Thompson, Nashua. W. A. Dallmeyer, Jefferson City.

STATE VETERINARIAN AND DEPUTIES.

D. r. Luckey, State Veterinarian Columbia

Horace Bradley, Deputy State Veterinarian Windsor

E. Brainerd, Deputy State Veterinarian Memphis

W. F. Berry, Deputy State Veterinarian Joplin

L. D. Brown, Deputy State Veterinarian Hamilton

Henry Boettner, Deputy State Veterinarian Perry ville

L. G. Clark, Deputy State Veterinarian Nevada

James Cullison, Deputy State Veterinarian Charleston

A. C. Donohew, Deputy State Veterinarian Boonville

E. M. Hendy, Deputy State Veterinarian Jefferson City

R. B. Love, Deputy State Veterinarian Springfield

J. H. McElroy, Deputy State Veterinarian Grant City

R. C. Moore, Deputy State Veterinarian Kansas City

R. J. Mitchell, Deputy State Veterinarian Kirksville

A. J. Munn, Deputy State Veterinarian Fayette

F. W^ O'Brien, Deputy State Veterinarian Hannibal

R. P. Poage, Deputy State Veterinarian Shelbina

J. H. Slater, Deputy State Veterinarian Richmond

Samuel Sheldon, Deputy State Veterinarian Trenton

Stanley Smith, Deputy State Veterinarian Columbia

F. M. Starr, Deputy State Veterinarian Odessa

T. E. White, Deputy State Veterinarian Sedalia

H. H. Wolf, Deputy State Veterinarian Maryville

W. B. Welch, Deputy State Veterinarian Marshall

H. C. Tuck, Deputy State Veterinarian Morrisville

H. V. Goode, Deputy State Veterinarian St. Joseph

J. E. King, Deputy State Veterinarian Kansas City

C. N. Scott, Deputy State Veterinarian Mound City

A. J. Hammerstein, Deputy State Veterinarian St. Louis

(4)

ASSOCIATE ORGANIZATIONS.

IMPROVED LIVE STOCK BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

"Missouri Bred — Standard Everywhere."

President — N. H. Gentry, Sedalia.
Vice-President — Hugh Whiteford, Guilford.
Vice-President — Paul Culver, Plattsburg.
Vice-President — R. M. Brown, Carrollton.
Vice-President — John R. Potts, Mexico.
Vice-President — Dr. G. M. Laughlin, Kirksville.
Secretary- Treasurer — Geo. B. Ellis, Columbia.

MISSOURI CORN GROWERS' ASSOCIATION.

"MISSOURI CORN.

Increase the yield,
Improve the quality."

President— F. H. Crowell, Butler.

Vice-President — O. J. White, Fairfax.

District Vice-President — W. H. Brown, Clarksville.

District Vice-President — Christ Ohlendorf, Boonville.

District Vice-President — J. E. Thompson, Butler.

District Vice-President — M. McCauley, Doniphan.

Secretary-Treasurer, C. B. Hutchison, Columbia.

MISSOURI STATE DAIRY ASSOCIATION.

President — P. P. Lewis, Crescent.
1st Vice-President — A. J. McDowell, Sejanour.
2nd Vice-President — Rudolph Miller, Macon.
Secretary — Thos. Speed Mosby, Jefferson City.
Treasurer — I. T. Van Note, Columbia.

MISSOURI JERSEY BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — R. F. Tesson, Clayton.
Vice-President — E. H. Nortoni, New Cambria.
Secretary-Treasurer — F. L. Austin, Columbia.

MISSOURI DRAFT HORSE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION

President — J. F. Roelofson, Maryville.
Vice-President — J. L. Thompson, Guilford.
Secretary- Treasurer — E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia.

(5)

MISSOURI SWINE GROWERS' AND BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — G. M. Laughlin, Kirksville.
Vice-President — C. B. Adams, Grandview.
Vice-President — ^W. S. Cotton, Smithton.
Secretary — ^C. A. Willson, Columbia.
Treasurer — W. E. Bradford, Columbia.

MISSOURI SADDLE HORSE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — Dr. R. E. Graham, Columbia.
Secretary — Rufus Jackson, Mexico.

MISSOURI SHEEP BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — S. H. Groves, Tipton.
Vice-President — Wm. Sweeney, Chilhowee.
Secretary-Treasurer — M. V. Carroll, Sedalia.

DIRECTORS.

Arch T. Grimes, Greenwood. J. W. Elliott, Polo.

.John A. Rankin, Tarkio. S. C. Haseltine, Springfield.

Harry Nance, Pattonsburg. D. Lee Shawhan, Lee's Summit.

MISSOURI HIGHWAY ENGINEERS' ASSOCIATION.

President — D. M. Scivally, Cape Girardeau.
Vice-President — John M. Rhodes, Richmond.
Secretary — Curtis Hill, Columbia.
Treasurer — P. S. Quinn, Columbia.

MISSOURI HOME MAKERS' CONFERENCE.

President — Mrs. N. H. Gentry, Sedalia.
Vice-President — Dr. Edna D. Day, Columbia.
Secretary — Mrs. Ivy Harner Selvidge, Columbia.
Treasurer — Miss Alice Kinnej% New Franklin.

(6)

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

state Board of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, I
Oolumbla, Mo., February 12, 1910. t

To Honorable Herbert S. Hadley, Governor of Missouri:

Sir — I have the honor to transmit to you a report of the work of the
State Board of Agriculture for the year 1901), including the work of the
State Veterinarian, State Highway Engineer, and State Apiary In-
spector.

Very respectfully,

Geo. P>. Ellis, Secretary.

(7)

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

LIBRARY
NEW YO«K
BOTANICAL

Annual Meeting — Pages

Minutes 11-20

Report of Secretary 21-25

Secretary's Financial Statement 26-39

Treasurer's Report 40-42

Report of State Highway Engineer 43-51

Report of State Veterinarian 52-60

Report of Apiary Inspector 61-64

Report of Dairy Commissioner 65-66

Farmers' Week —

Papers and Addresses 67-140

Home Makers' Conference 301-370

Miscellaneous —

Pastures for Hogs 141-174

Dairy Suggestions from Europe 175-233

Success with Alfalfa 233-235

Protection of Fruit Trees 237-253

Alfalfa for Hogs 253-254

Pork Production with Forage Crops 255-266

Common Birds on the Farm 266-290

Installing Private Water System 290-294

Disposal of House Sewage ; 294-300

The Brood Sow and Her Litter 371-393

Ornamental Planting 394-405

Cement for the Farm 406-452

Crop Reports, Why and How Compiled 453-457

Missouri Crop Review 458-480

Missouri Live Stock 481-488

Veterinarians' Tabulated Reports 489-507

Index 508

(0)

0>

CO

A FINAL WORD

It has been the custom of this office to collect the material for the
Secretary's Annual Report after the annual meeting, which is held in
December. This year, owing to my retirement on March 1st, it is prac-
tically impossible to complete the report by that time. I have up to this
date prepared the official part of the report with some other matter, in-
cluding reprints from the monthly bulletins, and have left the work to
be finished by my assistant, Hon. W. L. Nelson, who has very kindly
consented to finish the copy and read the proof.

In retiring from the office I wish to acknowledge the loyalty and
valuable support I have received from the members of the Board, from
Assistant Secretary Nelson, State Highway Engineer Curtis Hill, State
Veterinarian Dr. D. F. Luckey, and the chief stenographer, Miss J. B.
Rector, as well as every member of the faculty of the Agricultural Col-
lege.

To my successor I extend my hearty wish that he may be able to im-
prove greatly on my work to the end that Missouri may become the
greatest agricultural State in the Union.

To the farmers of the State who have taken such deep interest in
the work of the office, I return my grateful acknowledgments.

Geo. B. Ellis,

Secretary.

Columbia, INIissouri. February 12, 1910.

(10)

ANNUAL MEETING.

MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS.

state Board of Asi'icultuie, OfHce of the Secretary, i
Uolumbia, Mo., December 28, I'JlO, *

The Board met on the above date in 45th annual session. The
meeting was called to order by Vice-President A. T. Nelson. Roll-call
showed the following members present : Messrs. Gass and Mumford,
ex-officio; Messrs. Newlon, Sly, Gentry, Dallmeyer, Boles^ Wilkinson,
Hutchison, Thompson, Young and Nelson.

The reading of the minutes of the last annual meeting was, upon
motion of Mr. Wilkinson, dispensed with, and the minutes were approved
as printed in the 41st annual report.

The Secretary read the minutes of called session held on August 4,
and upon motion of Mr. Greensfelder the minutes were adopted as
recorded.

The next order was the reading of the Secretary's report. Mr.
Greensfelder moved that the report be received and approved and or-
dered printed in the 42d annual report. Motion prevailed.

The State Veterinarian read his report, and upon motion of Mr.
Newlon, the report was approved and ordered printed. Mr. Smith
moved that a committee of four be appointed to draft quarantine regu-
lations with reference to importation of cattle. Motion prevailed. The
President appointed Messrs. Gentry, Smith, Dallmeyer and Dr. Luekey
on the committee.

The State Highway Engineer, Mr. Curtis Hill, submitted the re-
port of his department for the year, and upon motion of Mr. Gass,
the report was received and ordered printed.

Mr. M. E. Darby, Apiary Inspector, made a verbal report and
asked leave to submit written report later, which request was granted.

Dr. W. P. Cutler, State Dairy Commissioner, made verbal report,
and was granted permission to file a report for printing.

(11)

12 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

The next order of business was the election of officers. Mr. Wil-
kinson put in nomination Mr. A. T. Nelson for President. Upon mo-
tion of Mr. Young, the rules were suspended and ^Ir. Nelson was unani-
mously elected President by acclamation.

Mr. Greensfelder put in nomination for Vice-President Mr. W. C.
Hutchison. Upon motion of Mr. Gentry, the rules were suspended and
Mr. Hutchison was elected Vice-President by acclamation.

Mr. Greensfelder nominated Geo. ;B. Ellis for Secretary. Upon
motion of Mr. Young, the rules were suspended and Mr. Ellis was de-
clared elected by acclamation. Mr. Ellis accepted the election, but
tendered his resignation to take effect March first. Mr. Greensfelder
moved to accept Mr. Ellis' resignation. Motion prevailed. Dean Mum-
ford moved that the chair appoint a committee to draft resolutions ex-
pressing the feelings of the Board on the retirement of the Secretary.
Motion prevailed, and the President appointed the following committee :
Dean Mumford and Messrs. Greensfelder and Gass.

Mr. "Wilkinson moved to suspend the rules and elect for Assistant
Secretary, Mr. W. L. Nelson. Motion prevailed.

Mr. Gentry moved to suspend the rules and elect by acclamation,
W. A. Bright for Treasurer. Carried.

Mr. Wilkinson moved that the President, Vice-President and Dean,
compose three members of the executive committee. Upon motion,
Messrs. Dallmeyer and Boles were added to the committee.

Mr. Gentry moved to take up the election of a Secretary. Motion
carried. Mr. Gentry nominated Mr. T. C. Wilson of St. Louis City.
Mr. Smith put in nomination Mr. S. M. Jordan. A ballot was taken
which resulted in ten votes for Mr. Wilson and four for ]\Ir. Jordan.
IMr. Boles moved to make the election unanimous. Motion carried.

REPORT OF AUDITING COMMITTEE.

The Auditing Committee reported as follows:

To the Board of Agriculture : We, the undersigned members of
the committee appointed by the President to examine the financial state-
ments of the Secretary and Treasurer, and to inspect the warrants
dra\\Ti by the executive committee, have examined the same and find
that the books of the Secretary agree with the financial statement sub-
mitted, and the same agrees with the report of the Treasurer of the
Board.

The following warrants which had been issued at the last annual
statement, but had not been presented for payment, we find have since
been paid:

Minutes of Proceedings. 13

farmers' institute fund.

No. 1020 $ 3.15

No. 1022 2.00

No. 1023 96.54

No. 1025 20.66

No. 1028 30.00

The following warrants, for which corresponding vouchers are on
file with the Secretary, have not been presented to the Treasurer for
paj'^ment :

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.

No. 785 $8.50

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

No. 783 $11.13

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

No. 2363 $67.90

No. 2364 20.27

No. 2366 20.80

When these warrants have been presented to and paid by the
Treasurer, there will be an exact agreement in balances.

Respectfully submitted,

Sanford ]\Ic Smith,
E. L. Newlon,
J. W. Boles,

Committee.
Upon motion of Mr. Gentry, the report was adopted and commit-
tee excused.

report of agricultural college COMMITTEE.

The Agricultural College Committee submitted the following re-
port :

To the State Board of Agriculture of Missouri:

Gentlemen — The Board of Examiners appointed, as required by
section 4702 R. S. of Missouri, 1899, by the President of the State
Board of Agriculture, to carefully examine into the affairs of the Col-
lege and Experiment Station of Missouri, including the Treasurer's
account, in reference to the amount and sources of the income of the
College and Experiment Station, and how expended, the qualifications
of those engaged in teaching and those engaged in experimental work,
and the character of the work done, report as follows:

14 Missonri ^[(jfiritll ural lu porl.

Ou December 27, liJU!), we took up the Treasurer's account ami
found as follows:

The College and Experiment Station received for the year, 190*J,
from the United States Government on account of the Hatch fund,
fifteen thousand dollars; on account of the Adams fund, thirteen thou-
sand dollars ; on account of the Morrill fund, twenty-eight thousand
dollars, and from the interest on $349,881 invested in State certificates
representing the Land Grant fund, created from sale of lands which
the Government gave the State of Missouri, thirteen thousand dollars.
The State of Missouri appropriated for the year, 1909, $175,000 out
of the direct tax for general maintenance of the whole University of
Missouri. Of this sum the College and Experiment Station received
its share for heat, light, and other things necessary to run the de-
partments, about $20,000.

SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS MADE BY THE LAST LEGISLATURE

AS FOLLOWS:

Production and distribution of hog cholera serum.

College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts

Library in Agricultural department

Soil survey

Outlying experiments in soil survey

Experiment station

Animal husbandry

Furnishing new agricultural building

Power plant for agricultural building

Horticulture and botany

$10,000
10,000

1,000
15,000

7,500
15,000
10,000
10,000
10,000

5 , 200

All of the foregoing special appropriations are given from the
collateral inheritance tax, a tax levied upon the estate of persons dying
without direct lineal descendants. These appropriations are not direct
appropriations of the State of Missouri until the death of some one
who will pay the bills. It will thus be seen that the 300,000 farms of
Missouri are actually only taxed about $20,000, being a little over seven
cents apiece for the maintenance of the College and Experiment Sta-
tion, the United States Government being the donor responsible for the
largest amount expended. The expenditures of these funds are, for
salaries, labor and experiments. The items of these are reported an-
nually to the United States Government, which sends an inspector everv
year from Washington to examine into the Treasurer's account, and the
inspector reports to the Secretary of Agriculture. Up to date the
United States Department of Agriculture is well satisfied with the way
the money has been expended and the results obtained in its Agricul-
tural College of Missouri.

Minutes of Proceedings. 15

As to the qualifications of those engaged in teaching and those
engaged in experimental work, it will suffice to state that every one of
the faculty have had repeated offers at higher salaries from other univer-
sities which they have rejected because of the love of and loyalty to
Missouri, and your committee would especially direct your attention to
the fact that such a state of affairs cannot last, and if Missouri desires
to retain the services of these tried and true men it must provide
enough funds to enable them to live decently, educate their children
properly, and lay aside a little sum for the rainy day. We M'ould
further state that we have had actual instruction from the lips of these
men, and can testify as to the superior quality of their work, and de-
sire to go on record as saying that for every dollar they receive they are
giving five dollars worth of vital energy.

As to the character of the work done, we will say. first : The
bulletins Avliich have been issued speak for themselves, and second : So
do the students which graduate and who immediately upon, and even
before graduation, receive offers of positions for which they have quali-
fied themselves in their respective lines of study.

From the fraits you can judge the tree.

In this connection it will be proper to state that the departments
of agronomy, animal and dairy husbandry, horticulture and natural
science, have ready for publication material for valuable bulletins rep-
resenting the labor of the last several years. To publish these at once
there is a special appropriation of $5,000.00 absolutel}' necessary, so that
the work may not be interrupted and yet the general public receive the
benefit of the work as it progresses.

Your committee desires to commend the Board of Curators for fin-
ishing and furnishing the new Agricultural building. We find this
building well adapted for the purposes of instruction and investigation,
and for the administrative offices of the College of Agriculture, and the
State 'Board of Agriculture.

We wish particularly to commend the new organization of the
Short Winter Course in Agriculture, providing for a two years course
of practical, modern instruction in agricultural subjects. This plan is
in accordance with former recommendations of this Board. This course
will appeal particularly to the young farmers of the State, who are not
able because of their active farm duties, to enroll in the four years'
college course, and those who are not able to devote the entire year to
study in agriculture.

This Board has always, on every occasion, encouraged the teaching
of agriculture in the rural schools of Missouri. AVe therefore heartily
approve of the appointment by the College of Agriculture of a Depart-

iQ Missouri Agricultural Report.

ment of Eural Education, and urge the expansion of this department
until through it every rural school in the State may be reached through
this agency.

The College of Agriculture has won during the season of 1909,
seventy-seven prizes for live stock exhibits. We call attention to the
fact that the College entered these contests largely upon the recommen-
dation of the Board of Agriculture, and we, therefore, feel a special
pride in these achievements.

The rapid increase in enrollment in the College of Agriculture
has brought about a crowded condition of the buildings and labora-
tories Avhieh makes it necessary to provide larger, accommodations for
some departments. The College needs particularly a more ample judg-
ing pavilion, a modern dairy barn and a horse barn. The College now
has no available barn suitable for horses.

The number of lines of investigation now under way in the Experi-
ment Station makes it necessary for this department of the College to
receive increased appropriations, or some of these important experiments
must be dropped. Especially is more money needed for the outlying ex-
periments, the dairy husbandry investigation, live stock investigations,
and the experiments in farm crops and soil management.

Having become satisfied with the results of Home Economics in the
College of Agriculture, your committee have agreed to recommend that
the facilities be enlarged for the girls of Missouri, and that they be put
on a par with the boys of Missouri, and that as soon as possible, addi-
tional room and instructors be provided.

W. A. Dallmeyer.
]\I. B. Greensfelder,
E. L. Newlon,

Committee.

Upon motion of ]\Ir. Gass, the report was approved and the com-
mittee discharged.

The committee appointed on August 4th, to draft resolutions con-
cerning the resignation of President Waters, submitted the following:

To the State Board of Agriculture :

Your committee appointed at the meeting held In Sedalia on August 4th. to draft
suitable resolutions concerning the resignation of President H. J. Waters, beg leave
to submit the following report :

Whereas, Dean H. J. Waters, president of the Board of Agriculture, tendered
his resignation on August 4th, 1909, which was reluctantlj- and regretfully accepted;
and,

Whereas, Dean Waters had been for more than fourteen years a valuable member
of our organization, and had served us in various official positions with marked
ability and untiring zeal in the cause of a higher agriculture ; therefore, be it

Resolved by the Missouri State Board of Agriculture,

First — That in the resignation of President Waters and in his removal to another

Minutes of Proceedings. IT

field of labor, the State loses a valuable citizen, the Board a wise counselor, the
Agricultural College a great leader, and the University a loyal and devoted friend.

Second — That v^e, with full faith in his integrity as a man, with confidence in
his ability as an educator, with knowledge of his worth as a leader, do commend
him to our sister state as one who, as president of the Kansas Agricultural College,
will meet the highest ideals and expectations of the people whom he has been called
to serve.

Third — That the Secretary be authorized to present to President Waters an
engrossed copy of these resolutions, and that the same be spread upon the records
of the Board.

Respectfully submitted.

N. H. Gentry,
A. T. Nelson,
Geo. B. Ellis.

Upon motion of Dean Mmnford, the report was adopted.
Upon motion of Mr. Greensfelder, the Secretary was authorized
to secure and hang in the office of the Board a life-size bust picture of
the late Hon. S. W. Hudson, and that the cost of same be paid from
Office Expense fund. ]\Iotion carried.

There being no further business, the Board adjourned to meet on
call of the President.

Respectfully submitted,

Geo. B. Ellis,

Secretary.

A -t

18 Missouri Agricultural Eeport.

MINUTES OF CALLED MEETING.

Springfield, ^Missouri,

January 27, 1910.

The Board met on above date on call of President Nelson, and the
following members answered present : ^Messrs. Nelson, Mumford, Hutch-
ison, Colman, Thompson, Newlon, Sly, Boles, Gentry, Dallmeyer, Smith
and Young.

The Secretary read the minutes of the annual meeting held in Co-
lumbia, on December 28th, and upon motion of Governor Colman, the
minutes were approved as read.

The President stated that the object of the meeting was to hear
the report of the quarantine committee appointed at the annual meeting.
The subject of Cjuarantine regulations, restricting the importation of
cattle into Missouri was discussed by ]\Iessrs. Gentry and Dallmeyer,
and Dr. Luckey. members of the committee, and at the conclusion of
the discussion, Dr. Luckey submitted the following regulations and
recommended their adoption :

The importation of cattle into tlie State of MLssouri from any other state, territory,
district or country is liereby forbidden, except under tlie following rules and regula-
tions :

1. Cattle for dairy or breeding purposes, before being imported into the State
of Missouri, shall be inspected and found free from all contagious and infectious
diseases.

2. Inspection of cattle imported into this State for dairy or breeding purposes
must be made by some competent veterinarian, who is in the employment either of the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry or the state in which said cattle originate,
or whose certificate of health is approved in writing by the State Veterinarian or
lilve officer of the State in which the cattle originated.

3. The inspection must include the tuberculin test, and the certificate of hea'th
must show tlie various temperatures of each animal before and after the injection
of tuberculin, the brand of tuberculin used, the amount of tuberculin injected, the
liours at which the injection was made, and the various temperatures taken, and the
registry name and number of such animals as are registered.

In case any animal or animals in any lot so inspected for importation into the
State of Missouri shall show a positive reaction to tlie tuberculin test, and be thereby
rejected, that fact shall be noted on the certificate of health of such animals of the
same lot as may pass Inspection.

4. The certificate of health of each lot of dairy or breeding cattle shall be prepared
in duplicate. One copy shall be immediately sent to the State Veterinarian at Colum-
bia, Mo., and the other attached to the way-bill, in case of shipment, or carried by
the person in charge in case such cattle are driven into the State.

5. W'henever in the judgment of the State Veterinarian it may be necessary, an>
cattle imported into the State of Missouri may be reinspected at any time within one
year after arrival at the point of destination in this State.

6. Cattle for other than dairy or breeding purposes may be shipped or driven
into the State of Missouri without inspection on a permit issued by the State

Minutes of Called Meeting. 19

Veterin*.rian. In order to secure such permit, the owner or the person in charge
shall prepare and furnish an affidavit, giving the number, origin and tlie point of
destination of sucli cattle, and stating that they will be used for pasturing or feeding,
and not for dairy or breeding purposes.

7. In case of emergency, the State Veterinarian of Missouri may issue a permit
for the importation of cattle into the State of Missouri, without inspection, provided
tliat such cattle shall be held in quarantine at tlie point of destination in this State
until inspected and released by the State Veterinarian or a deputy State Veterinarian.-
The permit for such importation shall be attached to the way-bill in case of tlieir
sliipment, or carried by the person in charge in case such cattle are driven Into the
State. The release of such cattle from quarantine sliall be made in writing, and one
copy of such release sl;all be furnished the owner of tlie cattle, and another copy
placed on file in the office of the State Veterinarian. Such inspection for release shall
be made at the expense of the owner of the cattle.

8. These regulations shall not apply to the shipment of any cattle from any
other state, territory, district or country, to the public live stock markets at Kansas
City, St. Joseph and St. Louis, or from one of these marl<ets to another ; but before
being removed from such public markets to other parts of the State of Missouri, all
imported cattle shall be subjected to the same regulations according to their class, as
if coming direct from another state, territory, district or country.

9. There shall be no restriction on the importation of cattle into the State of
Mi.ssouri for exhibition at any fair or live stock show held within this State: Pro-
vided, that any of such cattle as are sold to remain in this State shall, before delivery
to the purchaser, be subjected to inspection.

oMr. Colman moved that the regulations submitted be adopted and
that a transcript of the record be forwarded to the Governor for his
approval. The motion being duly seconded by Mr. Yoimg, was unani-
mously adopted. It was moved by ]\Ir. Newton that the regulations
take effect on and after i\Iay 1, 1910. Motion carried.

Dr. Luckey recommended that Dr. J. E. King, No. 1737 Genesee
street, Kansas City, Missouri, be appointed Deputy State Veterinarian.
INIr. Colman moved that the recommendation be approved. ]\Iotion car-
ried.

Dr. Luckey moved that !Mr. ^I. Easley, of Oregon county, be ap-
pointed Live Stock Inspector to assist in the tick fever eradication
work; he to receive a salary of seventy-five ($75.00) dollars per month,
and expenses for board and horse feed when away from home: Pro-
vided, that one-half (Vo) of his salary and expenses shall be paid by the
Board, the other half by the Cattle Growers' Association of Oregon
county. It was moved by ]\Ir. Young that the recommendation be ap-
pi-oved and the appointment made as per the recommendation. Motion
prevailed.

]Mr. Colman moved that the expenses of the quarantine committee
incurred on account of a meeting held by the committee in Kansas City
be allowed. ^lotion prevailed.

:Mr. Ellis, upon request, was excused, and J. T. Stinson was re-
quested to act as Secretary temporarily.

The committee appointed to draft resolutions with reference to
the retirement of Secretarv Ellis, submitted the following report pre-

20 Missouri Agricultural Report.

pared by Hon. M. B. Greensfelder, member of the committee. In the
absence of Mr. Greensfelder, the report was read by Mr. Smith:

George B. EUi.s, of Missouri, was, in 1901, elected Secretary of the State Board
of Agriculture of Missouri, being, as required by law, "a practical farmer, and well
versed in agricultural science."

It was a fortunate selection for Mr. Ellis, for tiie State Board of Agriculture and
for the State of Missouri. It gave Mr. Ellis the opportunity to develop his innate
qualities of honesty, patience, diligence and loyalty. As he worked witli his farmers'
institutes and publications, with the State Veterinarian and the State Highway
Engineer, his labors molded his character, and his character stamped his work.

The State Board of Agriculture, meeting but seldom, depends for its repute and
efficiency largely on the efforts of its Secretary.

From beginning to finish of his secretaryship, the Board has endorsed the work
of Mr. Ellis as good, and the people of Missouri liave a right in taking pride in their
Board of Agriculture.

The State of Missouri lias had in George B. Ellis an appointee who fully com-
plied witli section 18 of its Constitution, in that he "personally devoted his time and
his powers, physically and mentally, to the performance of the duties of his office."

The State Board of Agriculture, in parting with its loyal Secretary, can honestly
say to him :

"Farewell. Well done, thou good and faithful servant. Your State is yet a
debtor to you. Your future career must and will be one of continued usefulness, as
you have acquired the habit thereof. Glad and proud are we to be able hereto to
testify."

Upon motion of ]Mr. Sly, the resolutions were adopted and the
conunittee discharged.

There being no further business, Mr. Thompson moved to adjourn.
Motion prevailed.

Respectfully submitted.

Geo. B. Ellis,

Secretarv.

Report of Secretary. 21

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

Gentlemen of the Board of Agriculture :

The close of 1909 brings us to the 45th mile-post in the history of
our organization, and we meet today in 45th annual session in this
magnificent building under very auspicious surroundings. All of the
leading State Agricultural, Horticultural, and Live Stock Associations
have met today upon call of the State Board of Agriculture to receive
a week's instruction from the faculty of the Agricultural College, and
to get from them and by association with each other, greater enthusiasm
and respect for the cause we represent.

During the past few years we have seen the Agricultural Depart-
ment of our State University grow from the weakest to one of the
strongest. Agriculture, as a business, is receiving the recognition it
has so long deserved from all classes of people. During the year, 1909,
the farmers of this State have produced, in spite of overflows, drouth,
and destructive insects, crops to the value of $209,219,500. The corn
crop, while not the greatest in bushels, is greater in value by nearly
eleven million dollars than any crop ever produced in the history of the
State. A million dollars worth of corn for each county in the State is
the average, while seven coimties produced more than two million dol-
lars worth each. The banner county produced, in roimd numbers, corn
to the value of four million of dollars. The seven leading counties
in the State produced a crop valued at more than twenty-one million
dollars.

While discussing the great value of the corn crop it might be well
to suggest that to increase the price per bushel of corn does not add that
much to the reserve capital of the farmer. Only from 5 to 10 per cent
of a corn crop in Missouri is exported from the counties in which it is
produced, and hence, more than 90 per cent is consumed by the live
stock on the farm.

High-priced com adds greatly to the expense of maintaining the
farm live stock, adds materially to the cost of producing the mutton,
the wool, the pork, the beef, the dairy products, the poultry, the horses
and mules sold off the farm ; and higher priced com adds materially to
the cost of producing more corn and other grains.

It would appear, then, that the greatest question concerning our
Board, and all other like organizations in this country, is the cheapen-

22 Missouri Agricultural Be port.

ing of the cost of production rather than a greater advance in pi ices for
farm products. Higher prices, it seems to me, are sure to re-act upon
the prosperous conditions of the country; while, if the farmer can, by
better methods of cultivation, better seed selection, more intelligent
soil treatment, and a more general use of labor-saving machinery, in-
crease his profits without increasing the cost of living to other classes,
it will tend to aid in maintaining a healthy and prosperous condition
in all parts of our country, and among all classes of business.

I believe that the farmers of Missouri have made substantial prog-
ress in adopting scientific methods and the most approved practices in
farm management, but there is yet much room for improvement. When
Missouri was first settled brawn was needed more than brain in the
clearing of the forests and the building of homes under frontier condi-
tions; but today with our soils greatly depleted in natural fertility, it
is a question of the ability to intelligently apply scientific methods and
principles rather than a question of greater physical force. During the
first few years of the existence of this Board — almost half a century
ago — many of the questions that concern us now were among those dis-
cussed at that time. Increasing soil fertility, improvement of the qual-
ity of live stock, more scientific methods of feeding, and better methods
of crop cultivation and seed selection, were all prominent subjects dis-
cussed at the meetings in the early years of the history of the Board,
and these same subjects will receive prominent places on the program
of our exercises during the present week.

The first annual report of the Board of Agriculture, published
in 1866, contains this quotation from the ''Rural AVorld:'

> >

Seed corn should always be selected in the field where the strength and vigor of
the plant may be seen, and none but the fairest ears should be chosen, and these
from the most productive stalks. We have fully proved the advantage of selecting
seed in this way, not only in corn, but in any other variety of vegetable. Tlie labor
is no greater in malting tlie selection at this time than in selecting the corn in the
crib.

While we have learned more about the selection of seed corn, —
the greater number of points to consider as to the grain, the cob, the
stalk, etc., — the above advice is just as sound today as when it was
uttered; and this fact might suggest to us that it is not so much our
duty to determine what science has demonstrated to be true, as it is to
encourage the farmers to more generally adopt scientific methods.

THE WORK OF THE YEAR, 1909.

Your last annual meeting recommended certain new legislation and
appointed a legislative committee to acquaint the members of the Legis-
lature with the recommendations, and the success of the committee is
shown in the following report :

Report of Secretary. 23

First. The recommendation' tliat an Immigration Bureau be
created was enacted into law, but was placed under a separate board,
and is now thoroughly organized, and at work.

Second. The recommendation that the police work of the pure
food and dairy commission be separated from the instructional work,
and that the latter be put imder the control of the State Board of
Agriculture, was accomplished by an act creating the office of State
Dairy Commissioner, the commissioner to be appointed by the Board of
Agriculture. The bill did not pass, however, until the closing hours of
the session, and unfortunately no appropriation was made to carry it
into effect. Upon recommendation of Governor Hadley, the Board, in
special session on October 6th, appointed Dr. W. P. Cutler, the present
Food and Drug Commissioner of IMissouri, to the position. Dr. Cutler
to serve without salary or expenses.

Third. Your committee, with the assistance of the State Highway
Engineer, Mr. Curtis Hill, secured a general revision of the road laws,
and the submission of an amendment to the Constitution at the next ,
general election, providing for a levy of five cents on all taxable property
of the State for the benefit of the State Good Roads fund.

Fourth. The recommendation that the law be amended so as to
permit the paying of indemnity for animals aflPected with tuberculosis,
was agreed to and passed by the General Assembly, and the law which
has heretofore applied to glanders in horses now applies in cases of
tuberculosis.

WATERWAYS COMMISSION.

The last General Assemblv having created a Missouri Waterwavs
Commission, the Board of Agriculture at a called meeting held on
August 4th, adopted the following resolutions :

Whereas, the 45th General Assembly has passed an act providing for the ap-
pointment of a Missouri Water-ways Commission, and tlie Governor has appointed
such commission ; and,

Whereas, amongst the duties of said commission are the reclamation of the lands
subject to overflow or inundation ; the construction of practical and subsuantial levies ;
the ascertaining of lands now subject to inundation of the rivers ; the benefits to be
derived from the reclamation of lands subject to overflows or inundation ; and.

Whereas, the State has had for the past three years floods on the Missouri river
creating an enormous amount of damage and loss of property and life ; therefore, be it

Resolved, (1) that the State Board of Agriculture expresses its hearty approval
of the wisdom of the Legislature in passing this act, and of the Governor in his
choice of commissioners, and that the Board tenders its services in any capacity that
may be found to be useful to the commission in its work ; ( 2 ) the State Board of
Agriculture ventures to suggest that following these three damaging floods is an
opportune time in which to awaken a wide-spread interest in this matter, and to
secure the concerted action and co-operation of the citizens of the State.

A copy of these resolutions was forwarded to the President of the
commission, who replied in the following manner:

24 Missouri Agricultural Report.

I know the commission which has been recently appointed by Governor Hadley,
and which will meet August 12, 1909, for the purpose of organization, will be more
than pleased to receive your letter of August 2nd, accompanied by resolutions.

The work of the commission can be made most effective by the valuable co-
operation of the various departments of the State. You can rest assured that after
we have organized and gotten down to work that we will be most pleased to com-
municate with you, and would like to have any suggestions which your Board is
willing to make.

Will you kindly give me at your convenience the names of all the members of
the State Board of Agriculture, their residence, etc., •and, also, will you kindly give
me an idea of whether your Board has any way of determining the amount of damage
done by the recent flood in the Missouri and Mississippi rivers to Missouri lands?
It may be possible that your Board has had compiled the amount of acreage that is
subject to overflow, etc. If so. I would like very much to hear from you.-

Thanking you in advance, I beg to remain.

Yours sincerely,

(Signed) W. K. Kavanaugh, President.

At a called meeting held in Sedalia on August 4th, Dr. H. J.
Waters, Dean of the Agricultural College and President of the Board,
tendered his resignation as President in the following letter:

Columbia, Mo., August 4, 1909.
To the Honorable State Board of Agriculture :

Gentlemen — I have the honor to submit herewith my resignation as President
of your Board and as a member of the executive committee, to take effect not later
than September 1, 1909. On that date I shall sever my connection with the Missouri
College of Agriculture and enter upon the duties of President of the Kansas State
Agricultural College.

In severing my connection with this Board, I desire to express my highest appre-
ciation of the hearty support and cordial and unselfish co-operation of the members cf
the Board of Agriculture, which I have had during the fourteen years of my con-
nection with the Missouri College of Agriculture.

The College of Agriculture recognizes the valuable assistance rendered it by
this Board.

I thank you for the honors you have conferred iipon me, and congratulate you
upon the excellent work you are doing for the advancement of Missouri's chief
industry.

Very respectfully.

H. J. Waters.

The Board very regretfully accepted the resignation and appointed
the following committee to draft suitable resolutions to be prepared for
the consideration of the Board at this meeting: Messrs. Colman, Nel-
son, Gentry, and the Secretary.

To fill the vacancy made on account of the resignation of Dr.
Waters, the Board elected Mr. Deerwester President, and Mr. Nelson,
Vice-President; also the following executive committee to serve until
the next meeting of the Board: Messrs. Deerwester, Nelson, Hutchi-
son, Sly, and Mum ford.

farmers' INSTITUTES.

The farmers' institute work has continued with about the usual
interest and along practically the same lines as for the previous year.
Two farm boys' encampments were held, one at Sweet Springs and the

Eeport of Secretary. 25

other at Clinton, both largely attended, and a great interest manifested.

The plan of holding six-day institutes, or extension short-courses,
has been increased and more applications are being received than the
funds will permit holding. One of the most valuable features of the
farmers' institute work has been the boys' corn growing contests held
in connection with a number of meetings. Two of these that deserve
special mention are : Carthage in Jasper county, and Houston in Texas
coimty. At Carthage 311 boys entered the contest and 138 exhibited
a ten-ear sample at the fall meeting. At Houston 400 boys entered
the contest and 134 exhibited. The banks and other business firms
have most liberally supported this movement and contributed largely
to the premium list, and in other ways rendered valuable assistance in
making this feature a success.

Women's Institutes. — The first work for the women in connection
with our farmers' institute service was put on last year, and while only
three meetings were held they were so enthusiastically received that a
number of meetings have been called for this year and quite a num-
ber have been held with the same gratifying results. I think we should
be able to secure from the next Legislature a special appropriation
for women 's institutes and hold- these meetings in every place manifest-
ing any considerable interest.

I reported last year that the most difficult thing in holding suc-
cessful institute meetings was to secure competent lecturers. The work
of the Agricultural College men has increased so rapidly that but little
of their time can be given to this work. The successful man who is
competent to do institute work usually has sufficient business of his
own that he does not want to leave it. I think we are coming to the
time when it M^ill be necessary to employ permanent institute lecturers.

The Board of Agriculture could well afford to employ six or eight
men on annual salary if the funds were sufficient. Two of these men
might represent the dairy interest, and during the season when no
farmers' institute meetings are held, they could devote their time to
visiting creameries and private dairymen, and giving itinerant instruc-
tion, and to the preparation of bulletins and the organization of local
dairy improvement associations ; and in the same way men representing
the various lines of agriculture and live stock in this State could be
employed.

Respectfully submitted,

Geo. B. Ellis,

Secretary.

26

Missouri Agricultural Report.

SECRETARY S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

To the Board of Agriculture :

I beg to submit the following exhibit of the financial transactions
of the Board for the year beginning December 16, 1908, and ending De-
cember 28, 1909, which shows the balances on hand at the beginning of
the year, the requisitions drawn on State Auditor, warrants drawn on
W. A. Bright, Treasurer of the Board, balances in the treasury of the
Board, and the balances in the difFeront funds remaining in the State
treasury :

PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1909.
July 30. .

" 30..

" 30..
Aug. 4. .
Sept.

Oct.

154

155
156
157

158
159

By E. A. Remley

To requisition

By Scurlock Transfer Co.

National Paper Co. . .

E. A. Remley

To requisition

By E. A. Remley

Pacific Express Co. . .

$300.00

200.00

$.500.00

$255.00

12.61

9.45

170.00

34.71
18 . 23

$500.00

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name. Dr.

Cr.

1908.
Dec. 15

To balance

$146.47

" 16

488

489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502

By National Paper Co

$17.60

1909.
Jan. 13. .

Columbia Statesman

20.00

Feb. 2

Farnsworth-Childs Co

15.29

Mar. 1

Smith Premier T. W. Co

14.46

1

Columbia Statesman

6.00

" 18

T. W. Whittle

30.00

" 31

Smith Premier T. W. Co j

2.45

" 31

T. W. Whittle

32.00

Apr. 15

May 3

Columbia Statesman . . .

3.00

T. W. Whittle

1.60

3

American Express Co

3.75

" 19

Smith Premier T. W. Co |

3.50

" 19

" 19.

Columbia Statesman '

Barnes-Crosby Co •

2.50
7.38

" 19.

T. W. Whittle

15.00

" 19.

To reciuisition

100.00

" 19

June 8 .

503
504
505
506
507
508
509

By John M. Evvard

Scurlock Transfer Co

2.75
5.88

8

T. W. Whittle

10.90

8

Smith Premier T. W. Co

3.75

8

T. W. Whittle

22.50

8

Columbia Statesman

25.00

8

Barnes Crosby Co

4.25

" 8

To requisition

100.00

licport of '"Secretary.

27

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND— ContiiuieJ.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1 90S.

July

510
511
512
513
514
515
516

Co.

W. Co.

" .30.
" 30.
" 30.
" 30.
" 30.
Aug. 4.
" 4.
" 4.
Sept. 2.

2.
" 2.

2.

2

517
518
519
520

521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529

Oct.

Nov

Dec.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.
16.
16.

3.

3.

3.

3.

3.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.

6.
28.

530
531
532
533
534
535
536

537
538
539
540
541
542

543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550

By Statesman Pub

T. W. Whittle...

Smith Premier T.

T. W. Whitlle

W. L. Nelson

R. P. Scurlock

National Paper Co

To requisition

By T. W. Whittle

Smith Premier T. W. Co.

E. A. Reraley

E. A. Remley

To requisition

By Mattie Troxell

Statesman Pub. Co

National Paper Co

F. E. Guynee

Statesman Pub. Co

American E.xpress Co . .

E. A. Remley

R. P. Scurlock

E. A. Remley

To requisition

By E. A. Remley

Pacific E.xpress Co

Smith Premier T. W. Co.

Barnes-Crosby Co

E. A. Remley

E. A. Remley

National Paper Co

To requisition

By Geo. D. Barnard & Co .

Statesman Pub. Co

Smith Premier T. W. Co.

E. A. Remley

Pacific Express Co

E. A. Remley

To requisition

By Barnes-Crosby Co

American Express Co . . .

Orange Judd Co

E. A. Remley

Smith Premier T. W. Co.

E. A. Remley

E. A. Remley

F. M. Ludwick

To overdraft

•S 100. 00

100 00

100.00

200.00

200.00

26.34

.S8.00
8.00
2.91

25.00

51.90
4.71

29.05

5.62

2.50

25.00

42.50

2.62
38.00
14 ■24

4.12

5.50
43.45
30.00
41.21

3.08

40.00

67.88
5.30
3.13

34.00
4.05

12.50

48.00
4.00
35 . 00
30. OU
18.01

4.75

5.97

11.14

2.55

4.50

20.00

40.00

42.31

$1,072.81

;i,072.81

28

Missouri Agricultural Keport.

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec

Mar,

May

July
Aug.

Sept
Oct.

Nov
Dec

1908.

15. .

16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16. .
16..
16. .
16. .
16. .
16..

1909.
1..
1..

1. .
18. .

18. .

19. .
19. .
19. .
19. .
19. .
19. .
30. .
30. .

4. .
4. .
4. .
4. .
4. .
4. .
4. .
4. .
4. .
4. .

2. .
6. .
6, .
6. .

3. .
6. .
6. .

28. .

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

754

754a

755

7.56

757

758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767

To balance

By A. T. Nelson

Sanford McSmith. .

E. E. Swink

N. J. Colman

W. C. Howell

W. B. McRoberts. .
W. C. Hutchison . .
A. M. Thompson . .
J. L. Christian ....

N. H. Gentry

J. B. Sampson ....
W. R. Wilkinson. .
John Deerwester . .

R. A. Young

H. A. Gass

J. W. Boles

M. B. Greensfelder.

768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
778
779
780
781
782
783

r84

r85

Geo. B. Ellis

H. J. Waters

S. McSmith

H. J. Waters

Geo. B. Ellis

W. B. McRoberts.

Geo. B. Elhs

H. J. Waters

W. B. McRoberts.

John Deerwester . .

To requisition

By John Deerwester .

Shields & Courts . .

E. L. Newlon

J. B. Sampson. . .

J. W. Boles

Geo. H. Sly

A. T. Nelson

H. J. Waters

S. McSmith

Geo. B. Ellis

John Deerwester . .

W. C. Hutchison . ,

Geo. B. Ellis

W. A. Dallmeyer .

Geo. B. Ellis

To requisition

By Geo. B. Ellis. .. .

To requisition

By John Deerwester ,
By balance

$294.30

200.00

$21

65

14

50

17

00

11

00

15

20

14

00

14

75

15

50

25

00

7

14

15

75

9

50

10

60

29

50

4

65

5

95

15

00

5

40

5

40

10

40

5

40

5

40

14

00

33

23

9

00

12

24

6

30

11

70

3

00

21

20

6

76

10

90

17

03

17

20

7

21

12

10

5

46

9

74

16

90

9

75

6

03

15

06

100.00
200 . 00

$794.30

13.77

8.50
248.49

$794.30

Report of Secretary.

29

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

Mav

Oct. 6.

Dec.

To balance .

Bj' Strawn-Holland Co. . .

Columbia Statesman . .

W. E. Harshe

University Co-op. Store .

Count Harvey

R. P. Scurloctc

Columbia Statesman. . .

W. E. Harshe

Columbia Telephone Co .

Count Harvey

Western Union Co

Scuilock Transfer Co. . .

T. W. Whittle

Amer. Express Co

W. E. Harshe

Bufton Book Co

To requisition

By Count Harvey

Amer. Express Co

Col. Telephone Co

Barnes-Crosby Co

Frank C. Wood

Col. Telephone Co

W. E. Harshe

Statesman Pub. Co . . .

Scurlock Transfer Co . .

Statesman Pub. Co . . .

Western Union

F. C. Wood

W. E. Harshe

Col. Telephone Co

To requisition

By Mike Sevier

Newman Hdw. Co

Troxell Robinson Co . .

F. M. Ludwick

Col. Telephone Co

L. P. Stephens

Newman Hdw. Co

Smith Premier Co

Troxell Robinson Co . .

W. E. Harshe

L. V. Davis

Ira T. G. Stone

Col. Telephone Co

Col. Telephone Co

L. V. Davis

Newman Hdw. Co

Chas. W. Furtney

Macraillan Co

To requisition

By balance

■S99.32

100.00

200 00

100.00

$7.10
8.00
5.30
6.80

20 . 00
2.49
2.50
3.23
7.05

16.02
2.74
4.30

10.00
1.55
2.00
7.75

13.22

3.20

4.70

4.25

20.67

2.25

5.05

20.00

18.00

25.00

3.63

3.75

4.55

3.45

50
65

23.78

00
00
00

16.00

2.25

44.55

7.75

7.20

19.25

6.70

7.35

13.05

10.75

13.75

14.13

56.11

$499.32

$499.32

30

Missouri Agricultural Report.

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

1908.

Dec. 15. .

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

" 16..

1909.

Jan. 13. .

" 13..

Mar. 1 . .

May 19. .

" 19,.

" 19. .

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

" 19..

•' 19..

■' 19..

" 19..

" 19..

June 8. .

" 8. .

" 8. .

July

2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236

2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258

2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265

8

2266

8

2267

8

2268

8

2269

8

2270

8

2271

8

2272

8

2273

8

2274

2275

2276

2277

2278

2279

2280

2281

2282

2283

To balance

By H. H. Wolf

C. K. Steele

A. J. Hammerstein .

H. C. Tuck

R. P. Poage

Lee Gilbert

A. C. Donahue

Cha.s. D. Folse

C. E. Colton

J. E. Taylor

D. F. Luckey

Stanley Smith

$600 . 82

American Expres.s Co .

S. H. Elkins

S. H. Elkins

Col. Telephone Co ... ,

R. C. Moore

F. L. Austin

F. W. O'Brien

R. J. Mitchell

Stanley Smith

C. E. Steel

L. D. Brown

D. F. Luckey

S. Sheldon

A. C. Donahue

T. E. White

H. H. Wolf

J. H. McElroy

W. F. Berry

Jas. Cullison

H. C. Tuck

A. J. Hammer.stein . .
T. W. Whittle

To requisition

By T. E. White

D. F. Luckey

R. P. Poage

W. E. Harshe

R. C. Jloore

Helen M. Marsh

J. H. Slater

W. B. Welch

T. W. Whittle

Western LTnion Co. . .

Columbia Statesman

H. C. Tuck

L. D. Brown

S. Sheldon

A. J. Hammerstein . .

To requisition

By Statesman Pub. Co.

A. J. Munn

Stanley Smith

Horace Bradley

Robert Hill

Western L^nion

T.'W. Whittle

D. F. Luckpy

National Paper Co. . .

L. D. Brown

3 , 500 . 00

500 00

S9 . OD
11 91
20 0')

190.75
43 . 50
50 . 00
o 75
10.00
10.00
77.40

l.-)0 00
S . 75

3.91

50
.00
.95

3.
0.
11.
146.65

200.00
8.
11

r4

.02

15.45

34 . 98

525.49

891.61

66.54

7.

5.

11

9.

10.80

65.39

544.29

119.51

15.00

.50

.80
14

.40

6

37

188

52

S

38

3

75

42

50

3

50

10

29

16

80

20

00

1

67

12

00

192

66

164

82

20

00

40

18

7

00

16

00

17

18

16

18

25

00

1

44

15

00

235

47

30

00

223

75

Report of Secretary.

31

STATE VETERINARY FUND— Continue J.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

190S.

July 1 . ,

" 1. ,

■' 1. ,

" 1. ,

" 30..

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

■' 30.

■' 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.

" 30.
Aug. 4.

" 4.

" 4.

" 4.
Sept. 2.

2.
2.
2.

2.

2.

2

2.

2.

2.

2.

2

2.

2,

2

2.

2.

2.

■>

2284
2285
2286

2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302

2303
2304
2305
2396
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324

Oct.

6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.

2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
244]

By Jas. Culli.son

H. C. Tuck

R. C. Moore

To requisition

By L. D. Brown

Smith Premier Co

D. F. Lucl<ey

E. A. Remley

Horace Bradley

D. M. Starr

A. J. Hammer.stein

Robt . Hill

H. H. Wolf

C. E. Bark.shire

E. A. Remley

F. C. Wood

J. E. Taylor

W. A. Norman

H. C. Tuck

W. F. Berry

To requisition

By Scurlock Transfer Co . . .

R. P. Poage

Statesman Pub. Co

R. C. Moore

Col. Telephone Co

R. G. Houston

Robert Hill

J. E. Taylor

A. J. Hammerstein

Pacific Express Co

J. H. Slater

H. F. Boettner

Smith Premier Co

W. B. Welch

R. C. Moore

D. F. Luckey

W. A. Norman

Statesman Publishing Co .

E.A. Remley

L. D. Brown

H. C. Tuck

J. E. Taylor

To requisition

By R. B. Love

J. T. Steele

H. H. Wolf

H. H. Wolf

J. H. Slater

Scurlock Transfer Co

D. F. Luckey

Western Union Co

A. J. Hammerstein

E. A. Remley

Robert Hill

W. A. Norman

H. V. Goode

A. Brainard

R. C. Moore

H. C. Tuck

L. D. Brown

.$1,000.00

1,500.00

500.00

«17.

00

218.

05

47.

50

208.

24

7.

50

224.

29

15.

00

55.

16

10

50

31.

20

25.

00

11

78

2

25

85

00

24

65

45

75

183

50

221

50

12

00

15

00

12

38

27

50

133

85

2

35

30

00

50

00

72

35

36

20

5

64

19

16

48

71

9

35

8

.15

125

65

233

71

152

.50

1

.50

20

00

243

.88

235

.80

80

25

42

.30

5

.00

9

.88

26

.79

9

.44

21

.61

218

.84

2

.31

36

.20

15

.00

40

.00

133

.25

16

.64

7

.00

143

.13

222

.50

235

.50

32

Missouri Agricultural Report.

STATE VETERINARY FUND— Continued.

Date.

War. No.

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

Oct

190S.
6

To requisition

$2 , 000 . 00

16

16

16

16

. 3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

3 . . . .

2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356

By George D. Barnard Co

$48 00

Col. Teleplione Co

2 50

A. J. Haminerstein

5 20

Franiv S. Betz Co

16 00

Nov

T. E. White ".

5 75

Robert Hill

18.75

J. H. Slater ... ...

22 96

E. A. Remley

17 00

F. M. Ludwick

24 00

By 11. C. Moore

62 50

Statesman Pub Co

.

12 00

H. C. Tuck

221 75

L. D. Brown

230.69

D. F. Luckey

189 31

W. A. Norman

124 20

To requisition 1 , 000 . GO

By Col. Telephone Co

3

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

6

28

2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371

1.75

Dec.

Col. Telephone Co

1.25

R. I,. Hill

35.70

R. G. Houston

L. D. Brown

D. F. Luckey

9.25
226.44
198 50

R. C. Moore

L. G. Clark

67.90
20.27

H. C. Tuck

237.36

A. J. Hammerstein

Jas. Cullison

C. H. Dana

H. H. Wolf

Jas. CuUison

A. J. Hammerstein

20.80
5.00

11.64
8.00

22.32

19.30

To overdraft

100 65

$10,701.47 $10,701.47

1

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

Date.

War. No.

1908.

Dec. 15

" 16

117

" 16

118

" 16

119

" 16

120

" 16

121

" 16

122

" 16

123

" 16

124

" 16

125

" 16 ..

126

" 16

" 30

127

" 30

128

" 30

129

Feb. 2

130

" 2

131

" 2.-

132

Name.

Dr.

Cr.

To balance $645 . 51

By Pacific Express Co '

American Express Co

Economy Drawing Table Co

S. H. Elkins ,

Curtis Hill '

J. C. Pritchard

R. P. Scurlock [

Eugene Dietzgen Co j

Count Harvey

Etta Gilbert

To requisition 1 , 000 . 00

By D. Ward King

National Paper Co

Count Harvey

Etta Gilbert

D. Ward King

S. H. Elkins

$24

50

4

.95

23

40

37

50

226

41

134

70

4

79

156

59

10

16

50

00

16

80

5

65

6

77

50

00

66

50

30

00

Report of Secretary.

33

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND— Continued.

Date.

190S.
Feb. 2...

Mar.

Wor. No.

Name.

Dr.

July

By J. C. Pritchard

Scurlock Transfer Co

Count Harvey

Smith Premier Co

Curtis Hill

Geo. L. Cooley

L. Ruckert

Etta Gilbert

S. H. Elkins

O. W. Childs

Curtis Hill

Eugene Dietzgen

American Express Co

Col. Statesman

S. H. Elkins

R. P. Scurlock

W. L. Nelson

John A. Williams

Barnes-Crosby Co

Susie McGuire

Smith Premier Co

Col. Telephone Co

Etta Gilbert

D. Ward King

Curtis Hill

Geo. L. Cooley

J. C. Pritchard

Shields & Courts

T. W. Whittle

To requisition

By Curtis Hill

L. Ruckert

Pacific Express Co

Etta Gilbert

T. W. Whittle

Barnes-Crosby Co

Western Union Tel. Co. . . .

T. W. Whittle

National Paper Co

Etta Gilbert

Curtis Hill

American Express Co

To requisition

By Smith Premier Co

E. A. Remley

Curtis Hill

R. P. Scurlock

Etta Gilbert

E. A. Remley

L. Ruckert

To requisition

By Scurlock Transfer Co ... .

Statesman Pub. Co

Col. Telephone Co

Etta Gilbert

L. Ruckert

Curtis Hill

Col. Herald Newspaper Co.

E. A. Remley

Col. Herald Newspaper Co .
To requisition

$2,500.00

Cr.

500.00

500.00

500.00

176

08

6

12

13

40

4

25

200

00

50

00

2

34

50

00

40

00

10

34

111

14

10

00

6

40

12

00

8

60

7

93

6

40

56

42

21

57

1

65

1

96

4

60

100

00

338

40

741

01

16

47

440

88

6

50

15

00

239

01

3

36

3

90

50

00

10

00

17

95

1

21

15

00

17

45

50

00

200

00

4

.00

8

.00

15

.00

241

.35

7

.70

50

.00

85

.00

3

.17

15

.00

10

.00

4

.50

50

.00

2

.61

304

.25

2

.25

25

.00

6

.50

A — i

34

Missouri Agricultural Beport.

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND— Continued.

Date.

War. No.

1
Name. Dr.

Cr.

1908.
Oct 6

190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208

Bv E. A. Remlev

.115 00

6 ....

Curtis Hill

276 57

6

F. J. Kersting

903 62

"6

D. Ward King

6 92

6

Etta Gilbert ^

. . .

40 00

6

Troxell-Robin.'jon Co

58 22

6

R. G. Houston

20 00

" 16

Geo. D. Barnard Co

48 00

" 16 ....

Col. Telephone Co

3 55

Nov 3 ....

Curtis Hill

271 85

3

F. J. Kersting

196 ''4

3

Economy Drawing Table Co

16 20

3

Jno. W. Williams

13 30

3

Shields & Courts

2 50

3

Etta CJilbert

25 00

3 . . .

E. A. Remley

15 00

3

R. G. Houston '

10 50

3

L. Ruckert !

3 55

3

Ira T. G. .'^tone '

25 75

3

To requisition

•S 500. 00

3 ....

209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218

Bv Col. Telephone Co

1 50

Dec 6 ...

Col. Telephone Co

1 50

6

F. J. Kersting

200 74

6

Barnes-Crosbv Co

37 46

6

Curtis Hill i .

305 83

6

L. Ruckert ,

1 04

6 ....

Etta Gilbert

25 00

" 6 . .

E. A. Remlev '■

10 00

6

Barnes-Crosbv Co i

3 75

6

E. A. Remlev

16 00

6

To requisition

1,000.00

"28 ....

By balance

540 53

.S7, 145.51

.$7,145.51

APIARY INSPECTION FUND.

Date.

1908.

Dec. 15. .

" 16..

1909.
July 1 . .

Aug.
Sept.

Oct.

4.

2.

2.

6.
" 6.
" 16.
Nov. 3.
Dec. 6.
•' 6.
" 28.

War. No.

13

14
15

16

17
18
19

Name.

To balance

By M. E. Darby.

To requisition

By M. E. Darby..
M. E. Darby. . .

To requisition

By M. E. Darby..

To requisition

By E. A. Remley.
M. E. Darby. . .
M. E. Darby. . .

To requisition

By balance

Dr.

571.59

200 00

300.00

200 . 00

300.00

$1,071.59

Cr.

$71.59

330 . 20
80.55

172.35

25.50
164.55
138.00

88.85

51,071.59

Report of Secretary.

35

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND.

Date.

War. No.

Name. Dr.

Or.

1908.

De^" 1 ^

To balance

!« 1,366 48

' 16

' 16

1031
1032

Bv Geo. W. Williams

$80 . 50

Columbia Telephone Co

2.65

' 16

1033

C. D. Lyon

94.34

' 16

1034

Edna D. Day

9.74

' 16

' 16

1035
1036

Jno. M. Evvard

10.12

Ilena Bailey

30 . 35

' 16

1037

Barnes-Crosby Co

6.23

' 16

1038

O. E. Reed

10.20

' 16

1039

W. H. Chandler

33.26

' 16

' 16

1040
1041

Jas. E. Stowers

8.17

C. D. Lyon 1

98.03

' 16

1042

Columbia Statesman '

34.50

' 16

' 16

' 16

1043
1044
1045

S. H. Elkins

50.00

C. O. Raine

75.00

Edna D. May

150.00

' 16

1046

Smith Premier T. W. Co

4.50

' 16

1047

S. M. Jordan i 200 .00

' 16

• 16

1048
1049

Geo. W. William.s

1.50.00
10.24

M. F. Mille.

• 16

1050

D. Ward King

100.00

' 16

1051

F. G. King

50.00

'16

1052

D. F. Luckey

39.62

' 16

1053

D. F. Luckey

16.74

' 16

1054

C. H. Eckles ■

11.62

' 16

1055

Shields & Courts . . . .' '

6.00

' 16

1056

J. W. Connaway.

36.49

' 16

1057

C. F. Troxell

31.00

' 16

1058

E. A. Trowbridge

11.62

' 16

' 16

' 17

1059

1060

W. L. Howard

12.05

To requi.sition

2 , 000 . 00

By H. I). Hughes

10.00

' .30

1061

S. H. Elkins

20.00

' .30

1062

Barnes-Crosby Co

3.85

• .30

1063

C. O. Raine

28.80

' 30

1064

F. H. Demaree

10.15

' 30

' 30

' 30

1065
1066
1067

Geo. W. William.-i

10.08

F. B. Mumford

10.37

S. M. Jordan

3 96

• 30

1068

Kneisley Banta

4.14

1909.

Jan. l.S

1069
1070

Columbia Statesman

50.00

' 13

H. W. Mumford

21.00

• 13

■ 13

• 13

1071
1072
1073

G. F. Troxell i

4.00

W. C. Howell 1

21.10

W. C. Hutchison

18.75

• 13

1074

A. .M. Schwiech

2.50

' 13

' 13

1075
1076

N. H. Gentry

12.50
27.11

C. B. Hutchison

' 13

1077

H. F. Williams '

9.65

' 13

1078

N. J. Colman

17.00

• 13

1079

J. L. Christian

26.50

■ 13

1080

F.I. Vandeventer I

8.00

' 13

1081

Athens Hotel

8.00

' 13

' 13

• 13

b. 2

' 2

2

2

2

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088 "

1089

B. H. Ozment

35 00

A. J. Glover

50 00

Jake Moselev . .

2 00

Fp

S. H. Elkins . .1

40 00

J. C. Whitten

23 48

S. M. Jordan

202.38

A. T. Nelson

25.55
1.00

.\I. J. Mallery

36

Missouri Agricultural Report.

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND— Continued.

Date.

War. No.

1909.

Feb. 2

1090

" 2

1091

" 2

1092

" 2

1093

2

1094 1

" \}

1095

" 2

1096

" 2

1097

** o

1098

" 2

1099

" 2

1100

" 2

1101

" 2

1102

" 2

1103

Mar. 1

1104 ;

1

1105 j

1

1106

1

1107

" 1

1108

" 1

1109

" 1

1110

1

nil

1

1112

" 1

1113

" 1

1114

" 1

1115

1

1116

" 18

1117

" 18

1118

" 18

1119

" 18

1120

" 18

1121

" 18

1122

" IS......

1123

" 18

1124

" 18

1125

" 18

1126

" 18

1127

" 31

1128

" 31

1129

" 31

1130

Apr. 1.5

1131

'• 15

1132

" 15

1133

May 3

1134

" 3

1135

" 19

1136

" 19

1137

" 19

1138

" 19

June 8

1139

" 8

1140

July 1

1141

" 30

1142

" 30

" 30

1143

Sept. 2

1144

" 2......

1145

" 2

1146

" 2

1147

Oct. 6

1148

" 6

1149

Name.

By American Expre.ss Co .

John Deerwe.ster

Geo. W. Williams

F. G. King

J. W. Boles

M. F. Miller

W. H. Chandler

S. H. Elkins

Columbia Statesman . . .

Sanford McSmith

M. V. Carroll

Col. Telephone Co

F. B. Mumford

Barnes-Crosby Co

M. F. Miller

National Paper Co

F. B. Mumford

J. C. Whitten

A. J. McDowell

J. B. Rector

C. B. Hutchison

S. M. Jordan

S. H. Elkins

Columbia Statesman . . ,

F. G. King

Ilena Bailey

G. W. Williams

Barnes-Crosby Co ... .

S. M. Jordan

A. J. McDowell

O. E. Reed

Columbia Club

Farnsworth-Childs Co .

H. J. Waters

J. W. Waller

C. H. Eckles

Barnes-Crosby Co ... .

H. D. Hughes

Barnes-Crosby Co ... .

Count Harvey

T. W. Whittle

Columbia Statesman. .
Barnes-Crosby Co ... .
Pacific Express Co. . . .
Barnes-Crosby Co ... .

T. W. Whittle

S. M. Jordan

Barnes-Crosby Co ... .
F. G. King

To requisition

By Barnes-Crosby Co . .
Scurlock Transfer Co. .
S. M. Jordan

E. A. Remley

To requisition

By S. M. Jordan

S. M. Jordan

Geo. B. Ellis

F. H. Deraaree

F. G. King

J. C. Whitten

W. H. Chandler

Dr.

Cr.

.S.500 . 00

500 00

.^7 . 70
14 15

21 74
115.56

10.75

9.37

24 72

8.60

16.00

14.00

2.00

14.75

22.78

66 47

22 . 20
10.00
27.12
27.65
41.44
15.00
35.41

196.31
37 50

5,00

124.59

16.79

75.88

4.75
17 01
40.52
34.44

3.00
10.00

7.33
12.85

9.69
14.85
21.27

7.51
17.04
24.25
21.50

4.95
20 38
21.22
10.00

1.50
15.50
28.68

56.50

3.64

150.00

42 . 50

150 00

187.05

123.30

15.22

12.89

23.80

5 41

Report of Secretary.

37

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND— Continued.

Date.

Oct.

Nov

Dec

1909.

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

16. .

16. .

16. .

. 3. .

3. .

3. .

3. .

3. .

3. .

3. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

6. .

6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
28.

War. No.

1150
1151

1152
1153

1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175

Name.

Dr.

1176

By M. F. Miller

E. A. Remley

S. M. Jordan

American Expre.ss Co .

To requisition

By Geo. D. Barnard Co .

F. H. Demaree

A. J. McDowell

C. M. Long

S. M. Jordan

W. L. Howard

A. J. McDowell

E. A. Remley

American Express Co .

W. H. Ciiandler

C. M. Long

S. M. Jordan

C. B. Hutchison

Pacific Express Co. . . .

A. J. McDowell

W. H. Chandler

F. H. Demaree

Geo. W. Williams....

H. D. Hughes

R. D. Calkins

F. H. Hillman

E. A. Remley

To requisition

By Geo. B. Ellis

By balance

SI, 000 00

1 , 500 . 00

$6,866.48

Cr.

$24.31

20.00

239.63

7.89

48.00
8.70

122.30
32.76

213.74
11.05
98.24
17.00
11.85
14.25

110.79

248.94
40.73
14.02
52.31
37 . 10
30.03

129.96
14.29
66.96
50.28
24.00

38 06
957.42

$6,866.48

SUMMARY OF SECRETARY'S FINANCIAL STATEMENT.
DISTRIBUTION OF ANNUAL REPORT FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

December 15, 1908.. .

April 1, 1909

Dec. 15, 1908, to Dec.
28, 1909

December 28, 1909

To balance in treasury Board of Agriculture.
To amount of appropriation

By warrants drawn for distributing of annual
report

By amount paid for printing and binding an-
nual report. Account with printing com-
mission

By balance in State treasury

$8,000.00

$500 . 00

3,387.09
4,112.91

$8,000 00

38

Missouri Agricultural lleport.

MONTHLY CROP REPORT FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 15, 1908

To balance in our treasury

$146.47
.3,000.00

April 1, 1909

Dec. 15, 1908, to Dec.
28, 1909

To amount of appropriation.

By warrants drawn on treasurer Board of
Agriculture

$1,072 81

By amount paid for printing buUetins-s account
with Printing Commission

797 80

Dec. 28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

To overdraft treasurer Board of Agriculture. . . .
By balance State Treasury

26.34

1 , 302 . 20

$3,172.81 1 $3,172.81

1

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 15, 1908

April 1, 1909

Dec. 15, 1908, to Dec

28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

To balance

To appropriation.

By vouchers paid

By balance with our treasurer. . .
By balance with State Treasurer

$294.30
1,200.00

$1,494.30

$545.81
248.49
700.00

$1,494.30

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 15, 1908

Dec. 16, 1908

April 1, 1909

Dec. 15, 1908, to Dec

28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

To balance

To requisition. . .
To appropriation .

$1,366.48

2 , 000 . 00

10,000.00

By vouchers paid

By balance with our treasurer '

By amounts paid for printing bulletin, account

with Printing Commission '

By balance with State Treasurer . . . .■ '

513,366.48

$5,909.06
957.42

143.41
6,356.59

$13,366.48

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 15, 1908

April 1, 1909

Dec. 15, 1908, to Dec,

28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

To balance

To appropriation .

By vouchers paid

By balance with our treasurer. . .
Bj' balance with State Treasurer.

$99.32
1,030.00

$1,099.32

$443.21

56.11

600.00

$1,099.32

Report of Secretary.

39

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 15, 1908

April 1, 1909

Dec. 15, 1908, to Dec.

28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

To balance

To appropriation.

$600.82
23,200.00

By vouchers paid

To overdraft treasury of Board of .\griculture.

100.65

Dec. 28, 1909 ' By balance in State Treasury

$23,901.47

$10,701.47
13,200.00

$23,907.47

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

Date.

Dec. 15, 1908

April 1, 1909

Dec. 16, 1908

Dec. 15, 1908, to Dec.
28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

Dec. 28, 1909

Dr.

Cr.

To balance

To appropriation .
To requisition . . .

By vouchers paid

By amount paid for printing bulletins, account

with Printing Commission

By balance in our treasury

By balance in State Treasury

$645.51

12,000.00

1,000.00

$13,645.51

$6,604.97

279.13
540.53

6,220.88

$13,645.51

APIARY INSPECTION FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

To balance

To appropriation .

Dec. 15, 1908

April 1, 1909

Dec. 15, 1908, to Dec.

28, 1909 ' By vouchers paid

Dec. 28, 1909 I By balance in our treasury . .

Dec. 28, 1909 By balance in State tre-isury.

$71.59
2 , 000 . 00

$2,071.59

$982.74

88.85

1 , 000 . 00

52,071.59

40

Missouri Agricultural Beport.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

To the State Board of Agriculture :

I, W. A. Bright, Treasurer of the Board of Agriculture, submit the
following report of the amount of money received from last report, and
from the State Treasurer, including balances, and the amounts paid out
on warrants presented against the several funds of the Board of Agri-
culture, and the balances now on hand, all for the year ending December
the 28th, 1909:

PRINTING OF ANNUAL REPORT.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 17, 1908

By overdraft

$ 10

Aug. 7, 1909

To State warrant

$300.00
200.00

Sept. 10, 1909

Dec. 24, 1909

State warrant

By warrants paid and cnncelled

500 00

Dec. 24 1909

To overdraft

.10

$500.10

$500.10

MONTHLY CROP REPORT.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 17. 1908

To balance

$146.47
.01
200.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
200.00
200.00

Dec. 17, 1908

Interest . . .

July 6, 1909

To State warrant

July 13, 1909

State warrant

Aug. 7, 1909

State warrant

Sept. 10, 1909

State warrant

Oct. 25, 1909

State warrant

Nov. 10, 1909

Dec. 24, 1909

State warrant

Bv warrants paid and cancelled

$1,072 81

Dec. 24, 1909

To overdraft

26.33

$1,072.81

$1,072.81

EXPENSE OF MEMBERS FUND.

Date.

-

Dr.

Or.

Dec. 17, 1908

To balance

$294.30
200.00
100.00
200.00

July 6 1909

To State warrant

State warrant

Oct. 15, 1909

Dec. 16, 1909

Dec. 24, 1909

State warrant

By warrants paid and cancelled

$537.31

Dec. 24, 1909

Balance

256 99

$794.30

$794.30

Report of Secretary.

41

FARMERS' INSTITUTE FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 17, 1908
Dec. 23, 1908
July 6, 1909.
July 7, 1909.
Oct. 15, 1909
Dec. 16, 1909
Dec. 24, 1909
Dec. 24, 1909

To balance

State warrant

.State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

By warrants paid and cancelled.

Balance.

$1,518.83

2,000.00

500.00

500 . 00

1 , 000 . 00

1,500.00

$6,047.12
971.71

OFFICE EXPENSE FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 17, 1908

July 6, 1909

To balance

State warrant

$99.32
100.00
200.00
100.00

Sept. 10, 1909

Dec. 16, 1909

State warrant

State warrant

Dec. 24, 1909

By warrants paid and cancelled

$429 08

Dec. 24, 1909

Balance

70 24

$499.32

$499.32

STATE VETERINARY FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 17, 1908

To balance

$600.82
4 , 000 . 00
1,000.00
1,500.00
500.00
2,000.00
1,000.00

July 6, 1909

State warrant

July 13, 1909

Aug. 7, 1909

State warrant

State warrant

Sept. 10, 1909

Oct. 16, 1909

State warrant

State warrant

Nov. 10, 1909

State warrant ....

Dec. 24, 1909

Balance

$8 32

Dec. 24, 1909

By warrants paid and cancelled

10,592.50

$10,600.82

$10,600 82

APIARY INSPECTION FUND.

Date.

Dec. 17, 1908 .
July 13, 1909.
Sept. 10, 1909
Oct. 15, 1909.
Dec. 16, 1909.
Dec. 24, 1909.
Dec. 24, 1909.

To balance

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

By warrants paid and cancelled.

Balance

Dr.

$71.59
200.00
300 . 00
200 . 00
300 00

$1,071. 59

Cr.

2.74
88.85

$1,071.59

42

Missouri Agricultural Report.

STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER FUND.

Date.

Dr.

Cr.

Dec. 17, 1908.
Dec. 21, 1908.
July 6, 1909 . .
July 13, 1909.
Aug. 7, 1909. .
Sept. 10, 1909
Nov. 10, 1909
Dec. 16, 1909.
Dec. 24, 1909.
Dec. 24, 1909.

To balance

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

State warrant

By warrant.? paid and cancelled.

Balance

$645.51

1,000.00

2,500.00

500 . 00

500.00

500.00

500.00

L , 000 . 00

$7,145.51

$6,604.98
540.53

$7,145.51

Respectfully submitted,

W. A. Bright,

Treasurer.

Report of State Highivay Engineer. 43

REPORT OF STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER.

Columbia. :\Io., December 28, 1909.
To the Honorable Members of the State Board of Agriculture :

Gentlemen — In my report for the year, 1908, among other things
planned for the year, 1909, I mentioned a systematical study of the
road materials of the State, a census for the amount of travel, whereby
the roads could be classified, the collection of historical data upon the
old State roads, and the tests of paints and preservatives for steel
highway bridges. These plans had to be abandoned because of an insuffi-
cient ajjpropriation. The appropriation by the last Legislature for the
biennial period is not sufficient to carry on the regular routine work
of the office for the two years, aside from gathering useful information
or broadening the scope of our work. The office is constantly receiving
calls, the nature of which requires visits to the localities. In order
to treat all alike, after April 1st, we shall be compelled to request that
necessary traveling expenses be provided by the community or local
authorities desiring such services. With very little more funds, the
work of the office could be made many times more valuable to the State.
The prospect for the next year is not to enlarge, but to curtail the
work.

DUTIES OF THE STATE HIGHWAY ENGINEER.

The duties assigned by law for the State Highway Engineer are to
devise plans and estimates for road and bridge construction, best suited
to the needs of the different counties of the State ; to hold public meet-
ings in the various parts of the State, and to give assistance and advice
to local road officials whenever any of said officials may request it : to
disseminate information and instructions by bulletins, publications,
etc. ; to assist in the construction of demonstration roads, and to investi-
gate the character of the diff'erent road materials of the State.

For the first of these duties, the office has made plans and estimates
by actual study and survey of the ground of something like seventy
miles of rock and gravel road, a few miles of which were superintended
during construction by the office. This does not include plans, estimates,
or specifications sent out from surveys made by local engineers. We
have made plans and estimates for fifty-four steel bridges aggregating
6,650 linear feet, and 123 concrete structures aggregating 1,420 linear

44 Missouri Agricultural Report.

feet, the total amounting to 177 bridge plans and 8,070 linear feet of
bridging at an estimated cost of approximately $190,000.00.

In holding public meetings and in advice and assistance given local
officials, representatives of the office have made 250 visits for the pur-
pose of holding, or assisting to hold, road meetings, and for advising
upon road and bridge matters. Many of these meetings have been
strictly road gatherings, while in some the road question was discussed
in conjunction with other subjects, such as farmers' institute work.
All of this is aside from the hundreds of inquiries answered by mail.

Nine bulletins and several circulars have been issued. These re-
late to the different manner and forms of road and bridge construction,
and aid in securing uniformity of methods, system and organization
in road work and road expenditures.

I have not been called upon to superintend the construction of any
demonstration road. I have put on six demonstrations during the two
years, and these only in a small way, for the purpose of illustrating some
feature of work adaptable to that particular locality. Two of these
demonstrated the use of the road drag for maintaining gravel roads,
especially upon newly made roads, without the use of a road roller, and
where the gravel is packed by travel. In Cape Girardeau county, where
the County Highway Engineer, Mr. Scivally, worked earnestly in con-
junction with us, the drag is now being used successfully to help main-
tain the gravel roads.

I believe that almost every section of the State contains some kind
of road-making material which can be found by well directed re-
search. For example, by a personal investigation in a certain locality
of the State, I found an excellent road gravel in abundance where the
people were under the impression that they had no material with which
to malce roads.

Again, we have a large area of low lands in Southeast Missouri,
which is generally supposed to be without material. They have sand
and an excellent ((uality of gumbo. One year ago I made a campaign of
three weeks in that section upon the sand-gumbo road. I repeated the
campaign last March with the aid of an engineer from the United States
Office of Public Roads, with the result that I\Ir. Ellis, Highway Engineer
of Mississippi county, succeeded in building a mile of this particular
road last August. This has since been followed by a mile in Scott
county by Mr. Warner, County Engineer. It is attracting considerable
attention, and is the opening wedge for better roads, at a reasonable
price, in a section where the cost of imported material almost prohibits
hard roads.

These things are small in themselves, but next to a general desire

Report of State Highway Engineer. 45

are the first steps toward acquiring good roads, but there is some ex-
pense attached even to this.

You will fill realize that my work is of such a nature that its
value cannot be estimated in dollars and cents. With a rating at the
usual fees charged for engineering consultation the amount will just
about balance the expenditures upon the office. This estimate does not
nor cannot take into account the loss which might have occurred through
faulty construction, since without such an official as State Engineer,
the local officials would never have sought advice upon the subject, nor
does it take into account the far reaching effect which the road meet-
ings, publications, and other similar works may have.

For example, we have not only made the plans for concrete struc-
tures, but have in some instances gone to the county where no such work
had been done, and aided in preliminary construction. In four cases
we went before the county courts and argued for a beginning in con-
crete culvert work. These, among other counties, are now doing con-
crete work as fast as their means will justify.

Six years ago Dallas county paid $4,450.00 for a 120-foot steel
bridge with approaches. Under our plans, by rejecting bids and re-
letting, a similar bridge was built last year for $2,750.00. In the ad-
joining county of Polk where a similar condition existed, a contract
was closed upon our plans and by our advice in which all bids were
rejected two different times, the first received being over $5,000.00.
The contract price was finally closed for $2,650.00 or about one-half that
paid by the county for the same sized structure a few years ago, and a
little more than one-half the amount of the lowest bids first received.

AVe constructed six miles of rock road for one county this year at
an average contract price of $4,200.00 per mile, exclusive of grading.
A few other roads have been built in that vicinity, under similar condi-
tions, which cost $5,000.00 per mile. This reduction in cost is due to the
difference in plans and methods for construction, and we have as good a
road for the less cost.

I'hese examples will not apply throughout the State, nor is the value
of the State office altogether in reducing the cost of work. In some
cases we have increased the cost. We have changed details of numbers
of plans which were sent to us for advice, which neither increased nor
decreased the cost of the work, but give better work for the same cost.

PERMANENCY OF CONSTRUCTION.

Approximately, $3,000,000 was spent upon the roads of the State
last year, divided about equally between improved roads, the earth roads
and bridges and culverts. Of these three millions of dollars of expendi-

46 Missouri Agriculiural Report.

ture. about $310,000 was for culverts (structures less than 10 feet clear
span). As you all knoAV. many of these structures are made of timber,
and are always dangerous, rotting out, or having to be renewed. Of
this $310,000, 41 per cent, was for repairs and maintenance. Any
method of culvert construction which costs 41 per cent, of the annual
expenditures for repairs, is wrong. The counties cannot spend their
road revenue to better advantage than for concrete culverts. We must
build more permanent structures with public road funds.

The State has approximately 110,000 miles of road, 5,000 miles of
which may be classed as improved, leaving 105,000 miles of earth roads.
This 5,000 miles of improved roads consists of various degrees and man-
ner of improvements, many miles of which are poorer than a good earth
road w^th good concrete culverts. The term "good roads," is a relative
term, and what is considered and reported as an improved road in some
sections would be called a very poor road in another. Missouri has a
small mileage of modern, first-class, up-to-date roads. All of which again
calls to mind the lesson that could be taught with demonstrations and a
few sample roads.

MAINTENANCE OF THE STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT.

Good roads, in by far the larger part of the State, is a matter of
education. It is a question of teaching the people to know good roads,
thus creating a desire for them. This is of interest to the State, and is
as much a problem for the State as for the community. The State could
not spend a few thousand dollars to better advantage than to supply the
State Engineer with means to make demonstrations and to build sample
roads.

An annual State license could be placed upon automobiles, the pro-
ceeds of which should be used solely for the support of the State High-
way Engineer's office. This license could be made sufficient to permit
an investigation of road materials and to make demonstrations. It
would also put the office upon a l^etter footing.

STATE AID TO ROAD BUILDING.

The last Legislature passed a resolution submitting a constitutional
amendment for a State road tax of 5 cents on the $100.00 worth of as-
sessed valuation. I urge the adoption of this amendment, that through
State aid there will be an inducement for the improvement of our road
system, a stimulus for the construction of permanent highways, and be-
cause it is an equitable plan for road improvement. If some broad pol-
icy were definitely adopted whereby the cost of making roads would be

Report of State Highway Engineer. 47

proportioned between the community, county and State, a creditable
showing would soon be made without working a hardship upon anyone.
Examples can be cited in the counties of Johnson, Cass, Boone, Cooper,
Clay, Platte, Montgomery, Nodaway, Holt, Callaway, Pettis, Saline, Jef-
ferson, Scott, Douglas, Greene, where the communities or districts de-
siring to build, felt that the total cost was too much for them, but with
a little financial assistance would have gone ahead with the work. This,
in turn, would bring further improvements. Missouri will succeed in
road work whenever she acquires State aid for public roads.

THE COUNTY HIGHWAY ENGINEER.

There is a great deal of talk against the office of County Highway
Engineer. Under the last legislative action, petitions are being circu-
lated in a few counties for the purpose of suspending the County High-
way Engineer act, while one county has already voted in favor of the
suspension clause.

The law creating the office of County Highway Engineer is good
and is sound in principle. If any county does not improve road con-
ditions under it, it is the fault of the county, and not of the law. If
every man would acquaint himself with the loose methods of the past
forty years, namely, the condition of our road records, the utter disre-
gard for road laws and road regulations, the counties' mercy at the hands
of the unscrupulous contractors, and the imsystematical ways in vogue,
he would certainly see the necessity for the office of County Highway
Engineer. The county engineer can, in many places, collect more of the
poll-tax than was collected before him, get the funds upon the road at a
less percentage for overseeing, and can gradually bring order out of
chaos.

Take, for example, the cases of Lawrence and Moniteau counties,
where the cost of overseeing was formerly about 50 per cent, of the
funds; the engineers have reduced it to 20 i^er cent, and 30 per cent.,
respectively. In one district in another coimty, it was costing 97 per
cent, of the funds to get them on the road. With the same overseer, the
engineer succeeded in reducing this to 40 per cent, the first year, and
to 30 per cent, this year. One other county shows 30 per cent, saved in
the purchase price of road tools alone, and in still another, where only
50 per cent, of the poll-taxes were ever collected, through the attention
and spur given the road interests by the engineer, 90 per cent, of these
taxes are now collected.

The amount of work for which the engineer is called upon, is evi-
dence enough of the need for such an official. The county court of

48 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Greene county have signed a volunteer statement to the effect that the
County Highway Engineer fills a long felt want, and that the position
saved $4,000.00 in different ways to Greene county in the year 1908.

The cost of the County Highway Engineer to the county is not
greater, in many instances, than the sum of the fees paid out under the
old fee system. Take, for example, the county of Buchanan, where this
year the amount of salaries paid into the County Highway Engineer's
office was $4,400.00, and the year preceding the advent of the County
Engineer the fees for road supervision cost the county $4,608.00. In
Chariton county the salarj^ of County Highway Engineer is $2,000.00.
while the last year before the engineering supervision the fees paid the
ex officio road and bridge commissioner were $2,194.00. In Johnson
county a similar comparison shows the fees under the last year of the
old law to have been $1,550.00, the County Highway Engineer's salary
is $1,200.00. In Pettis county the fees were $1,280.00 and salary of en-
gineer is $1,400.00. In Mississippi county the fees were $1,330.00 and
salary of the engineer is $900.00. In Scott coimty the fees for road
supervision averaged over the seven years preceding the County High-
way Engineer act, $1,730.00, not including fees of records of several in-
stances where special commissioners were employed. The County En-
gineer's salary is $1,500.00. Besides this, the engineer has the super-
vision of road and bridge work, of the overseei*s, of the surveying, ditch-
ing and clearing of the right-of-way, and a number more of other duties
are required of him than were required of any man luider the old sys-
tem, or ever will be required of an ex officio County Highway Engineer.
His whole time and attention is required upon the county's roads, for
which the county is paying but little or no more than it formerly paid
out in fees for inferior service. And, furthermore, the pay of the county
engineer does not keep the amount of his salary from the roads, because
he is paid out of the county funds, as any other county officer is paid,
and not from the road funds.

A STANDARD OF QUALIFICATIONS FOR HIGHWAY ENGINEERS.

Unfortunately, some of our highway engineers are not qualified to
hold their office. We should have an examining board, competent to
judge and fix a standard of highway engineers, and require each en-
gineer to obtain a license from this board.

A CASH SYSTEM OF ROAD TAXES AND REGULARLY ORGANIZED ROAD CREW.

We should do away with the labor tax system. The working out of
taxes is an inadequate, inefficient and indefensible form of revenue. We

Report of Htaie Highway Engineer. 49

must substitute a cash system and road workers with competent super-
vision. The men who work out their taxes, as a rule, know nothing and
care but little about the work. ]\Iany of them work with the sole idea
of working out the taxes, not to benefit the roads. It is not so much the
fault of the men as it is the fault of the system, a "venerable" system
which has been handed down from generation to generation, but which
has become rotten with age.

In the first place, it is difficult to get men to serve as road overseers.
We must depend upon the farmers to fill these positions — men whose
living and business is farming, not making roads. They, even as over-
seers, cannot be expected to give the roads due attention at times when
roads should be worked, considering that they are as competent road men
as they are farmers. Their farms have first call upon their time, atten-
tion and study.

We should have a few men in each county whose business is work-
ing roads ; men who make it a business, men who have an organization,
and who are prepared for it as a business. They will accomplish more
with one dollar than the average overseer can with two. These road
ercM^s should be under the direction of the county engineer, to be sent
any place in the county where necessary, such as the districts where we
have incompetent overseers or none at all, or where a good overseer re-
quires aid, or where work can be put directly imder the engineer. One
or two such crews could be kept busy in a county the entire year, and
additional crews could be put on in the proper working season. It need
not mean the abolishment of the overseer system where good men can be
secured to act, but one good outfit, with a competent foreman, to a town-
sliip. or to 50 or 100 miles of road, would accomplish something in a
year's time. It is doubtful if it would cost any more than under the
present methods, but even if it should, it will bring results.

Furthermore, the business for this crew of road workers will be to
care for the roads while other people are attending to their own business,
for as long as road work is everybody's business, it will be poorly done.
Road affairs being everybody's business, together with politics, causes
more loss and poorer work upon the roads than all the other things to-
gether, for the inevitable result is incompetency or loose methods.

THE ELIMITATION OF POLITICS FROM ROAD AFFAIRS.

Another indication of rottenness in our "venerable system," is the
infusion of politics into road affairs. The roads do not belong to any
party, set, or faction, but are the property of all. In some of our coun-

A— 4

50 Missouri Agricultural lleport.

ties the road affairs are nothing more than a political machine. More
than one instance can be pointed out where the roads have been made
to suffer in order to reward a political henchman. This can never be
entirely eliminated from the business, but a healthy public sentiment
for the selection and the retention of men for their fitness for the work
rather than for their political affiliations, will be helpful.

THE EARTH ROAD.

Road dragging last year was not, on the whole, kept ui) to the stand-
ard of former years. The season was discouraging, but our attempt to
place road dragging under supervision and upon a cash contract basis,
checked the work. Our plan is to grade a continuous piece of road, then
to contract with paities living along the road, to drag it. This has met
with a surprising number of obstacles in one way or another. In some
cases, the engineer or overseer was not pennitted to pay a sufficient price
to cover the expense of dragging. Others oppose it because they do not
believe in the efficiency of the drag. Numerous instances have come to
my notice where a long stretch of road was being dragged with one or
more undragged sections in it. When the engineer would contract to
have these poor sections dragged, many quit who were dragging volun-
tarily, and then would not contract for the work. The greatest diffi-
culty in contracting the dragging has been to get citizens who will do
the work. It has been impossible to make contracts — neither will the
citizens keep it up properly as volimteer work. Volunteer dragging can
never be more thf^n temporary, and it must be solved, either by contract
(or payment for the work), or else by a law, compelling every property
holder to drag his road a required number of times raider the direction
of the road officials.

I shall here reiterate my oft-repeated assertion that we should
give closer attention to the earth road. The largest road mileage of the
State will be earth roads for a long time to come, even at a very rapid
progress in road building, and in the meantime the best possible should
be made of the earth roads. AVell-maintained roads, with good bridges
and culverts, will solve the greatest problem in our road difficulties.

RAILROAD RATES.

I desire to mention a recent action upon freight rates for Missouri
on road materials and machinery by the Chicago & Alton and the Chi-
cago, Burlington & Quincy railroads. About the middle of October, the
Chicago & Alton announced that that road would put into effect a tariff
of one-half cent per ton per mile, car load lots, on road material and ma-

Report of State Highway Engineer.

51

c'hiiiery, provided the shipment is without profit, and is billed to road
officials. About December 1st, the C, B. & Q. R'y announced that they
were willing to publish the same rates under the same conditions. This
rate is the actual cost of transportation by rail over these roads, and is
an expression of the friendly disposition of these roads toward highway
improvement in the State. Credit for acquiring this tariff should be
given more to Frank W. iBuffum of Louisiana, Mo., than to any other
individual in the State. He has been working upon this particular mat-
ter for two years.

SUMMAEY.

A summary of the main points in this report is: Give the vital
interest of road betterment financial support and a front rank in aft'airs
where it belongs; raise the standard of road work and road workers,
take them out of the category of dog-catchers, and thereby create a more
wholesome respect for the roads and the road laws; cash taxes; better
the working system by organization of road work; State aid and close
supervision. I might add in conclusion that cash taxes, State aid and
competent supervision is the prescription for good roads.

Yours truly,

Curtis Hill,
State Highway Engineer.

52 . Missouy'i AgricuUural lleport.

REPORT OF STATE VETERINARIAN.

Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Board, of Agriculture :

The work of the Veterinary Department was greatly handicapped
during the past year by the lack of funds. At least five more men
should have been available for the veterinary service. In order to cover
the ground at all, it was necessary to leave the control of hog cholera
almost entirely to the Experiment Station, and to omit investigations
of all outbreaks of contagious diseases which did not threaten immedi-
ate and heavy losses. In cases of outbreaks of scab among sheep we
simply took the matter up through correspondence, and did the best
we could in that way. Of the thirteen outbreaks of lip and leg disease
of sheep, we were able to thoroughly investigate but one. A serious
disease among horses and mules in parts of southwest Missouri was
left without any investigation whatever. In all probability this dis-
ease is what is known as infectious anemia. In view of the fact that it
is of a serious nature, and may become wide-spread, it would certainly
be worth while for the State to provide sufficient means for its investi-
gation and suppression. There were many other matters of more or less
importance that were neglected simply from the fact that there were
no funds with which to employ sufficient force of competent men. In
the event of a general outbreak of any serious contagious disease of live
stock, our present force would be entirely inadequate to protect the
State from its ravages. We are by no means prepared to safe-guard
the health of the live stock in the manner that it should be done in a
great live stock producing State lilce ours.

Personally, I have attended to the office work, lectured at farmers'
institutes, and done as mucli as possible of the tuberculin test work.
In addition to planning and superintending the Texas fever, and all
other control work, I spent over three months of the past sununer in the
field assisting in spraying cattle for the eradication of Texas fever ticks
from cattle. Concerning the control work attempted, I beg leave to re-
port of each disease separately, as follows :

SCABIES .

During the year we had official information of thirty-four outbreaks
of scabies among sheep in this State. There were probably a few other
outbreaks concerning which we had no information.

Report of State Veterinarian. '53

As has been the case for several years past, we have found that
nearly all of the outbreaks of scab are among bands of sheep shipped into
this State from the west for stock purposes. Compared to the vast
traffic in western sheep, the number of outbreaks is very small, and
indicates an accurate and rigid inspection by the Federal Department,
and good work on the part of the authorities in the western states in the
eradication of scabies.

Whenever we have learned of the existence of scab among sheep
anywhere in the State, we have simply written the o's\mer, enclosing
a copy of section 2330, R. S. 1899, which forbids the sale, shipment,
or movement, on the public higliway, of sheep affected with any con-
tagious disease. AYe liave also sent each owner of infected sheep a
bulletin on the diseases of sheep, in which is given the treatment for
scab. This is by no means a thorough manner of controlling sheep
scab, but is the best we could do with our limited veterinary force.

FOOT ROT.

There were only five outbreaks of foot rot called to our attention
during the past year. Except for the fact that there was none of this
disease in the State up to about two years ago, this would be a matter of
little importance. We have followed the same course in dealing with
outbreaks of foot rot as of scab, and for the time being there seems to be
no imminent danger of extensive losses from this disease.

LIP AND LEG DISEASE (nECRO-BACILLOSIS) .

Of the thirteen outbreaks which were known to have existed in this
State, all were among sheep imported from the west.

Only one outbreak was investigated. This was a lot of western
sheep bought at Omaha by two farmers in Randolph county, ]\Io. The
lot consisted of about 350 head, and was divided between the two.
Out of 200 head kept by one party, there were seventy-seven either dead
or had to be destroyed. This investigation indicates that lip and leg
disease of sheep is a much more seriou>s matter than it is generally re-
garded by the owners of sheep ranches in the west. For several years
a mild type of sore mouth has been prevalent among sheep on the
ranches. There is a tendency to confoimd that mild type of disease with
the present lip and leg disease. These two diseases may be the same,
and the more fatal symptoms shown by sheep this year may be due to
some peculiar climatic conditions. Until that fact is definitely settled,
the State should be carefully guarded against the introduction of the
disease.

Under the impression that lip and h^g disease is of a harmless

54 Missouri Agricultural Report.

nature, feeders are asking for the privilege of taking diseased sheep
from the public stock yards for feeding under quarantine. Section
2330, R. S. 1899, forbids such a practice, and in my opinion, the disease
is of such a serious nature as to warrant the State enforcing this statute
to the letter.

GLANDERS.

The usual course was pursued in dealing with outbreaks of glanders.
Most favorable results have followed, except in Kansas City, where the
dangerous watering fountain is still in use. During the twelve months
preceding December 1st, there were in the entire State 103 outbreaks of
glanders, with 116 animals affected. The affected horses were distrib-
uted as follows : In Kansas City, sixty-seven ; St. Louis, twenty-three ;
in the balance of the State, twenty-six. There were eighteen more
glandered horses found in Kansas City than all the rest of the State,
including St. Louis, and the prevalence of glanders there is doubtless
largely due to the type of watering trough in use. The results of our
investigations continue to show the necessity of abolishing these troughs,
as was recommended to the authorities of Kansas City, and to this
Board some years ago.

HOG CHOLERA.

The control of hog cholera was left to the Veterinary Department
of the Experiment Station, in charge of Dr. J. W. Connaway. The
last Legislature made an allowance of $10,000 for the preparation and
use of the hog cholera serum by the Experiment Station. I am in-
formed that this amount was insufficient, and that the station was able
to answer only about one-half of the calls for assistance which it received.
I have personally visited a number of counties where hog cholera was
quite wide-spread, and from which no calls had been sent to the station.
It is reasonable to infer that not more than one-third of the outbreaks
of hog cholera in the State were taken care of during the past year.

In order to prevent the spread of hog cholera from infected herds,
perfect organization is absolutely necessary. I would recommend that
the Board of Agriculture co-operate with the Experiment Station with
the view to securing the necessary funds for preparing hog cholera
serum, and thereby secure a supply for use by the deputy state veter-
inarians over the State. I suggest that these deputies be constantly sup-
plied with serum, and placed in a position to take charge of any out-
break of hog cholera that may exist in their respective sections of the
State. As I suggested in my last annual report, there would only be
a few hours, and in no case more than twenty-four hours elapse be-
tween the beginning of an outbreak of cholera, and the arrival of a

Report of State Veterinarian. 55

deputy to take charge of it. In addition to immunizing the hogs which
are found still unaffected, a deputy with official authority could roiuid
up the diseased animals, and keep them in such quarantine as to pre-
vent the spread of the disease from them to the neighboring farms.
Without this latter authority, immunizing work is bound to be far from
perfect. This plan was recommended by the Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, under whose supervision the discovery of the hog
cholera serum was made.

TEXAS FEVER.

Texas fever infection was quite prevalent in Ripley, Oregon, New-
ton, and McDonald counties. Ripley county was in absolute quaran-
tine and cattle were not allowed to move until after November 1st, even
by inspection. The southern fourth of Oregon comity, and the western
third of Newton and McDonald comities were in quarantine, but move-
ment of some cattle was permitted on inspection. Our work during
the summer showed 275 lots of cattle in Ripley county, seventy-seven in
Oregon county, 238 in McDonald county, and ninety-five in Newton
county. These numbers do not include all the owners of milk cows in
Doniphan, Thayer, Southwest City, Neosho, and Seneca.

With the view of completely eradicating the fever ticks from these
counties, and getting the quarantine removed, we put our whole force
to work on tick eradication early in the spring, and continued the work
until December 1st. In addition to the regular force we employed an
additional inspector each, for Oregcm and Ripley counties. Dr. L. D.
BrowTi was placed in charge in Newton county; Dr. H. C. Tuck in Mc-
Donald county; Mr. W. A. Norman in Oregon county; and I took
personal charge in Ripley county, and was assisted on the part of the
State by Mr. J. E. Taylor. The Federal Government, out of their tick
eradication appropriation, made by the last Congress, practically dupli-
cated our force of men, and in addition furnished about 100 barrels of
crude oil for use in spraying cattle. Of $10,350 available for the veter-
inary service for 1909, we spent $4,792.48 in our tick eradication work.
The salaries and expenses of the Federal officers amounted to $5,731.
The material furnished by the Federal Government amounted to
$1,000.00. A total of $11,523.48 was spent during the last summer in
tick eradication work. In Ripley county the emulsion and spray pumps
were furnished free, and the inspectors assisted in the spraying, and
supervised the work, so that all the cattle men had to do in any case was
to drive their cattle to convenient stations on the regular spraying dates.
In Oregon, county the same provisions were made, with the exception
that cattle owners were required to furnish the pumps. In Newton

56 Missouri Agricultural Report.

county practically the same arrangements were made as in Ripley
comity. In McDonald county the emulsion was supplied and the owners
were required to get it and use it themselves. These various methods
were tried for the reason that it was impossible to provide a sufficient
force of men to attend to the spraying in McDonald comity, and with
the further idea in view of experimenting on the best method of tick
eradication. Strange as it may seem, woiii in McDonald county ap-
parently was most successful, and met with the least resistance. Indi-
cations are, that the more the State and Federal Government do for the
owners of cattle, the more they expect. In many cases the owners re-
garded it as a personal accommodation to the inspectors when they
drove their cattle to the stations for spraying, and some were entirely
unwilling to do even this.

On account of lack of funds we will not be able to push this work
under the same plans another year. The Federal Government will not
more than duplicate the State force, and at best, we cannot possibly su-
pervise the spraying in a thorough manner. At present, it appears
that we will do well if we secure a supply of tick emulsion from the
Federal Government for use in the various counties. Unless the way
opens up for us to do better, we will simply have to be content with
jnaking an occasional systematic inspection, and enforcing the law which
forbids owners of ticky cattle from allowing them to rmi at large. Just
recently I have received a sample of Texas fever ticks sent in from
Christian county, and the report indicates that these ticks are wide-
spread in the vicinity of Chadwick. This will add to our work during
the coming year.

The control and eradication of fever ticks has been made more
difficult during the past two summers on account of the extremely mild
winters preceding, and the further fact that a great deal of the outly-
ing range was not burned off. As best the forecast could be made, there
were some few ticks matured after September 1st, in localities in New-
ton and McDonald counties, next to the Oklahoma line; in Oregon
county around Myrtle and Thayer, and in Ripley county, around Doni-
phan, and in the extreme northwest corner of the county. On account
of the wet weather during the past fall, very little burning was done,
and in all probability, the infection will reoccur in these localities next
year.

TUBERCULOSIS.

At last tuberculosis eradication work has been reduced to a prac-
tical system. Previous to this year this work has been held back for the
reason that there Avas no way to dispose of tuberculous cattle, without

Report of state. Veterinarian. 5/

violating the law, and causing the owner an unjust loss. A law passed
by the last General Assembly and approved by the Governor, April 16,
1909, provides that the State may grant partial indenmity for cattle
condemned on account of tuberculosis, and that the owner may be per-
mitted to ship such cattle, under proper restrictions, to market for im-
mediate slaughter, under Federal or State inspection. In addition to
the amount allowed by the State, the owner gets whatever the cattle
bring on the market. As a rule, the owner will take a loss of about
one-fourth or one-third of the value of the cattle condemned when they
are shipped to market. He has the option of keeping tuberculous cattle
in isolation, under the Bang system, for breeding purposes, in which
event the State is out nothing for indemnity and the owner is out only
the additional expense of keeping such cattle in quarantine. There is
now no ground whatever for the objections which have heretofore existed
against the tuberculin test, and made it so difficult to get the co-opera-
tion of the owners in doing accurate work.

Heretofore we have had to take advantage of any opportunity that
presented itself to test herds. The result was that an undue amount
of time and money was lost in traveling over the State. Hereafter we
will attempt to group the work in such a way as to reduce the cost of
inspection per herd to the minimum. As far as possible, we will group
the herds as follows:

I. Those from which milk or butter is sold in any of the smaller
cities of the State.

II. Those from which cream is sold to any creamery in the State.

III. Those from which milk is shipped to a milk dealer in either
of the large cities — Kansas City, St. Louis, and St. Joseph.

We will insist on all herd owners in any one neighborhood getting
ready at the same time.

As a beginning of this plan, "Warrensburg, coming under Class I,
has passed and put into force, an ordinance requiring, among other
things, that its dairy herds be free from tuberculosis. One firm, out of
about sixty-five, dealing in milk in the city of St. Louis, is having all
the herds from which it purchases milk tested for tuberculosis, and the
diseased animals removed therefrom. The work of testing these herds
has been completed, with the exception of retesting one herd from which
two diseased cows were removed on the last retest. Working under this
plan, we are getting at least twice as much done as heretofore.

In all this work we have endeavored to verify the accuracy of the
results of the test by post mortem examinations. Errors are possible
in two ways. A cow that is not tuberculosis may be condemned, or one
that is tuberculosis may be passed for sound. As far as we can possibly

58 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ascertain the facts, we condemned, in our tests of about 3,882 head up
to December 1, 1908, only three animals in which lesions of tuberculosis
plainly visible to the naked eye were not found. As best we can as-
certain, we have passed only one animal for sound that should possibly
have been condemned. We are taking every precaution to avoid errors,
either in condemning sound animals or leaving tuberculous animals in
the herd. All animals which react to the* test are tagged with an ear
tag bearing the words "Missouri Condemned, Tuberculosis," and a serial
number. We offer to retest extremely valuable animals, if the owner de-
sires it, before finally condemning them. We repeatedly retest every
herd from which any diseased animals are removed; until we are sure
that no diseased animal is left. As a rule, the second test shows the
herd to be sound.

At present the indications are that the amount of tuberculosis eradi-
cation work which we do will be limited only by the small force of
deputies our funds will permit us to employ. If we had an adequate
force of men the matter of completely eradicating tuberculosis from
among our cattle and hogs would be disposed of in an incredibly short
time. The expenditure of a large amount of money in this work by the
State would be justified merely for the purpose of stopping the spread
of tuberculosis among live stock. However, when properly considered,
this is a very small part of the total benefits to be derived. There are
two other sources of even greater benefits, viz. : ( 1 ) The prevention
of the infection of the human family through milk and meat, and (2)
The education of the human family as to the essential principles govern-
ing the spread of tuberculosis.

Practically all scientists agree that bovine tuberculosis is trans-
missible to the human.

Circumstantial evidence supporting this view is overwhelming. My
own tests, followed in many cases with post mortem examinations of the
condemned tuberculous cattle, show that as a general rule the milk and
butter consumed in our towns and cities is contaminated with tubercu-
losis. The loss of human life in our cities from bovine infection is be-
yond doubt very heavy, and the responsibility of stopping it promptly
rests on the State Board of Agriculture.

With proper education the spread of tuberculosis in the human
family can be stopped as promptly and successfully as we are actually
stopping it among herds of cattle. There is no doubt that all necessary
scientific information is now at hand, which, if properly applied, will
stop all tuberculosis of men and animals. The education of the public
then, becomes a matter of utmost importance. There is no other chan-
nel of education of the public as effectual as post mortem demonstration

Report of State Veterinarian. 59

on tuberculous cattle combined with instruction covering the general
principles governing the disease. The public instruction that can be
given as incidental to the eradication of tuberculosis among cattle will,
in my opinion, be of far more value to the State than the mere protec-
tion of cattle against this disease.

QUARANTINE REGULATIONS.

The protection of this State, by suitable quarantine regulations,
against the importation of tuberculous cattle from other states has be-
come imperative. A total of thirty-one states are now barring the in-
troduction of tuberculous cattle. This leaves the remainder, of which
Missouri is one, as a dumping ground for diseased cattle rejected by the
other thirty-one states. A large number of shipments of cattle have been
brought into, and promiscuoush^ scattered over this State during the
past year. The facts that these imported cattle are selling at far less
than similar cattle, if sound, would bring either in this State or at their
origin, and that they are coming largely from New York and Vei-mont,
where probably one-third of all cattle are tuberculous, causes a grave
suspicion that at least a large per cent of them are diseased with tuber-
culosis. Without restricting the importation of diseased cattle, our
efforts at the eradication of tuberculosis among our own cattle will be of
little value. The official reports of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry,
and of the states, show that tuberculosis is prevalent among cattle in
the states from which these importations are coming. I therefore rec-
ommend that the Board of Agriculture forthwith formulate suitable
rules and regulations governing the importation of cattle, and that
the Governor proclaim the same to be enforced with the least possible
delay,

INVESTIGATIONS.

It has been impossible to thoroughly make the investigations that
were proposed in my report for 1908. From the few additional facts
which have come to hand during the past year, I am reasonably satisfied
that both conditions exist. The practice of taking diseased cattle from
our public stock yards for slaughter in plants not having meat inspec-
tion, and for addition to our dairy herds, has been a common practice
for years, and at present, there is no restriction on this sort of traffic.
The very nature of the traffic in stock cattle leaves no room for doubt
that tuberculous cattle are being shipped into this State.

60 Missouri Agricultural Bepprt.

LEGISLATION.

As stated under the discussion of tuberculosis in tliis report, a law
was passed providing for the prompt disposition of cattle diseased with
tuberculosis. This law has been in force since August 16th, and is
working satisfactorily to all concerned. It protects the owner, whose
herd has unfortunately become diseased • wjth tuberculosis, from exces-
sive losses, and makes it possible for him to dispose of any diseased stuff
promptly, and thereby rid his herd of tuberculosis. The State is pro-
tected from undue loss through the indemnity granted by the specifi-
cations of the law. This law requires that any animal for which indem-
nity is claimed should become diseased accidentally, and not through any
human or gross or wilful neglect, or scheming on the part of the pro-
prietor; that it was not already diseased when it came into the posses-
sion of the proprietor; that it did not come already affected with said
disease from another State, or from any territory, or from any other
county, and that it had not been exposed to disease outside of Mis-
souri inside of three months prior to its importation into this State.
These conditions thoroughly protect the State in the matter of allowing
indemnity.

No attempt was made to secure the passage of a law authorizing
the Board of Agriculture to put an inspector at each of the public stock
yards in this State with authority to prevent the removal therefrom
of diseased animals for slaughter, or addition to dairy herds. The ne-
cessity for the law conferring this authority on the Board of Agriculture
is, in my opinion, very great.

Respectfully submitted,

D. F. Ltjckey,

State Veterinarian.

licport of Apiarij Inspector. 61

REPORT OF APIARY INSPECTOR.

Springfield, Mo., Jan. 19, 1910.
To the Honorable Members of the State Board of Agriculture :

Gentlemen — In presenting this, my annual report for the year of
1909, I wish first to call your attention to the fact that some additional
help is grea,tly needed in the line of inspection work. The past season
has demonstrated this need beyond question.

As was pointed out in my last year's report, this work could best
be accomplished by special deputies appointed by the inspector for special
work in diseased districts. In every community where disease ex-
ists, will be found a few individuals who are either too busy with other
matters, or are too careless and indifferent to the rights of others, to
treat their diseased bees without exposing the same to neighboring yards.

It is impossible for the inspector to stay and personally attend to
all such cases, for he never could get over all his territory. But in
nearl}^ every community can be found some person who can be trusted
to attend to such work, and who would be willing to donate a part of his
time in order to get disease promptly treated in his neighborhood.

The important thing in this work is to get all the diseased colonies
of a neighborhood treated as near the same time as possible, so that there
will be no diseased ones left to spread the infection to healthy col-
onies, and those newly treated. The time required for this special work
would not be great, and the expense could be made very light, but the
results would be telling in the eradication of disease.

The total number of colonies inspected during the season of 1909
was 2,922, of which 151 were diseased. AVhile the results in the inspec-
tion work have not been so great as those of the previous year, nor was
as much territory covered ; yet the work has been harder and more ex-
acting on the inspector and performed under greater difficulties than
the work of 1908. The reasons for this were : 1st, the cool and exces-
sively rainy weather of the spring and early summer, which greatly re-
tarded inspection w'ork. During this rainy season, the inspector got the
benefit of several spring showers, and on one occasion came near being
drowned in a swollen stream. 2nd, some of the best time for inspection
work was lost while waiting for the appropriation to be made available
for this work. 3rd, the extremely hot and dry weather made inspection
work very difficult,, for the blooming season of nectar-producing plants

62 Missouri AcjriciiUiiral Report.

was cut short, and the season was as discouraging to bees, as the bee-
keeper. Many failed to secure stores sufificient for winter, and will die
of starvation, unless fed by their keeper. This scarcity of stores induced
robbing, and this robbing in diseased districts was the means of spread-
ing disease and enlarging the area of diseased territory.

AVhile these influences may reduce the number of colonies of bees in
the State, and to some extent discourage the .industry, yet there are some
hopeful and encouraging signs, one of which is the promise of a favorable
season, when the bee industry will bviild up with wonderful rapidity, and
soon regain its loss. Another is, that with these winter losses will go
quite a number of colonies that have contracted disease, and to some ex-
tent, this will help to prevent the further spread of the trouble.

Furthermore, these discouragements should be object lessons, not only
to bee keepers, but to prospective bee keepers as well, for there are some
who yet believe the old saying that "Bees work for nothing and board
themselves, ' ' and who really think that all that is necessary to supply an
ordinary family with honey is to procure a swarm of bees in some old box
or hollow log and place it in some out-of-the-way place, and then visit it
with the ancient smudge and torch light equipment as often as honey
is wanted. But with the more successful apiarists more progressive ideas
are entertained. They realize that intelligent thought and management
are as essential to success in bee culture as in any other line of business,
and that unless the prospective honey producer is willing to give a rea-
sonable amount of care and attention to his bees, failures are most likely
to be the harvest that will be reaped, and he will realize that his table
would have been better provided with the tempting sweet, had he bought
honey instead of bees.

In emphasizing the importance of caring for bees, it may seem to
some that I am ]>utting too nuich stress upon this subject, but if the
questioner could have gone with me through the work of inspecting for
one season and made a careful study of the whole situation, I think he
would readily agree with me in the statement that, ignorance, indiffer-
ence and negligence are the greatest drawbacks to successful apiculture.

These are the greatest obstacles in the Avay of eradicating the dis-
ease, Foul Brood, which has gained such a wide spread throughout the
United States and Canada.

I will here give a very brief description of Foul Brood, the most
disastrous bee disease we have to contend with.

SYMPTOMS OF AMERICAN FOUL BROOD.

In the advanced stages of this disease the colony becomes weak and
listless, and upon opening the hive a very disagreeable odor will be no-

Report of Apiary Inspector.

63

ticed, resembling somewhat the odor from an old glue pot. In lifting the
combs from the brood nest, it will be found that a large per cent, of the
imhatched young bees are dead in the cells. Those that have been seal-
ed over will have the cappings sunken and perforated, causing the
comb to have a ragged appearance. The dead larvae, if punctured with

Foul Brood.

a tooth pick, will draw out a ropy thread like melted glue or rubber,
This dead larvae finally dries up into a tightly adhering scale, which
sticks to the lower cell wall so tenaciously that the bees are unable to
remove it.

64

Missouri Agricultural Report.

The European type of Foul Brood, in many respects resembles the
American, but the tendency to ropiness is not so pronounced, and the
dried down scale does not stick so tenaciously to the cell wall. A larger
per cent, of the larvae will remain unsealed. The odor is quite different,
being more like soured dead brood.

The most satisfactory method of treatment is the McEvoy plan of
brushing the bees into clean hives and allowing them to l)uild a new set
of combs.

For more complete descriptions of bee disease and printed instruc-
tions for treatment, apply to the inspector.

I had expected to give at this time the results, of some experiments
in feeding, but I find it necessary to watch results a little longer.

Respectfully submitted,

M. E. DARBY,

Apiary Inspector.

Beport of Dairy Commissioner. 65

REPORT OF DAIRY COMMISSIONER.

To the Honorable Board of Agriculture :

Since receiving the appointment of Dairy Commissioner at your
hands, the work of that office has been handled in connection with that
of Food Commissioner and the amount of dairy inspection which has
been done in connection with the latter office.

As Dairy Commissioner during the summer, I attended several
dairy picnics and discussed to the best of my ability, dairy conditions
in the State and advocated insistently the use of the State Agricultural
College and especially the dairy school by farmers as tending to give
them a better knowledge of the dairy business and inducing more farm-
ers, by virtue of the better knowledge, to go into the dairy business.

"Without being able to give specific data, I am informed that a large
number of creameries have been established this year in the State to take
care of the milk from farmers who are adding milch cows to their herds.

In October it was the privilege of the Dairy Commissioner to make
the trip down the Current river with Governor Hadley and party, and
was enabled to present in public to the farmere who met at the several
places where stops were made, the advantages of the Ozark country
especially for the dairy business, pointing out the splendid native
grasses, the mild climate, and the nearness to market, as evidence of the
adaptability of this locality in Missouri to profitable dairying.

Since returning from that trip correspondence has been had which
proves that a number of farmers have purchased additional cows and are
shipping cream to St. Louis and Kansas City, as well as to local cream-
eries.

In one instance it was the privilege of the Dairy Commissioner to
assist a local cheese factory in trying to secure additional capital to carry
on their business, and while this has not yet been completed he is hopeful
that something can be done for this factory in this connection. Also
the Dairy Commissioner is trying for these same people to show the
farmers the desirability of selling their milk to the local factory.

Inasmuch as no appropriation has been made for the Dairy Commis-
sioner Department, a Dairy Inspector must be one who is on the pay-
roll of the Department of Food Inspection.

I have been endeavoring to secure the services of an expert dairy-

A— 5

66 Missouri Agricultural Eeport.

man, who can consistently do the work of inspector, as defined by the
law, but owing to the small salary of $1,000.00 a year, I have only just
recently been able to secure the services of, what seems to be, a compe-
tent man. From this time forward this man will give his undivided
attention to inspecting creameries, and, in connection with the Dairy
Commissioner, holding institutes at the several creameries in the State,
as contemplated by law; also, it will be his duty to take up all the sta-
tions where butter fat is bought, to see that the producer is getting jus-
tice.

The office of Dairy Commissioner is so important, and his duties so
wide under the dairy law, that it is to be hoped that the next Legisla-
ture will provide an appropriation sufficiently large to enable the Daiiy
Commissioner to employ not less than six expert dairymen, at salaries
not less than $1,200.00 a year, and a sufficient expense account to enable
them to be consistently active in the State, looking after the dairy inter-
ests.

In my opinion, based upon nn^ experience, the Dairy Commissioner
should have provided, by law, the services of a proficient chemist, who
should be paid not less than $1,500 a year to secure the services of a
competent man. In order to enforce the law, it is sometimes necessary
to bring about a prosecution, and to do this successfully, a chemist, to
be a witness, must be one of experience.

As the law at present stands, the chemist work of the department
devolves upon the chemist of the Agricultural Experiment Station, when,
as a matter of fact, this latter gentleman has more work than he can at-
tend to.

It is my opinion that if the Dairy Commissioner is given the proper
assistance, that in a few years the dairy business in the State of Mis-
souri can be made second to none in the United States.

The farmers have only to be shown the profits in dairying, when
they will take kindly to the business and increase the dairy values of the
State. Respectfully,

AV. P. Cutler,
Dairv Commissioner.

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College.

December 28, 29, 30, 31, 1909.

Seventh Annual Meeting Missouri Corn Growers' Association, Thirteenth
Annual Meeting Missouri Improved Live Stock Breeders' Asso-
ciatioii, Twentieth Annual Meeting State Dairy Association, Third
Annual Meeting Missouri Swine Growers' and Breeders' Associa-
tion, and Third Annual Meeting Missouri Home Makers' Confer-
ence Association.

{Conducted under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture.)

FARMERS'

WEEK

Ha0 UNDER imm%

Kfli

AGBICUlfORE

IN THE

(iBRiPLTyBU

THE PROGRAM.

The interest taken by the farmers in this
convention was equal to that of our pre-
vious meetings. In addition to the asso-
ciations which have been meeting here
during Farmers' Week, thea'e were or-
ganized this time the Missouri Draft
Horse Breeders' Association and the Mis-
souri Farm Management Association.

For the first time in the history of these
conventions, the Agricultural College, up-
on the suggestion of the State Board of
Agriculture, arranged a four days' short
course in practically every department of
the College ; and this course was put on
in lieu of the regular institute program
heretofore held. During the evenings the
program was arranged as much for en-
tertainment as for instruction. There-
fore, the report of the meeting is not so
well adapted for filling up the Annual
Report. It was quite impossible to secure
a report of the consecutive lectures given
during the day, and only those available
for the evening meetings are herewith pre-
sented.

(67)

Q8 Missouri Agricultural Ecport.

ADDRESS OF WELCOME ON BEHALF OF COLLEGE OF

AGRICULTURE.

(F. B. Mumfoid, Dean.)

You have listened to words of welcome by Secretary Ellis of the
Board of Agriculture; you have listened to words of welcome on behalf
of the president of the University; and it is now my pleasure to wel-
come you to these meetings and to the Agricultural College on behalf
of the Agricultural College. There never has been a time in the his-
tory of the world, in any country, when so much attention has been paid
to any occupation as there is being paid at the present time to the
occupation of farming in the United States. Our government spends
more money perhaps than that of any other country in the civilized
world for solving the problems connected Avith the vocation of agri-
culture.

Railroad presidents and various organizations have come to feel
that tlie prosperity of agriculture and of farmers is of more importance
^to them in their business than is the prosperity of any other class of
people. There is no philanthropy in this pn the part of the railroads.
It is an economic proposition. Then, there is scarcely a man in the
United States that in the past few years has not come to feel that the
man who produces the food supplies is .more and more an important
factor in the everyday life of every citizen. We hear on every hand the
statement that the high cost of living is now perhaps one of the most
important factors to be taken into account in the future development
of our national life.

In the past fifty years the farmer has been little regarded. There
lias been a limitless extent of land and we as farmers have been en-
gaged in a policy of ruinous competition with one another which has
made it very easy for those who are buying the food supplies produced
hy the farmer to secure them. But for the first time in our history
the demand for food supplies has caught up with the supply. In the
very near future there will be no large exports from this country. The
problem that is confronting the American nation today, as well as the
farmer, is how to provide food enough for our own people ; and this is
a problem that is not of interest solely to you and me, interested as
we are in agriculture and in its production, but it is a question of funda-
inental importance to every man, woman and child in America.

It is my purpose this morning to call attention to some of the
possible solutions that have been suggested to meet this condition. This
vcondition is the result largely of a very rapid increase in population

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 69

combined with a decrease in the factors of production. In the past it
has been possible for us to move forward and occupy new land of vir-
gin fertility. We can occupy no more new land. If all the land it is
possible to irrigate could be irrigated inside of five years, it w^ould
have very little effect upon the total food supply of this country. James
J. Hill, whose words of wisdom are heeded in the United States, is
quoted as much or more than any other man in regard to the great
problems of agricultural production. Mr. Hill has recently, in many
public addresses and in the public press, given expression to a number
of opinions to which I wish to call your attention as possible solutions
of this problem. It has been suggested, among other things, that what
we need is more people in the country; that in order to reduce the
cost of production of the staple products of food we should import
from the city the unemployed and the agriculturally untrained. Yon
will agree with me, I am sure, that this is not a high compliment to the
intelligent men of large experience who find it rather difficult to make
a good living on the modern farm with all their intelligence and ex-
perience. This is a very poor solution of the problem. It is impracti-
cal : and while there are a number of people in the city who might be
better off in the country, it wall not to any appreciable extent, solve the
problem.

Now, you and I, with many others, have been guilty of urging
everybody to stay on the fann. I have for a number of years had the
pleasure and opportunity of teaching students in agriculture, and I
think they will all tell you that I have constantly urged them to go
back on the farm instead of follownng any kind of professional work
in agriculture or any other kind of work. But the same people who
are urging boys to stay on the farm, are also suggesting certain plans
and methods of farm management which are not altogether consistent,
and in this connection I have here a quotation from Mr. Hill which
I wish to read to you : ' ' There can be no greater aid towards the main-
tenance of a prosperous, free and enlightened nation than to keep the
children on the farm." In another connection, Mr. Hill has also made
this statement : ' ' Such close and careful cultivation as will yield the
highest profit per acre can best be given to land when it is cultivated
in comparatively small farms. The greater the number of prosperous
farmers the greater will be the prosperity of every business man."

Evidently, in the mind of Mr. Hill, the solution of the problem of
the high cost of living is the small farm. All that the successful farmers
who are here today need to do in order to be more successful, is to dis-
pose of half of their lands and devote all of the labor heretofore ap-
plied to the larger area to half of the present area. That is the logical

70 Missouri Agricultural Report.

conclusion of the argument which hokls that the future of our agri-
culture is to be a subdivision of the present farm units.

I wish to call your attention to certain economic fallacies in that
idea. It is rather a strange fact that men who have become successful
through modern methods of organization, of large enterprise, and sub-
division of labor, should make an exception to agriculture, assuming
that agriculture is a vocation which can best be carried on without
organization and in small areas. It is just as logical for us to under-
take to say that it is more profitable to make shoes as they were made
by the old cobbler of fifty years ago, and that we shovild subdivide the
modern shoe factory that turns out its 500 or 1,000 pairs of shoes a day,
as it is to say that the large farms should be reduced to the smallest
possible area. There are certain dangers in this idea. It is a very
attractive idea, especially to the man who hasn't the means to buy a
large farm. It is surely a very alluring proposition to the man on a
salary to think that he could, with his small capital, buy a small farm
of ten or twenty acres and become independent. A few years ago, a
man wrote a book on the subject "Ten Acres Enough," and he induced
many city people w'ho did not know much about agriculture to settle
on ten acres of land, and one of these gentlemen who settled on ten
acres wrote another book, the title of which was "Three Acres Too
Much."

Now, were we following out the idea that is suggested what would
we come to? This is what Mr. Hill says we will come to. He says:
"It is certain that in every state, farm lands will ultimately be divided
and subdivided until every farmer has only as much as will allow him
an ample reward for his labor and enable him to support his family
in comfort. ' ' The idea from his point of view is to reduce every farmer
to a maintenance ration. Now those of you who feed cattle know what
that is. It is just so large a ration as will maintain an animal as he is
without gaining or losing ; and the ideal for the American farmer, in
the minds of a great many people is to subdivide the land and put
each farmer upon just so many acres as will provide for his bare neces-
sities. Now that's not very consistent with the efforts which you and
I are making to keep the boy on the farm', is it? If I thought that that
was the ultimate solution of the problem of agriculture, I should never
again say to my classes "Go back to the farm," and you gentlemen
know very well that that is not the solution of the problem, and it is
not possible for us to induce men of ability, men that are capable of
leadership, to go on the land if it means a maintenance ration.

Now it may be argued by some, that there are two sides to this
question: That it may be very desirable from the farmer's point of

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 71

view to occupy large areas of land, — it may mean prosperity to the
individual, but that it may be a decided disadvantage to the state.
For the commonwealth it is better that the farmer should be reduced
to the small area of land. It cannot be demonstrated that the cost of
production will be decreased by advocating smaller farms. Do you
think — and I am talking to the most successful farmers in the State
of Missouri who are fully capable of solving this problem — that if your
farms were divided up, and each 400 acre farm divided into ten
fanns, and on each of those forty acres a less efficient man was placed
as manager, that he could produce more from that forty acres than can
you?

There must be organizing efficiency in order to accumulate wealth,
and it certainly is true that the man who by study and thought and
business sense has been able to build up and improve a large farm is
better able to secure from that land the maximum product than is the
less highly and efficiently trained man of less experience.

Let us examine in detail this fact which is brought out very clearly
by ^iv. Hill — that reducing the size of the farm and devoting more
labor and care to the production of the crop will decrease the cost of
production. Now modern agriculture, so far as it pertains to the
staple crops, cannot be successfully conducted under modern conditions
without the use of labor-sa\'ing tools. It cannot be conducted for two
reasons, at least : One is, that we cannot now secure the necessary hand
labor, and the other is that it is cheaper, even if we could get the labor,
to bind wheat with a self-binder or com with the corn binder than by
hand. The small farmer cannot afford to own those tools. It is very
easy to demonstrate the fact that the man who cuts twenty acres of
wheat in a year cannot possibly afford to own a self-binder. The in-
terest on the original investment, the depreciation in the machine, and
the other fixed charges that will be the same whether he cuts twenty or
eighty acres makes it impossible for the small farmer to own so expen-
sive a machine for so small a use. The only possible way that we can
use labor-saving machinery, and thus meet the present scarcity of farm
labor, is by having a sufficient volume of business so that we can afford
to own these machines. I cannot go any further into detail, but it is
a very easy matter to demonstrate the fact that a man who cuts twenty
acres of corn a year and owns his own corn binder will pay $2.50 an
acre for the privilege of owning the com binder, while the man that
cuts eighty acres with the same machine can do it for $1.50 per acre.
Under these conditions, the small farmer cannot produce corn cheaper
than the large farmer. The best example of the small farm is found in
New England. The most intensive farms and the smallest farms are in

72 Missouri Agricultural Report.

New England, and they are economic failures. The plan is a failure
as applied to New England conditions, and yet these farms are located
in the midst of the best markets and are in a good country. Intensive
farming, which means the application of more labor, more fertilizer,
more care, to the unit of production (the bushel of corn, the pound of
beef or of butter), can only be applied when the value of the product
is sufficiently large to make it economically possible. Whether that
time has now come is an economic question which we will soon work
out, but it does not follow that, under all conditions, intensive farming
will make prosperous farmers and profitable farming. Neither does it
follow that a small farm intensively cultivated \nll decrease the cost of
production.

Now, I am afraid that some of the things I have said may lead
some of you to think that I am advocating careless farming. Some
people have made the mistake of assuming that large farms and care-
less farming are necessarily the same thing. We must certainly im-
prove our methods of production, we must certainly in the American
nation, increase the amount of production per acre; but in order to
do that, it is not necessaiy to reduce the size of our farms. Within
certain limits, it is not necessary for us to have a different standard
of economic organization for agriculture than we have for making
shoes.

Another criticism that may be offered is that land is so high now
that a man must be satisfied with a small farm. 'My answer to that
is, that there never was a time when it was so easy to secure large farms
as it is now. We have in the past assumed that ownership of land was
necessary for prosperous agriculture. We are now at the point where
successful agriculture will be conducted on rented farms, and I speak
from expei-ience when I say, that it is cheaper to rent land than it is
to own it in Missouri, and in most portions of the Middle West. It is
cheaper to rent land than to own it; and most of you gentlemen, I am
sure, will bear me out in that statement when you stop to estimate the
cost of maintaining the imlprovements on a farm, the decline in soil
fertility which is a debt upon the owner, and the other factors involved.
I am not pleading for careless farming, but I am definitely and posi-
tively opposed to the idea of reducing every farmer to a "maintenance
ration."

AVe shall always have a large number of small farms. The "one-
man" farm is an economic unit. It is not the best economic unit, — it
can never be; but we will always have "one-man" farms, that is to
say an amount of land which can be handled by one man and his
family. But that man will always be at a great economic disadvantage.

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 73

He will sell in small lois and buy in small lots, and he will suffer
more than anybody else from the middleman.

Now, another trouble which is a serious one and which affects the
farming class as well as the consumer is the wide distance between
the man who produces the food and he who finally consumes it. There
certainly is too large a stretch between the man who produces the food
and the consumer. There is only one possibility for the small farmer,
and that is in correcting this distance by co-operation. AYe must get
together. It will be forced upon us in self-defense in the near future,
and unless we can co-operate we are almost certain to be at the mercy
of a large number of dealers, and particularly does this apply to the
small farm.

Now, my purpose in calling this to your attention was not to
discourage the small farmer, nor certainly the man who wants to own
a little land, but my purpose is to emphasize the fact that the opportun-
ity for large success in agriculture is in co-operation and organization,
and that the man who will devote the same care and attention and ap-
ply to agriculture the same economic principles that have been suc-
cessful in railroad building, and that have been successful in making
shoes, will also be successful in agriculture, and this ought, it seems to
me, to be an encouragement particularly to young men who are want-
ing to engage in agriculture at the present time but who hesitate to do
so because of the high price of land, and because of the constant insis-
tence which many persons place on the fact that all future farmers
must be small farmers. The American farmer has never been an ig-
norant peasant and it is not essential either to society or to successful
agriculture that he should become so.

AGRICULTURE IN THE SCHOOLS.

(Dr. A. A. Brigham, Brookings, South Dakota.)

The two most important products of Missouri and of the United
States are Chickens and Children. Both classes of creatures, judging
from the past three days in Columbia, are coming into their own in
Missouri. I will not say much this evening about chickens, but I do
wish to make a plea for the children.

"When I came into this hall and saw on the wall the great word
"FARMERS," and beneath it the word "MISSOURI," I wondered
a little at first. It seemed as though it was not complete, as though
there ought to be an admonition added, such as, "BE PROGRES-
SIVE," or the Latin motto "Non f actus sed faciens," which means

74 Missouri Agricultural Beport.

"Not having done but doing," or some indication that there was some-
thing to be done. Now after two days spent with you I realize that
the word "Missouri" spells progress.

In the olden time when some of us were boys and went to school,
we were taken in our school room far away from the home, far away
from the farm. Our studies took us to Africa, India, and South Amer-
ica, and we were taught the wonders of these countries and of every
place except the farm and our own home. Sometimes the teacher would
get discouraged and tell us, "you don't know beans." Well, we
didn't know beans because we had not studied them in those days. To-
day we do study beans and we study corn and potatoes and cabbages.
We do not hold the head down in shame because we do this. We are
proud to study about corn and beans.

In the olden time the college education was not for every boy.
The way our grandfathers decided this question was to select from the
family (of perhaps a dozen children) the brightest boy, or the boy
who had the best intellect, and send him to Yale or Harvard to make
of him a lawyer, a doctor or a minister. All the rest of the children
stayed at home and worked hard with father and mother in order to
furnish the money to keep that bright young man in college that he
might become a member of one of the professions. Today, ladies and
gentlemen, the tables are turned, and we are selecting the brightest boy
in the farmer's family to send to the state agricultural college to
maJ;e of liitn a farmer. More than that, the girls in the olden time
did not have the college privileges ; today we are picking out the
girls and sending them to the state college to prepare to become home-
makers. This is one of the steps of progress of our age. If we find
in the family a boy who is a little light in the upper story, or who is
somewhat cunning, we send him to college to study law or medicine.
If he cannot make a lawyer or a doctor we turn him into a ' ' politician. ' '
That is one reason why wo get the kind of laws that we do today
in our legislatures. I hope this thing will be changed. I don't know
what we will do with those poor boys then; but I hope we will bear
in mind that it is necessary to have good laws ; in order to have good
laws it is necessary to have good legislators who are not "politicians"
but statesmen. Shakespeare defines a politician as "One who would
outwit God." I think he has well defined the animal. It is time that
we send ynen to our legislatures, that we tell those men what we want
before we send them there, and then that we go down and see that they
do it. I have heard that you need money for this institution. I think
you can get it if you will educate these farm boys in the right way and
send them home to be farmers, and educate them so that they will not
only understand farming but also understand statesmanship.

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 75

The work of education in the schools — the common school, the
high school, the college and the university, — has changed greatly and
agriculture is beginning to be taught. If v:q can teach agriculture
as we have been teaching it, teach it better than we have been teaching-
it, and go on with book knowledge, with lectures, with class room
work and laboratory work, and keep it up for another fifty years, we
will place our profession of farming higher than the profession of the
law, of medicine or of theology. These have had the advantage of
centuries of education, of universities and colleges and text books.
But we are coming into our own and will raise our profession of farm-
ing higher than any of them. I call it the profession of farming be-
cause I believe it is truly a profession, and I believe that each prac-
tical farmer ought to be called a professor. He is a professor. Just
as soon as he takes up the work of the fann he professes farming, does
he not? I realize that the title "professor" is not a very high one in
some instances. AVe have professional boot-blacks, hair cuttei-s and
horse trainers, and so in this country the title professor does not rank
as high as it does in the old world. But if we take up this idea that
farming is a true profession, and that every man who takes it up is
a professor, perhaps we shall bring honor to the name and the farmers
may be pleased to have us who are now called "professors" included
in their clas.^. We hope they will not exclude us.

In the great work of introducing agriculture into the schools, as a
subject to be taught to the children, we are almost at a standstill. AA^hy?
Because the teachers in the schools are not prepared to teach agricul-
ture. The papers advocate it, the people welcome it, the pupils are
ready for it, — everybody is prepared for it except the teachers. Many
of the teachers are willing, but they say "I don't know how to go at
it." How many times I have heard a teacher say. "I would f^'ladly
take up the subject of agriculture and teach it to my boys and girls
if I only knew how!" Well, how is a teacher to take hold of it. when
in her school district there are perhaps fanners who would laugh at
her, if she would midertake to tell the boys how to farm, or the girls
how to work in the farm home. Therefore my sympathy goes out to
the teacher who is not prepared. It is not the teacher's fault that he
is not prepared, when the normal schools, which turn out teachers, do
not prepare them to teach agriculture. It will not do to blame this
and that one, because we are all at sea, and do not know yet how we
will develop this subject of agriculture so as to include it in our school
curriculum. But gradually light is coming ; by experience we are learn-
ing to teach agriculture. I believe that the two most important things
to consider today in regard to these teachers who ought to be teaching

76 Missouri Agricultural Report.

agriculture, are (1) personality, and (2) teaching for efficiency, for
usefulness, for healthfulness. With these two ideas in view I believe that
any teacher can make a beginning. The beautiful thing about teaching
agriculture in the public schools is : that when a teacher takes up the
subject he need not know it all. I know of no one who is teaching
agriculture who pretends to know the whole subject. Each one thinks
he has learned a little and is wdlling to tell of that little to his pupils ;
but every one who professes to teach agriculture has only begun him-
self to be a student of the subject. So when we begin the teaching of
agriculture is it any wonder that we hesitate and do not know how to
carry on the work? Now if the teacher has the personality that a
teacher should have, and desires to teach these young people the facts
that are necessary for them to learn if they are going to become farmers,
if that teacher has the ability to teach them so that they can study
subjects, so that they can understand subjects, so that they learn to
investigate, then he can make a beginning. That beginning may be a
very simple affair. Perhaps with something like nature study, the
study of the birds, of the trees, of the crops and the soils, or of farm
animals, or almost anything. Everybody knows a little about some
subject on the farm, and why not begin with that? Then the teacher
can say candidly to his pupils, "I don't know a great deal about this
subject, but T will tell you what we will do — we will study together."
He will probably get an opera glass and take them out in the field.
They examine the birds through the glass, or they study the trees along
the road side. Some teachers will tell you that they haven't time for
the teaching of agriculture, or nature-study, and certainly no time
for home-economics. The teacher who has the right personality will
find the time, and the beautiful thing about it is that the taking up of
one of those subjects soon so interests the students that they become en-
thusiastic over it, and are ready to exert themselves more in their other
work. AYhen the boys find their arithmetic terribly hard and their
grammar difficult to understand, if the teacher will get their minds off
of those studies for a while by giving them a little work in nature-
study, they Avill become interested and the first thing the teacher knows
they will be doing better in arithmetic and grammar and everything
else. I think that taking up nature-study or agriculture is something
like calisthenics. Sometimes you go into a school room and find the
doors and the windows all closed, and the air heavy, and the teacher
has a headache, some of the pupils are almost asleep, and everybody
listless and slow. The teacher says to some of the boys, "Open the
windows," and they open them and let in the fresh air. Then the
teacher says, "Stand up." They all rise. He tells them to go through

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 77

the motions with him, and they do this for several minutes. Then
they sit down and find that somehow the trouble they had with their
arithmetic has all cleared away. Up goes a hand, "Teacher, I have
the answer." That's nature study for you — fresh air. They had been
breathing carbon dioxide gas, and you cannot solve arithmetic problems
on that kind of atmosphere; you can not work out the lessons in geo-
graphy and grammar imless you have oxygen in the blood; and the
teacher can not teach properly unless he breathes fresh air. Short
lessons in agriculture and home economics can be given in the same
way.

Take ten or fifteen minutes and devote to the study of com, or of
the potato, or any subject relating to the farm, and the pupils will
realize that when they go to school they do not go to a foreign country
to study about bananas or cocoanuts. They learn that there is some-
thing worth studying on the farm. Corn is a verv' interesting thing
to tell them about. This great M'ork of boys' com growing contests,
going on here, is one of the most valuable things that could be intro-
duced in the line of education, in the uplift of agriculture, in the up-
lift of the boy's heart and soul and mind and body, in the uplift of the
rural community, in the uplift of manhood and womanhood throughout
the United States. Let the good work go on, and let us have more
work of the kind, and let it extend to contests by the girls in bread-
making, etc. When we introduce these things into the public school
not only do the pupils learn something, but the teacher learns also ; I
think that one of the nicest things about this work is that the teacher
is making progress. I have gone into a little white school house in
South Dakota and have seen the teacher (who had fourteen pupils and
twenty-seven classes) trying to interest the children in arithmetic and
in grammar. She did not seem to get along very fast; but if she had
taken up some of the things on the farm that the boys know about,
and even showed her ignorance and let them tell her something, they
would have been interested and would have done better in their regular
studies.

One way for the teacher to do something along the line of agri-
culture is to have in the school house an incubator and a bee-hive. If
one cannot get an incubator, get an old sitting hen and place her in the
cellar and get some nice eggs and place under her. The bee-hive is
good for several reasons, first along the line of nature study, and sec-
ond if there is any boy who is particularly troublesome, a good remedy
is to let a bee get after him. If you will place the incubator in that
school room, and will set white thin-shelled eggs, and after they have
been in the incubator for one or two days, darken the room and take

78 Missouri Agricultural Report.

out some of them, obtain an egg-tester, hold the eggs up to the light
and let those boys and girls look at them, they will realize that here is
something they did not know before, something they did not understand
before. If you will break open one or two of the incubating eggs and
show them what is going on on the inside they will learn a lesson that
they never learned before, a lesson that they cannot get out of text
books. I have looked through a great many books and encyclopedias,
and have hunted far and wide for a definition of "Life." I have
never found a scientist or a philosopher, or any other wise man who
was able to give me a definition of the word "Life." It is something
I cannot explain to you — I do not believe you can explain it to me,
and yet it is the most wonderful thing in the world. Take that egg
and let it develop by incubation and show it before the egg-tester to
those children. Open the egg in a glass and show the little pulsating
life beginning there, show it at the different stages, and then take those
eggs on the eleventh day, and prove to those children that in eleven
days a chick has been perfectly formed. They will begin to realize
something of what life is. I know of no better way. Huxley said
that the development of the embyro in the egg was the most wonderful
thing in the world. You might say it is a miracle — the perfect forming
of all the parts, in the eleven days, — the miracle of life. Do you think
that any pupil in any kind of a school will fail to be interested in that
little life story? And Avhen he has become interested in that story he
will become interested in the chickens. The next thing he will be
asking his father for the care of the chickens, and soon he will have
charge of the flock. He will become interested in them because they are
beautiful birds and have beautiful feathers. After a while he will be
getting a little pocket money because poultry, in the hands of an inter-
ested farmer boy who is willing to work, is profitable. Next that boy
will have pure-bred chickens on the farm and be making good money
from them. May be later he will have a large poultry farm and give
all his time to the business. When the father gives that boy his flock
of chickens he tells him he must keep accounts, and if he does not know
how he will get some one to show him. That boy will keep account of
all money spent and what ho received by the sale of eggs and chickens,
and at the end of the year he will be able to tell how much he has
gained. Thus he has become a business man. If he leaves the farm
and goes to the city, engages in commercial business, or takes up any
other calling, he will have had that foundation training in the keeping
of accounts which will go with him and make him a more systematic
man all through his life.

The bee-hive is all right, too. A nice way to arrange it is to get

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 79

an observation hive with glass sides, and keep a cover over it. If yon
try to keep it in the light the bees Avill pnt a coating on the glass and
then you cannot see them working. Perhaps it would be well to leave
the glass sides of the hive uncovered and allow the bees to cover the
glass wnth wax, to show the pupils that they do not care to have their
operations looked into all the time and so put up a curtain around
their home. If you can keep boys and girls away from such a bee-
hive you can do better than I. Get hold of those careless boys, talk
to them about the queen bee and the drones that they see before them.
They will soon become interested and will begin to ask cpiestions. They
will want to know what that big bee is and the teacher will tell them
it is a drone; they will want to know what a drone is and will learn
something that will be valuable to them — not to be drones in life.
They will ask about the c^ueen bee and the workers. A lesson will be
learned by looking ; and the lessons that we learn by looking and watch-
ing and hearing we learn thoroughly. I advocate the placing of a bee-
hive in a school room for another reason : because the bees have learned
to live and act better than some human beings. They are the nicest,
cleanest housekeepers on earth. They manage to work together in the
same colony without quarreling, while we often have envious and
troublesome times. Those bees may teach the boys and girls another
lesson, and that is this : "When a bee stings any one it does it in de-
fense of its home, that it loses its life when it does so ; and when a boy
learns that he learns something that is worth while.

In all this work of teaching agriculture, the teacher's inventive
ability and personality will count for a great deal in the future lives
and work of the pupils. I believe that this is an argument for select-
ing teachers who have the right personality. I know that in some
states (but not in Missouri, I hope) teachers are selected because they
are relatives of county school officers ; that sometimes they are se-
lected because they have a political pull ; sometimes because they de-
sire to draw a salary and don't care much what they do for it.

This matter of personality is emphasized time and time again.
I have heard of many cases where parents have remarked, "We had
a teacher last year who taught well and got the boys interested; we
wanted to keep her this year but we couldn't. She is going to col-
lege." I have heard of many cases where the teacher's personality
was the cause of her gaining an increase in salaiy. And so in many
ways this matter of personality is emphasized, and I believe that school
officers, county officers, and others who have charge of our schools,
will have to come to the point where they will pay more attention
to the character and ability, and particularly to those qualities which
make up good personality in a teacher.

80 Missouri Agricultural Report.

I would like to take you with me for a little trip to show you how
the Oriental people are taught agriculture. If you will go with me
back a few years, and across the turbulent waves of the Pacific Ocean
over to Japan, I will take you to a field where I had forty Japanese
students in farming. They were taught in the lecture room and then
in the field. I would take them out to the field plots twice a week,
and they thought they were carrying on experiments which were on a
par with some of the best German experiments. After they had been
taught the plan of cultivation they would go and study up some of the
wonderful German experiments and would get the idea that there was
something to be investigated, or they would want to try some new kind
of vegetables. They would make their plans and submit them to me,
and I would correct them or change them if I thought necessary, and
the finished plan would be adopted by each student. Each would choose
his part of the field, or have it chosen for him. I purchased from
America a set of garden tools for each student. We would go out into
the field with those tools and while they did not really learn much that
was experimental they did learn how to use the hoe and rake and spade.
They were sons of officials who looked down on manual labor, and they
had no idea of going into farming — they were going to become officers
or teachers. Nevertheless, some of them did become farmers, and some
of them are today living on farms with their families. They have
sent me photographs of some of their gardens showing that they have
taken up the business of agriculture and are doing well. So I have
the proof in my own experience that you can teach the yellow-skinned
race agriculture by getting out into the field with them and "show-
ing them." They can learn it by working with their hands and think-
ing with their heads. Some of these students became so interested that
they would go out and work on Sunday; and when I rebul^ed them
they could not understand why I should do so when it was all so in-
teresting and valuable to them and would be so valuable to the world.
Dr. Knapp told you last evening about some of his experiences in the
South, and how in some degree the difficulty with the negro has been
solved by manual training and industrial schools; how the Hampton
and Tuskegee institutes have solved the problems of saving the negroes
from idleness and crime and made useful citizens out of them. I
want to add ray testimony to what he said. Three years ago I pur-
chased a farm in Maryland and secured a colored man for a helper.
I want to tell you that he is honest, straightfonvard, faithful, and
true. I have left the farm in his charge for months at a time and have
never found him imfaithful. AVhy? Because back in the olden time,
fifty years ago, when he was a boy he was trained in a southern home

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 81

by a man and a woman who understood how to train children, and they
trained that colored boy so that he knew how to work, how to use
his hands. They trained him to be honest and faithful to his employ-
ers, and made of him an honest, useful citizen. I have seen negroes
in the same neighborhood who are not honest and my poultry yards have
suffered thereby. I have seen them going up and down doing nothing,
when the farmers needed help and would have paid good wages could
they have obtained their help. Those negroes had not been trained;
they had been left to grow up in idleness, living like animals, learning
to steal when necessary to get food. They were perfect nuisances and
likely to become criminals. The reason why those colored men are
criminals today, or useless individuals, is that the white man has neg-
lected his burden. They are children and need training and don't
know how to train themselves. The white man does know how to train
them. Almost the only salvation for those colored people, I believe,
is in industrial schools. I would not have such schools at Hampton and
Tuskogee alone. I would have one in eveiy section of the South, and
I would put manual training in every colored school in the South.
When these colored boys and girls are trained to use their hands they
will work. They are easily trained, are faithful w^orkers, and good
servants. The white man is now suffering evil consequences, in many
instances, because he neglected his duty to the colored man.

I will give you one more illustration of the teaching of agriculture
and why it is necessary in the public schools. I was told that you
wanted me to tell the story of my School of Agriculture, but that is a
broad subject. South Dakota is a new state and the public schools are
not as good as yours in Missouri. Oftentimes in the country districts
we cannot get teachers to fill positions, and in many localities we can
only keep the school open four or five months in the year. Under those
conditions the farmer boy does not have a fair chance to get an educa-
tion ; and so it was planned that we should have a School of Agriculture
at the State College to instruct some of these boys and girls. It is hard
for some of the boys to get away from home to go to school, because the
farms there are larger than here — some 800 acres, some 1,600, some
4,000. Many a farmer has four sections, of 160 acres each, and cannot
get sufficient help to run the farm. He has to call on the boys and
girls to do the farming. They all take hold and help to get the plant-
ing done in the spring time so they have little time to go to school ;
and when harvest time comes they have to be called on again. I had
a letter from a boy in November. I had asked him if he was coming
back to school, and he wrote that they had 125 acres of corn to take
care of, and he would have to stay at home and help husk it. I say

A— 6

82 Missouri Agi^icultiiral Report.

those boys ought not to be excluded from the public schools just be-
cause they have to be at home, helping their fathers and mothers, during
the busy seasons of the year. They do go to the public school at the
end of November, and try to enter, but the rural school is modeled after
the city school and not planned for the country boys ; and when that
sturdy country boy, who has been growing while helping with the
seeding and harvesting on the farm, attempts to sit down in those
seats he finds he doesn't know what to db with his feet and his hands,
and he cannot study well. He goes back home and says he doesn't
want to go to school because they laugh at him. He wants to learn,
he does not want to be ignorant, but he will not go to school to be
laughed at. I need not tell the whole story, but it is true — this and a
great deal more. And so it was for these boys, and girls, that we es-
tablished our School of Agriculture, and the first year we had over
100 students enrolled. Some say that "book knowledge" is not of
much account; we had in our district a father who sent his motherless
daughter to our school to learn cooking and sewing, and he stayed at
home and ''batched" for five months; and if that does not mean that
education is worth something, or that that father thinks it is worth
something, then I don't understand human nature. That girl would
like to have taten the whole course, but she had to go home and take
the place of a mother and care for the home. In those five months,
however, she got a great deal of good out of the course, and had learned
how to be more useful and happy than before she went to school.

When I was a student in college and the professor was five minutes
late we would all give the call to "bolt," and when we M^ould meet the
professor coming up the stairs we would not see him. Last winter when
our professor in stock judging failed to get to his class the boys waited
ten minutes; then they went out of the room, but not to escape a class.
They all came into my office and I could not turn them away ; I had
to find some way to interest them during that class hour, and I had to
go after that professor and tell him he must not be absent next time.
They were so eager for instruction that I had to take them into the
lecture hall and talk to them on some agricultural subject during the
hour. They come to school for business, to study, and they do study.
It is one of the most wonderful things in the world to watch the
changes that come in a boy's face after studying in the School of Agri-
culture. When the students go home to the old farm at Christmas
time they will look over the live stock and sometimes decide that it is
not good enough. I remember that one boy, who was interested in
horses and had been studying horse judging, went home and said:
"Father, you have a lot of old plugs here. Let's get rid of them." I

Fanners' Week in Agricultural College. 83

believe that this feeling is going to be of value, that it is going to help
to have better horses, and better cows, and better corn. The boys get
ideas about alfalfa, never thought of before, and before long that home
farm is trying an experiment in alfalfa growing. There is no limit to
the good that will be accomplished in this way; I believe in giving
every farmer's boy and every farmer's girl throughout this State and
every state in the Union, a good education, the best education, an edu-
cation for effective life work. AVhen we have provided that, we have
provided something that wnll be of benefit to those boys and girls all
through their lives, and, better than that, they will be of benefit to their
friends and neighbors, and all with whom they come in contact. I be-
lieve in the farmer's boy and the farmer's girl. They are not always
so pert and ''smart alecky" as some city boys. I believe in any boy,
but I pity the city boy who has only the pavement and the tall build-
ings to look at. Compare his life with that of the farmer boy who has
the fields, the sky, the farm animals and the wild animals, the forests
and the streams, and always on the farm a chance to work. Some peo-
ple think that is a hardship, but it is the best thing for a boy — to have
something to do and most of the time to be doing something. It helps
prepare him for life. Is it not fair play to give that farmer boy as
good an education as that city boy? I heard a story of a city boy who
one day hired a livery team and took his best girl out for a drive. They
drove along by a corn field in which there w' as a country boy — a boy with
freckles on his face, full of life — driving the mules along plowing corn,
and he came to the fence about the time Smart Aleck came driving
along. Smart Aleck thought he would have a little fun with the Rube,
so he called out, "Say, your corn looks a little yellow, don't it?" and
the country boy answered, "Yas, we planted yellow corn." Smart
Aleck said again, "You won't have more than half a crop, will you?"
"No, we have half and the owTier has half." Then Smart Aleck was
mad and called out, "Say, there isn't much difference between you and
a fool, is there?" And the country boy answered, "No, only the fence."
The country boy is not a fool, and sometimes the city boy finds it out.
If we farmers do our duty the time is coming when these farm boys
and girls will get a good education. It means that in the country dis-
tricts M'C shall have to spend more money in salaries to good teachers.
I hope we may be able to educate the farmers up to the idea that it
pays to educate these boys. I believe that we are justified in calling for
Federal aid, for State aid, for county aid for our public schools, and
then we can make up the rest of what is necessary in local taxes. There
are reasons for this other than agricultural. Most of the successful
business men of the cities were born on the farm. If the country is to

84 Missouri Agricultiu^al Report.

continue to furnish the successful men of the city, ought not the coun-
try boys to be educated as well as the city boys ?

Again, if those boys are going to stay on the farm and carry on the
business of the countrj^ ought they not to be educated? Agriculture in
the future is going to mean more than it has meant in the past. Ought
there not to be a new education for the new agriculture? It is coming.

Those boys on the farm have problems before them which are both
large and numerous. The boys who go to the city have municipal
problems to solve, and I believe the great city problems are going to be
solved honestly and justly by the farmer boys who go to the city. They
wall have to be solved, or the government goes down.

Another thing: We want the business of the country rightly car-
ried on. We want better farmers, better crops, a better agriculture,
better men and better women in our country districts. If it be true
that there are problems on the farm to be solved, is it not necessary that
the country boys should be educated and trained, that their powers and
qualifications should be developed so that they will be able to cope
with the problems? We are coming into the new idea of farming and
leaving the old. The idea was to take up virgin land and rob it. That's
the way they are doing in the Dakotas today, and in Montana. Men
from the east and from the west are taking up the land and robbing it.
The new idea is to keep up the land fertility while gathering the crops
and making the crops grow better and better. That is one of the
problems. I believe that in all our State colleges w^e should take up
and try to give instruction along the lines of farm management, and
the selling of the farm stock. I hope that our students in the agri-
cultural colleges will soon learn the value of organization. There is
wonderful power in co-operation. The boy must learn that lesson in
order to sell the steers and the horses and the apples and the wheat and
the corn to the best advantage.

There are other problems besides the actual farm problems —
problems of the rural comnnmities. When the farmer's boy finds life
on the farm rather uninteresting, is it any wonder that he likes to go
into town and to the saloon where things are bright and where the men
are joking and seem to be happy; and is it any wonder that he takes
the next step and the next, until he has learned things that he ought
not to know? There is this problem, then, in the rural community —
how to keep the children interested on the farm, how to hold them in
the rural community and make life happy for them. It can be done.
In Iowa the Y. M. C. A. is taking up work for coimtry boys and girls,
and forming clubs in different sections of that state. They hold classes
in different subjects, and the youths can take up any line of work they

Fanners' WeeU in Agricultural College. 85

choose. Tliiis they are training their minds, and their bodies, their
souls, and making them useful in solving the social problems in their
respective communities.

Then, there are other questions in connection with the rural home.
One is the supplying of light and power. It has been said for several
years that Edison was developing a new storage battery for electricity,
but he has not brought it out. I believe that a farmer boy will yet
develop a storage battery that can be used on the farm, because the
farmer boy knows about the farm,^ and he is going to be educated along
the line of electrical engineering and turn his attention to the needs of
the farm. He will learn how to get powder on it and take away the
drudgery. Before many more years are gone by, I believe that the
farmer boy will be able to harness the wind and furnish the power for
the farm without much expense. The time is coming when less and
less of hard manual labor will be required to accomplish the work of
the farm, and it will be through the use of the brains of the farmer
boys whom we are educating in our agricultural schools and colleges.
There are many problems on the farm that I have not time to mention,
but I w^ould like to say this: Educate these boys and girls as well as
they can be educated; prepare them for the greatest possible usefulness
and helpfulness to their fellow men, that is the highest ideal of a true
education. When we have done this we have made them of ]nore con-
sequence in the world, we have made their lives happier, we have made
them capable of far more helpfulness to everyone with whom they have
relations, we have made the home, the farm, the State and the United
States better, and on this basis of good citizenship we will develop the
greatest nation here that has ever been upon the face of the earth. I
believe that in this work of making a stable government, of making
happy homes, of making good farms, the new agricultural education is
to play the greatest part. I believe that our State Agricultural Colleges
will play a part, and that it is second to none in elevating the farmers
and the farmers' boys and girls, in making the home happier, the State
stronger, in giving to every farm home the good things of the city as
well as of the countrv^ and in making the farm life ideal. I can look
back twelve or twenty years to the time when it seemed as though
everybody was going away from the farm to the city. Now they are
going from the city to the farm. "We have the best calling on earth.
"When we make attractive plans for our farm life with a will to make
good if we can, and when, instead of robbing our soil we conserve its
fertility, and hand down to our children our farms in better condition
than when we took them, then we have helped lay a foundation for good
agriculture that is better than any foundation it has had in the past.

86 Missouri Agricultural Report.

HOW AGRICULTURE MAY BE TAUGHT IN THE PUBLIC

SCHOOLS.

(F. W. Howe, Assistant in Agricultural Education, U. S. Department of Agriculture.)

Long before the County Life Commission began its still nnfinishecl
work, popular interest in school agriculture as a means of improving
rural conditions and outlook was already pronounced and wide-spread.
That interest has continued to grow in strength and volume until there
is now little need of putting forth any arguments in favor of teaching
elementary agriculture in the common schools. If there is any ques-
tion it is the question of securing teachers who have been trained to
give such instruction, or of enabling those already in service to become
prepared for such teaching.

The teachers themselves are ready to be taught, and generally will-
ing to undertake the work under competent direction. Now and then
perhaps a teacher may be found who has not discovered that soon it's
going to be the fashion to teach agriculture — just as it used to be the
fashion a few years ago to sneer at such a suggestion. Who does not
know, however, that it is a feminine prerogative to poke fun at a new
fashion in shoes or skirts or hats, and then forthwith begin to wear these
detested fashions just as soon as someone else sets the example, and so
agriculture has been spoken of as the latest school "fad." But to any
lingering doubters I want to suggest that the teaching of agriculture
has in it elements of worth and permanency not to be compared with
this year's fashions in hats.

There are abundant reasons why agriculture will find, when it fully
comes into its own, a permanent place in our American educational
system — reasons too well understood to need any rehearsal to this audi-
ence. I am looking for the school — sure to be put in operation within
the next five years, I believe — wherein this central place for agriculture
shall be recognized, as the subject which can unify and give meaning to
all the other subjects which are now pursued in an utterly unrelated
way in most of our schools. Let me pause to ask, What study or prin-
ciple is there in the ordinary school which leads the pupil to see that
there is any unity of purpose in the pursuit of from four to a dozen
different subject every day? It is true, that in many cases he can
be induced to swallow the statement that this is necessary in order that
he may become educated ; but he admits it only on the authority of the
elders and not because it appeals to his own reason He walks by faith
and not by sight. If docile enough he takes the dose and hopes for the
best — like the obedient child who is told, "Shut your eyes and open

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 87

your mouth, ' ' while we lay on his tongue a sugar-coated spoonful of the
sure-cure for ignorance. He may writhe under the administration, but
we cheerfully continue it, just as Squeers doped his hopefuls with
treacle and sulphur, and then tapped them on the head with the wooden
spoon when they showed symptoms of vertigo. But you remember there
were some goods things even in Squeers' methods. He always gave his
boys a practical application of eveiything he taught. When a boy had
learned to spell ' ' window, ' ' he was immediately set to wash the windows
of the school building — and thus had the lesson "rubbed in," as it were.
We get the boy to spell, if we can, and then we hire a janitor to wash
the windows. And so there were some redeeming features in Squeers'
system, even in comparison with our own.

The great fault of our public school work, speaking broadly, is its
failure properly to relate the student to his present and future work
and surroundings. The boy or girl who is really destined, if he finds
himself, to a life of business or industrial activity, is too often coerced
by the school — if he does not rebel — into a line of study for which he
has no natural aptitude or interest. The school machine fails to dis-
cover him to himself, because its course of study offers little or no op-
portunity for his own natural reactions. And all because of the old and
false doctrine of the ' ' disciplinary value ' ' of the traditional curriculum.
Ex-Governor Hoard of Wisconsin has recently characterized this
educational superstition most aptly. He says:

' ' Teachers have a great responsibility placed before them, for theirs
is the task, not only of building up the human mind, but also of saving
it from the appalling fate of a life of misdirected effort. We do not
believe in much of the criticism that is showered upon teachers, for it
is manifestly narrow, unphilosophical and imjust, and for these reasons,
is worse in its unreasonableness than the teacher. But we do think
that about all of this talk that teachers indulge in concerning the pur-
suit of any study for the sake of "mental discipline" is without merit.
It is about as reasonable as would be the idea of loading dowTi a horse
and cart with a useless burden for the sake of the animal and vehicle.
Teachers should be well versed in the physiology of the mind they deai
with. They ought to know that there is such a thing as the "wear and
tear" of study, which is always increased greatly, in proportion as there
is less appetite for the contemplation of school subjects. It costs the
student, who is forced into certain studies for the sake of mental disci-
pline, vastly more of mental effort, often amounting to the reaction of
hate, than it does him to whom the study is a pleasure. The assimilation
of food by the stomach and brain is almost parallel in its methods of
action. In the former there is such a thing as the influence of the

88 Missouri Agricultural Report.

ner\^es of taste which are a powerful aid to digestion. No one advises
the eating of a h^t of distasteful food for the sake of increasing tne
strength of the stomach. Why should this be insisted upon in the use
of food for the brain?"

Surely there is no virtue in adding useless burdens to the useful
work of teacher and pupil, especially when the unnecessary burden crip-
ples the child for all future activity. I would not add agriculture to the
volume of work already required in the schools, but I would use it
wisely as a means of "redirecting" and revivifying all the useful work
of the school.

You will guess, then, that I would not prescribe agriculture merely
as an appetizer for inducing the mastication and digestion of the more
important and necessary studies of the curriculum. Rather, I should
regard that study which most immediately relates the pupil to his
natural environment and introduces him to all the other live subjects
in the school as itself the most important ; and let it lead him to see that
the others become important and necessary to the fuller understanding
and use of his own environment as a means of constant self-education.

So I would never justify the use of agricultural teaching merely to
kindle the curiosity of children, merely to add zest to their book study,
' or to reconcile them to the tasks of formal instruction — and so treating
it only as an incidental accessory of school work — but I would consist-
ently work toward that coming day when the facts of the child 's environ-
ment, the intense personal interests of his own home life, the responses
which he makes, or ought to make, to his environment, and the modifi-
cations which he can bring to pass in that environment — I say, teach
towards the day when these considerations shall be recognized as the
real thing in education, and when books and methods and curricula
shall come to be regarded at their true value as incidental and subordi-
nate considerations.

But the question will occur, Can the teachers now in service in the
schools teach the agricultural environment of the school without ac-
quiring special training wliicli takes them out of the common school?
Or must we, rather, wail until a new generation of teachers can be
trained for this work?

Well, it is quite possible, that some of those who are rated as good
teachers will not easily regain their places if they step out of the ranks
now — and they may not succeed in establishing a more pleasing engage-
ment. But it is not necessary that teachers now in the schools shall take
a technical course of work in absentia from the rural school in order to
teach agriculture intelligently and effectively As Editor Poe of the
Progressive Agriculturist puts it:

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 89

' ' The assumption that a woman cannot teach agriculture, cannot
teach the scientific truths about soil chemistry and plant physiology, un-
less she has been a field hand, is almost as illogical as the old negro
preacher's method of proving that every woman has seven devils in her.
You don't need to be a centenarian and a soldier in order to teach
history ; it is not required that a teacher travel around the world be-
fore teaching geography ; she need not have written a book before teach-
ing grammar; she need not have robbed graves and dissected corpses
before teaching physiology. AVhy argue then that she must have
broken steers and stemmed tobacco before teaching the scientific truths
about soil chemistry and plant physiology that have practical applica-
tion in the business of farming? You don't have to know how to hitch
a mule to a plow in order to teach why it doesn't pay to plow deep and
cut the corn roots in two at laying-by time ; you need not know how
to run a guano distributor in order to teach the effects of potash, phos-
phoric acid and nitrogen in plant growth ; you need not know how to
cure cowpea hay, to teach how nitrogen gathered by the cowpeas will
enrich the land ; you need not know how to shuck corn, to teach which
type of ear has been found the best for corn production ; you need not
even have milked cows in order to teach that the Babcock Test will
show which dairy cows are paying and which are not ; nor need you
have butchered steers in order to teach that with a Jersey cow and a
Polled Angus, the Jersey is better for the dairy and the Angus for
beef."

Let's consider, then, some of the ways in which the self-instructed
teacher may use agricultural material for the benefit of her school and
of the whole community. In the first place, we must remember that the
common schools are not to teach the technics of the farm operations —
no more than they are to teach the technics of any other trade or occu-
pation. The boy can learn at home on the farm how to cultivate corn
or feed a calf better than any woman can teach him these things in the
rural school. The teacher is not required to put herself in the position
of assuming to tell the farmer how to run his own business ; but she can
teach the principles that explain the why of things that many a farmer
does not know, and she can ask questions that may fire the interest and
study of the w^hole community — questions for inflammation, if you
please. The point is that agriculture is to be used "as a means of edu-
cation, to explain the environment and to develop the student, and not
as a means of giving technical skill."

And the great advantage of this mode of procedure is that the
teacher herself becomes educated in practical affairs of community life
along with her pupils. In most cases she is herself a product of the old,

90 Missouri Agricultural Report.

formal, disciplinary, unpractical theory of education ; and the glory of
the new agricultural education is that, like Mercy, "it blesseth him who
gives and him who takes."

It is said that the first science ever studied and taught was the
science of astronomy — a subject as remote as possible from everyday
concerns, except in the minds of those few dreamy farmers who may
still sow and reap in the particular phases of the moon assigned to such
enterprises. But to "come down to earth," to suggest concrete illustra-
tions of what the modern teacher may be, I would recommend that the
earth itself should receive some attention — not the far-off "ball or globe
on which we live, ' ' as pictured and defined in the old geographies, but the
very earth over which your pupils walk to school. How many of them
know by sight, and feel, and smell, and taste, and definite name, the
four types of earth and their combinations which make up all the "dirt
roads" and cultivated fields of their own school district? Have speci-
mens of these soils collected, carefully examined, and named, if need be,
by the most competent farmer in the neighborhood.

This is real geography. The local district may afford most excellent
opportimities for studies in the process of soil formation, and the value
of its various components for plant production. Before or after study-
ing the soil, I would have each pupil map the farms which lie along
the road by which he comes to school, or at least his own father's farm.
I would have him estimate, as accurately as possible, the kinds and
quantities of farm products in his neighborhood, and the number of
acres devoted to each. Make a study of the crop rotations used in the
district, why they are used, and how they might be improved. What
are the average yields of each crop and the average value of an acre of
each? Find out why the less profitable crops are grown and what
others could be grown to better advantage in maintaining the fertility
of the soil. Find out what it costs to grow an acre of each kind of
crop. Get bulletins of information on how to select good seed corn and
other grains. Study these with the practical purpose in view, and then
take the class into the fields and actually select the seed. Encourage
each boy and girl to choose the seed for planting on his home farm
next season, and show them how to care for this seed and how to test
it before planting. Some farmers haven't time to learn and do these
things (?), just as some haven't time to test the Avorth of their cow's
milk; but the children can.

While crops are growing, give some attention to plant diseases and
the most troublesome insect enemies of crops. "A young woman took
her class into an oat field badly infested with smut. She took an ordi-
nary barrel hoop and dropped it down in the field. She then counted

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 91

the number of oat heads in the hoop and found what percentage of them
were smutted. This was repeated in several places in the field and an
average taken. A calculation was then made of the proportion of the
crop lost by smut. Next the teacher got a bulletin on how to treat
smut and gave it to the farmer. The following season this farmer
treated his seed oats, had no smut, and saved several hundred dollars.

"In a similar manner farmers can be taught how to select seed
potatoes, how to spray fruit trees and the like. An infinite number of
subjects can be taken up by the teachers, depending on the type of
farming in the immediate locality of the schools and not dealing in a
lot of glittering generalities about which the teachers know nothing.
Then, too, the teachers can borrow some good farm papers from their
patrons and select good articles for supplementary reading by the
pupils.

' ' The teachers can take an acre of timber land and have the pupils
determine the number of merchantable trees, ascertain the species of
each and find out the value of the lumber. The children can count the
number of rings on the trees that are down and find out how long it
takes to grow trees of a given size. Then the teacher could find out
what revenues this acre of timber land would bring if handled as a forest.
The forest service would furnish on request literature on how to handle
woodland and how to estimate the amount of lumber in a tree."

That 's not only good teaching, but it 's also good strategy and good
politics.

When harvest time comes, have the children save and bring to
school the best samples of grain and the best ears of corn, and then
have a little school and neighborhood corn show, the best specimens to
compete afterward in a tow^nship and a county contest.

Frequent excursions should be made to neighboring farms for the
purpose of examining some special crop, implement, method of tillage,
or breed of live stock. The best neighborhood methods of plowing,
planting, cultivating and harvesting, should all be made tributary to
the information of the class in agriculture.

The farmer who w^ould hesitate to come into the school and talk
about his superior cattle, swine, sheep or poultry, can be easily per-
suaded to talk about them to a visiting group of children on his own
farm. And after that it's not so hard to get him to talk to the w'hole
school or the neighborhood at a school meeting.

The educational value of such school work is hard to overestimate.
It sets children and parents to thinking for themselves about the mean-
ing of their owm work. And it promotes ideal as well as practical re-
lations between the school and the home, and the parents with their

92 Missouri Agricultural Report.

children. Superintendent Harbourt of Andover, Ohio, reports that
when he found a farmer soaking his seed potatoes in a solution of
formalin and asked him why, he got this reply: "Well, the boy says
this will prevent scab, and I am trying to please the boy." He planted
these treated potatoes and pleased himself with a fine crop that ful-
filled the boy's prediction.

One farmer, as the result of agricultural teaching in the district
school eliminated all the scrubs from his dairy herd and last year sold
ten Holstein heifers of his own raising for $1,000. Even the girls in
the school could judge a horse's age within one year of when he is
"old enough to vote." Farmers come to the school to get boys to
show them how to spray and prune their orchards. The agricultural
class is the most popular one in the school, and you can 't buj' a second-
hand agricultural book in Andover, because they are all preserved for
reference in the home library. Three boys have requested to be al-
lowed to take the course again because they like the subject better
than any other taught. Ever hear of a boy wanting to take Caesar
or Latin prose the second year?

Agriculture and its correlate, domestic science, appeals to the
human interest of the boy and girl. It explains things, and so makes
rural life worth living for child as well as parent. It furnishes a
natural purpose and incentive for the study of other useful subjects in
the schools. It revolutionizes the view-point of teacher, pupil, and the
whole community, as to the practical, lasting value of good school work.

I believe I have said and indicated enough to satisfy you that agri-
culture vitalizes more school studies than any other subject ever pro-
posed. It illumines and gives dignity and value to geography, geology,
botany, zoology, physiology, arithmetic, physics, chemistry and history ;
and furnishes a motive and application for all useful forms of mental
training. A recent agricultural text-book points out its advantages in
teaching spelling, reading and literature.

The average city boy or girl surely misses more than one-half the mean-
ing of such poems as "The Barefoot Boy," "Snowbound," "Gray's
Elegy," "The Deserted Village," and a score of others that are full of
rural allusion. So, for merely cultural and social purposes, the city child
ought to have at least the opportunity for agricultural study. If man-
ual training is justified in the city school in order that the child may
have some opportunity to learn industrial processes that were fonnerly
taught in the home, certainly the city school ought also to acquaint its
pupils with the broader productive processes upon "wdiich the very life
of the community depends. The pedagogical, practical, social and cul-
tural reasons for teaching agriculture as the basic industiy of mankind
exist alike in all the common schools.

Fanners^ Week in Agricultural College. 93

ON THE ROAD TO TOMORROW.

(Hon. Walter Williams, Columbia. Mo.)

Americans are born tramps. They never sit still. The excursion
is the great national game. We are always on the road to somewhere.

In part the travel disease is inherited. Because there was a May-
flower, there are present day journeys. Because John Smth wandered
over to the New Dominion — now called the Old Dominion — Kentucky
came out of the wilderness and Virginia was born.

Traveling is contagious. The more people go away on tours and
trips and excursions the more other people want to go. No farmer ever
saw his neighbor hitch up his spring wagon to go to town without feel-
ing tempted to get out his automobile and go too.

In larger sense, we are travelers on the Road to Tomorrow. The
journey of life is for all travelers. The cradle is the starting point
and the grave the destination — no, not the destination, it is only a bend
in the road, beyond which we can not just now see. When we come
finally to hear the funeral knell it is only a recess bell and school will
soon take up again.

Along this journey there are scenes new and strange, experiences
fateful and unfortunate. The itinerary takes in much that we do not
expect when w^e start out and goes along new ways that we would not
have chosen. The wise traveler over railroad or highway makes small
complaint, takes what comes with smiling face and gets from each ex-
perience, sweet or bitter, all the good he can. So with life's traveler.
If he be wise, he will keep stout heart and smiling face, whatever the
rough or easy paths his feet must tread, however the clouds may over-
hang, or the crops be spoiled by an untimely rain, but will get the most
out of life and be ready for any change in plans and for the last great
change.

Pie has the present moment for employment to the full — the present
moment, and no more. Yesterday is dead and tomorrow not alive.
Yesterday is wealth expended, which is poverty, and tomorrow is riches
unattained, which is poverty.

We are On the Road To Tomorrow. What that tomorrow will be
this day decides. We lift our eyes to a new horizon every time we lift
our eyes. Where Yesterday was wigwam and stone axe and spinning
wheel, Today is palace for home, the electric current for candle light
and carrier, the swiftness of a million weaver's shuttles. On the farm
we have put away the reap hook for the reaper. In the school room we
have laid aside the blue-backed speller for the scientific treatise. In

94 Missouri Agricultural Report.

economics we are turning from the ownership by one of the products of
all to the o\^iiership by all of the products of every one. In things intel-
lectual, we have taken off the iron band of church and king which
bound man's brain. A German monk opened the Book for all the
people and an hundred church spires took the place of a single cathe-
dral tower. A people laid obligation upon themselves to give schooling
to every child and the school house became an important fact upon the
Road to Tomorrow.

Whatever the changes, the Heaven bends with benediction just as
near to earth this glorious day as when Wesley spoke or Carey suffered
exile or Jacob slept on stony pillow or the Gallilean Peasant walked
the highways of the Holy Land. And in the benediction of the bended
blue is enwrapped the same unchanged, unchanging duties, the chief
blessing which the Good Father gives to His sometimes reluctant child-
ren, blessing of opportunity for progress, for self-sacrifice, and for
service. The Road to Tomorrow lies in the sunlight, not the shadow,
and Tomorrow, please God, not Yesterday, is the world's golden age.

What may we see On The Road to Tomorrow? Each man makes
his own horizon. The world is unlike to each different pair of eyes.
To some, dollars show the largest on the road-side ; to some, dinners.
Some look always downward at the clods and become like unto them.
Some lift their faces ever skyward and forget the weary way their
brother goes, some look with love and level eyes direct into the face of
every duty and seek to follow it with unfaltering feet.

As we pause upon the Road to Tomorrow, as we go forward on the
road, what do we see most conspicuous objects worthy of our serious
thought ?

First, the red barn of the farmstead gives challenge. Filled it has
been and is to ovei'flowing. Lean years are forgotten in the fat years
which have come. The output of the American farm aggregates annu-
ally eight billions of dollars, a sum that staggers the brain to compre-
hend — if at all it can be comprehended. Forests are felled and prairies
are plowed, deserts are watered and the barn, big with agricultural
wealth, is eveiywhere. Agriculture is fundamental, basic. The barn
stands for agriculture. It is the symbol of the increased farm product.
But the farm means more than the tearing down of sheds and the
building of barns. Its problems are larger than the fertility of the
soil, the conservation of material resources, than animal husbandry and
horticulture, than agronomy and pedigreed corn. Fundamental problem
in this first fact upon the Road to Tomorrow is how may the barn,
typifying the wealth wrung from the soil, be best employed for the en-
richment of the lives of the men and women who dwell upon the soil,

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 95

how Missouri prairies may best uplift ]\Iissouri people. The growing
bigness of the barn must mean less labor for the fanner and less for the
farmer's wife, a broader, higher outlook for his sons and daughters,
books and travel and college and spiritual life and character. The
bigger the barn the less should it be the only discernable fact upon the
roadside, nay, even the most conspicuous. It must be convertible into
terms of service. Never is it an end in itself. There are other things
on the Road to Tomorrow.

Next the factory, with its giant smoke stack, claims attention.
Machines have supplemented, nay, almost supplanted hands. Why,
cows are milked now by machinery and babies raised in incubators.
The material civilization of a country may be judged by the number of its
smoke stacks. The factory has come to lengthen and multiply men's
arms. With the growth of the world's population, there were more
mouths to feed. Some philosopher, thinking over the question, said
there would be starvation in a century. Production could not keep
pace with consumption, urged Malthus. The factory came because
another man thought it into being and the philosopher's prophecy went
unfulfilled. Where in the old days man was his own loom and black-
smith shop, making his own tools and clothing, he depends now upon
others for their production. Yesterday an entire factory was carried
under the individual hat. Today the most skilled laborer is but a cog
in the great whirling wheel. Yesterday each wrote unaided, with long
and tedious effort, the parchment pages of a book. To make this vol-
ume — paper, binding, type, press work, all — required a thousand inter-
dependent hands, a hundred machines and a single day. With consid-
eration of the factory comes consideration of the wage problem. The
rights of capital and the wrongs of labor make a burning issue. The
factory brings about congestion in the cities and the problems of the
municipality press for solution. By combination captains of industry
arise, commanding regiments of soldiers in the industrial army which
feeds and clothes mankind. The captains clash with the soldiers and
strikes and lockouts come. INIen are thrown together on the Road to
Tomorrow by the new industrial conditions. They do not live far
enough apart to be neighborly. How they jostle each other by the road-
side! Interdependencse succeeds independence. ]\Ian is no longer, if
ever, self-made ; he is society-made and bears in walk and look the hall-
mark of his multitudinous creator. We have come to the canned goods
century. We depend upon the factory for our dress and for our din-
ners. Freedom from much physical labor has followed the development
of the factory in modern life, but the new and startling problems which
accompany it may well give even the most hopeful pause.

96 Missouri Agricultural Report.

Distribution must follow production. Near to the factory smoke
stack we find the telegraph and telephone poles. Cheap transportation
pushes back the borders of our great cities, increases their population
and their problems. Steam and electricity have annihilated distance.
One touch of the daily newspaper makes the whole world kin. We could
once see other peoples only with a telescope — and had no telescope —
while now we have the world for a back lot. The re-alignment of the
world's sky line, brought about by the changed condition of transporta-
tion marks a new era. The great round globe is field for the home
missionary. Transportation re-maps the earth's surface. We have
harnessed steam and extracted the sting from the thunderbolt to do
man's bidding. Commerce has made a department store of all the
globe and we may deal at will at any nation's counter. Production and
distribution are upon gigantic scale. Man's arms are lengthened, his
feet are given wings. A thousand Goliaths moulded into one would not
make a single citizen of the twentieth century. Samson had no such
power as the weakest woman plus an electric button. With this enor-
mous increase of factory and railway has come a tremendous impetus
to materialism. We have commenced to think in dollars. We measure
manhood by Troy weight, by the assayer' scales. We coiuit him suc-
cessful who has a balance at the bank and set him down a failure who
has not this, though all else beside. The voice which pleads for the
idealism of simplicity is drowned amid the clamor for the things the
factory produces and which steam brings to our doors.

Consequent upon factory and telegraph pole, accompaniment of
production and distribution, the office building, a city within a city, is
here upon the Road to Tomorrow. How high it towers. Jealous of any
interference, it flings itself against the very blue. The office building
typifies concentrated wealth, syndicated millions. The products of
farm and factory are here controlled and the toll of transportation is
paid into its coffers. What shall be done with swollen fortunes, with
arrogant, predatory wealth? How may the problem of unequal distri-
bution, of over-much concentration be solved? Those who prefer com-
plaint to achievement may be content w4th hurling epithets, but others,
eager to make the most for good of every great new fact, will heed the
challenge that the throbbing office building brings, will seek to have it
serve other purpose than the glorification of the dollar, the making of
more millionaires.

Hard by the roadside is the schoolhouse, with its troops of child-
ren, the fathers of the morrow. The schoolhouse is larger than in olden
days and better. This regiment of children who go in and out of its
doors in this State is more numerous than the army which Xerxes led

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 97

across the Hellespont to pimisli the city of the Violet Crown, more
powerful for good or ill than all the soldiery of earth. We spend, and
rightl}" spend, npon it more than we appropriate for any other public
cause. A Rockefeller gives a king's ransom to a single school and it
is scarce noticed amid the rising tide of gifts to education. ^Millions
only are reckoned with, while a hundred years ago a great American
college entered upon its endowment books with care and gratitude : ' ' One
soup bone — one shilling!"

Beside the factory and the railway station, with its web of wire,
and schoolhouse and scientific laboratory, office building and red barn,
the Road to Tomorrow holds church spire as well. Like index finger
pointing up to heaven it stands. ]\Ian has gone from the primeval
groves by w^ay of tabernacle, mosque and temple to basilica and Christ-
ian church. He has built to the Eternal One a house with stained
glass windows, through which the sunshine sifts on cushioned pews.
Is the country church spire the rallying point for modern good? Or
has it become a dying thing apart? Has the church risen to the needs
of its new environment or does it yet linger on the horizon of Yesterday,
groping amid the mists of mysticism and disputing about the cast-off
garments of a worn-out creed? Man has put God within a splendid
church and — has he left Him there ?

Complex are the problems of civilization. Varied are the new de-
mands. We Americans have placed for solution of many of these
problems, for answering these new demands on the Road to Tomorrow
the people's State house and there the capital dome. Beneath are met
the people 's representatives to serve the people. Rail as we may at the
result of this or that election, complain as we may at that which comes
from beneath the capitol dome, before America there was no election, no
real republic, no free people, only a king and his subjects, a patriarch
and his tribe. It is not strange, therefore, that those who come to-
gether under the capital dome make some mistakes, that laws are crude
sometimes, that self-interest and party strife and greed of place or gain
defeat, may only delay the coming of the best.

The last conspicuous object upon the Road to Tomorrow is that for
which factory and railway, school and church, agriculture and com-
merce and government are made — the individual home. There are new
problems in the smoke stack and the telegraph pole, the schoolhouse
chimney and the tall church spire, the office building and the capitol
dome. There is the old, old problem around the hearth-stone. The
rising tide of materialistic thought and of scientific doubt is only dan-
gerous when it engulfs the home. It is the new grouping that makes
new problems. AVe live so near to one another. The shadow which

A— 7

98 Missouri Agricultural Report.

falls athwart one threshold darkens many doors. The ideal of every
statesman is a nation of happy homes.

We may not re-arrange life's roadway to suit the opinions we had
Yesterday, nor shape it in accordance with the hope we have for To-
morrow. We must deal with it as it is Today. This is the challenge all
along the Road to Tomorrow. The answer is that each must be made
to serve all. No more must it be each for himself and the Devil take
the hindmost. The call of the hour is for each to care for every other
one and for all to take the hindmost.

The isolation of the farmhouse is relieved as it comes to share
commercial privilege and obligation. The factory finds its place when
it gives labor to many and the products of labor to many more.

Distribution is only worth while as it is agent of the millions, not
merely feeder for the few. Except the schoolhouse train for public
service, it has no right to state support. Except the church heal and
help, it has no warrant for existence. Government means not the old
order — if that be the order of spoil and steal, under form of law or
without— but government means now — must mean the permitting to
every man a chance — so far as law and honest wage and aggressive
brotherhood may say, an equal chance.

As we use this day, this Road to Tomorrow, do we determine the
days that are to be. Here we may cultivate the patriotism that means
the common good. Here may we find that our interests are all woven
into one ; and that as commerce thrives, as manufacture plies its skillful
hands, as labor is employed, as capital casts its bread upon the waters
to find it after many days, so year by year mth accelerating swiftness
comes accumulating upon our State and upon all it bears or adopts, a
finer life, a literature wider spread, the works of science and philosophy
in the shepherd's hands, the canal boy's dream realized in a throne
founded upon the suffrages and in the hearts of a free people. In
olden days there was race from Marathon and games under the shadow
of Olympus. But with every busy citizen of the State are our Olympian
games — farmer, physician, engineer, merchant, lawyer, journalist,
teacher, preacher. The races we run are with the head and not the
feet. The wrestling matches are not of human sinews but of the forces
of nature, grappling under the direction of human skill, with the fibres
of the field, with the inertia of ores, with wood and stone, not to fling
them to the earth, but to raise and train a million hand-servants of use-
fulness and luxury ; and the prize is not a fading olive wreath, but that
perfection of blessing, that dream of all other lands and lots — the Amer-
ican home.

On the Road to Tomorrow let us make right selection. To find out

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 99

the things that are worth while and cling to them is highest duty and
brings largest pleasure. Progress is largely a question of putting be-
hind. There is nothing more tyrannical than precedent. It has mur-
dered more progress than ignorance ever did. It is the man who does
not remember — or more properly speaking, the man who Imows how to
forget what he remembers who pushes forward the world's work.
Through all the thought on the Road to Tomorrow may well run the
inspiration of an ideal the power of an idea, the appeal to a higher
spiritual service.

In the early days of hypnotism a frail, delicate girl, with arm ex-
tended, was inspired by the hypnotist with the idea that her extended
arm could bear great burden. Upon the arm was piled weight upon
weight, weight upon weight, and the girl flinched not at the burden
thus imposed. Finally the arm, still rigid with the inspiration of the
idea, bended not, was torn from the sockets by the tremendous weight.
The new education on the Road to Tomorrow will give skill to bear the
world's burdens and will inspire the burden bearer with the higher
suggestion of culture unto service. Thus no burden will be too heavy
to be borne, for skill will give strength for every need, and if any bend
or break beneath the burden their life imposes, they will yet be able to
stand erect of soul, independent of mind, happy of heart, through the
power of a great idea — the idea that skill and strength and culture are
added unto men for unselfish service.

"In the fell clutch of circumstance

I have not winced nor cried aloud
Under the blud?eonings of chance,

My head is bloody, but unbowed."

The Road to Tomorrow is not a blind alley or a crossed main line.
It leads somewhere. It leads to this day's duties and their fulfillment.
"We have it in our power. It leads to the Tomorrow. It makes that
Tomorrow what it will. Looking through the day's glories and the
day's gloom along the road just yonder ahead, I see the outcome of the
toils of the hour, the lot of the toilers by the roadside. If I study the
conditions of Today, I can see Tomorrow.

ONLY A DAIRYMAN.

(Hon. W. W. Marple, Muncie, Ind.)

Eugene Field, the very distinguished and ever-to-be-remembered
American poet and humorist, whose production of "Little Boy Blue''
made him famous and gave him a place in the hearts of the people of
two continents and will perpetuate his memory throughout all time.

100 Missouri Agricultural Beport.

was at one time the guest of royalty in England at diinier, where, among
other delicacies there was provided an elegant, tempting dish of straw-
berries; the hostess, noticing that he did not eat them, said to him:
"Mr. Field, don't you like strawberries?" He replied, "Yes, but I
was just thinking how they would spoil the taste for — prunes. I am
thinking tonight how this audience (after a rich treat of strawberries),
have had their taste spoiled for — prunesj and I offer you my condo-
lence for what you have to suffer, and my apology for having nothing
to offer at this .juncture of this wonderful l)niiquot — but a dish of
prunes.

I will ask you to remember that in my capacity tonight I'm "Only
A Dairyman," and my hope of being able to make this dish of prunes
more palatable is the furnishing of an abundant supply of good, rich
milk and cream, by him whose cause I am delighted to champion, and in
whose interest I responded to the request made by the Secretary of the
Missouri State Dairy Association. Pardon me for repeating what I
have so often said — that of all meetings I attend, a Dairy meeting in
Missouri is the most attractive.

I recognize in the Dairyman an important personage, and he is
legion ; he is untfammelled by the boundary of any commonwealth
or country ; his appellation is as broad in its meaning as — mankind.
In many sections the Dairyman is a — Boy. In England the Dairyman
is a — man. In Scotland and IMissouri the Dairyman is a — woman. A
most striking illustration of this fact was given by the man who was
asked by your former dairy commissioner how the dairy business was
prospering in his section, and he said it wasn't doing very much good;
that the women had got so "onery" that they wouldn't milk any more,
and they had almost abandoned the business.

His business is not the creation of a fancy; it is the natural out-
growth of necessity with all of humanity; it is not a new business — it
dates back with the beginning of history and from the time of the
memorable feast given by Abraham, which was entirely from the
Dairy, up until the time of the opossum banquet given to Taft. The
Dairyman's product has been the most essential articles of diet at eveiy
meal. I have no dispostion to consume your time and Avorry your pa-
tience with statistics to substantiate a claim for the Dairyman's promi-
nence ; first, because it isn 't necessary, and next, because I would refrain
from anything that might give you the opinion of the deacon who met
the preacher one morning at the church, who. liaving gotten wet coming
through a drenching rain, said, "I'm afraid I'm ton Avet to preach this
morning," and the deacon said, "0, never mind that. When you get
into the pulpit and get to preaching you'll be dry enough." The senti-

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 101

ment that almost universally prevailed too long, and that still lingers
in some localities and with some people, is such that the man avIio keeps
cows is "only a dairyman" — a diminutive person, one of little conse-
quence, and little influence. The cattle man and the horse man have
been courted and catered to, while the financial and social world has
given little recognition to the dairyman. The politician has cultivated
the dispenser of whiskey and beer, and at the same time seemed utterly
oblivious to the existence to the man who deals in milk. Laws have
been enacted for the protection of dogs, while bills in the dairyman's
interest have been laid on the table; the manufacturers of machineiy
have been protected by patents, organized trusts to govern prices; they
have traveled on passes, and have been permitted to sit in the councils
of railroad and trust magnates, while the dairyman has entered the
markets that were open to him, unprotected and without attempted or-
ganization on price. He paid his own fare, kept his own counsel, fought
his own battle, and his highest ambition has been a clear conscience and
a prominent seat in the councils of his own family. The bank teller
cleans the counter, and asks the crowd to stand aside when the tobacco
raiser comes in once a year to make a deposit, and with his face one
radiant smile he says, ' ' The president would like to see you in his office
for a little visit," while the patient, modest, dairyman who deposits his
mite daily, wails for his turn, and is waited on by the collection clerk,
and does his visiting with the janitor, all because he is "only a dairy-
man." The stockman, who markets his product once a year, when he
goes into a mercantile establishment is waited on by the proprietor
and gets a discount on what he buys, while the dairyman, Avho markets
his product every day, transacts his business Avith the cash bo}', and
pays the regular price for what he gets. The banker, who does business
on the dairyman's money, is importuned to buy an automobile, while
the dairyman's mail is only circulars from the manufacturers of milk
wagons. The dairjmian can always be found at home, from necessity,
while the grain-raiser goes every Saturday to visit his wife's people
and stays 'til Monday. The dair^mian counts the proceeds from his
product in nickels, the wheat-producer counts his in dollars. The dairy-
man spends his summers in the pasture and feed-lot, and his winters in
the cow-barn, the stock-dealer spends his summers on the lakes in the
north, and his winters in California, Florida or Mexico. The dairyman
takes his product to market in a tin can, the corn-raiser takes his in a
box-car — one sells by the pint, the other by the carload. The dairjanan
has a steady job; his work never ends, while the farmer works four
months and loafs the rest of the year.

These are some of the impressions and mental comparisons, and be-

102 Missouri Agricultural Report.

cause of this I am disposed to be charitable toward some, for the con-
clusion they have arrived at, and my mission tonight is to reassure the
Dairyman, and impress those who are not dairymen, with the dignity
and the importance of the man's profession who is ''Only A Dairy-
man," and if I am talking to a man tonight who is prejudiced, my
effort will be the same as the little girl whose grandmother visited her
home for the first time, and she said to her — "So you are my Grand-
mother, are you?" The woman said, "Yes, I am your grandmother on
your father's side," and the little girl said, "You'll soon find out you're
on the wrong side."

I would send this message to a legion of my Missouri friends, who
are wearing out their land by drawing on its fertility and putting noth-
ing back; you are on the wrong side. I am glad that sentiment has
changed, and it is not so common any more to hear, he's "Only a Dairy-
man," and it is continually getting more frequent to hear of a man as
*'Only a Dairyman." There are many reasons why this question
should be thoroughly analyzed, and I know of none paramount to your
anxiety to help your boys to decide on their vocation. In the Black
Hills, as well as in some sections of the west, the strongest secret organi-
zation numerically seems to be the Knights of Pythias, so when a young
man begins to think of identifying himself with an organization of this
kind, he naturally thinks of this, because of its popularity. In some
sections the Odd Fellows seem to predominate ; in othere, the Red
Men are strong, and in these different localities it is easier to interest
a man in the Society that is the most popular. In some localities you
find the strongest religious denominations Methodist, in others Presby-
terian, in others Christian, and so on. In some communities you will
find nearly everybody a professor of religion, and a member of some
church, and there is no doubt the popularity of it has much to do with
causing an investigation that ultimately leads to action. The endorse-
ment of any proposition, by men of standing and influence, carries with
it great weight. Some years ago when a Christian preacher was elected
President of the United States the revival of interest in the Christian
Church was apparent all over the country. Later when a Methodist
was made president there is no doubt the Methodist faith grew in
favor and many were added to the church. The same thing is true of
politics. You are too well acquainted with the politician's tactics to
even need a reference. A newspaper reporter once told me during a
campaign that his instructions were to report every meeting of the
same political faith, and whose cause they were championing, as hav-
ing been attended by thousands, and full of enthusiasm, and those of the
opponent's party with a very small attendance and no interest. What

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 103

is the first thing a book agent or an insurance agent does when he solicits
your business? He shows you a list of prominent men who have sub-
scribed or taken out a policy. The committee raising money to build
a church or feed the poor or for some public improvement, tries to get
the list headed by the man with the greatest influence and the largest
bank account. They want the biggest subscription on the top. The
man who advertises, if he is honest, will never say anything about the
volume of business he does unless it's large. So it goes, in every depart-
ment and in every country. Human nature is the same, everywhere,
and my plea tonight in the interest of the dairyman and his business,
and more especially in the interest of a better country and in the in-
terest of the boy who is undecided about staying on the farm is — Give
dignity to this man who is "Only a Dairyman," and popularity to his
business, by your endorsement, and "Do it now." Give him a place
among the manufacturers of the world; welcome him in the council
of finances; place him where he belongs in the public opinion, and the
affect will be what it always is. The world loves a winner, and the
people seek the successful side. In the fall of 1900 I happened to be in
St. Louis and about 8 o'clock one evening I walked west on Olive street
towards a crowd that was going into the Exposition building. I
sauntered in, and found about a half acre of people, and I soon found
that I had gotten into a political meeting. It was not long until the
meeting was called to order, and a distinguished looking gentleman
was introduced as the speaker of the occasion, and the very first utter-
ance he made after straightening himself up to his full height was
"I am a Republican." You ought to have heard the crowd yell. You
would have thought it was a wonderful thing to be a Republican. I
learned afterwards that he was getting $5,000 a year for being a Re-
publican. Two weeks after this I was called to St. Louis again, and
in this same building they were having another meeting. I stepped in,
and found about an acre of people. I soon learned that this was an-
other political meeting; this meeting was soon called to order, and
a man fully as distinguished looking as the speaker at the former
meeting came forward and was introduced. His first utterance was,
"I'm a Democrat," and I thought something had happened. The
shout that went up from that crowd could have been heard ten blocks.
I learned aftei'wards that he charged only $4,500 a year for being a
Democrat.

I had the honor of representing the State of Nebraska at a Farm-
ers' National Congress. There was an immense crowd — an intelligent
crowd. The great National meeting was called to order, the prelim-
inary exercises were over, the orator for the evening introduced. He

104 Missouri Agricultural Report.

was bright looking, a man of reputation. He was a distinguished look-
ing man — and his first utterance was, "I am a Dairy Farmer." The
stillness was painful ; not a response. The man wlio had educated him-
self in every branch that would fit him for any position ; that great
big speciman of health and happiness — one of nature's noblemen; that
man who had chosen from all the avenues open to him what (to my
mind) was the greatest profession in the category, and availing himself
of this opportunity, in the presence of thousands of people, in the
strength of his manhood and the glory of his high calling, to declare
himself, not only a friend and advocate of the best organization in the
world, but a member itself, and an enthusiastic believer in the justice
of their cause; and, in all that vast concourse of people— not an audi-
ble response. My first thought was of my own boy who was just arriv-
ing at an age when he must decide what his occupation would be ; with
a strong inclination toward farming, and of course anxious to select one
that would be remunerative and at the same time pleasant, he had iDut
one guide that was prominent. He had a right to expect that his
future could be seen in the reflection of the past of those who had
trod the path that he was seeking. He could only judge of their con-
tentment and satisfaction by their enthusiasm. I wondered, if he could
have attended these meetings, what his conclusion would have been, as
between a Republican and a Democrat and a farmer.

I am glad the time is past when the idea prevails that a man who
is unfit for anything else can farm successfully, and that the poorest
of farmers make "Only a Dairyman." I am thankful that institu-
tions of learning are being established and are now being operated,
where our boys can especially fit themselves for agricultural pursuits
in a way that they may get pleasure out of their work as well as attain
the most satisfactory pecuniary results. I am glad the time is past
when we adopt measures in our business and pursue certain lines on
our farms simply iDecause it is in accordance with the policy pursued
by our forefathers, whom, we are sure, were the best people on earth.
We realize that this is no evidence of inferior judgment on their part,
and this is no sign of presumption on our part. AVith the highest degree
of respect and reverance for what Ave learned through this source, for
the precepts and example that come to us from past ages, we simply
appreciate that conditions are different in every particular, and it is
absolutely necessary that methods should be changed.

I am told that years ago, up in the northern part of the country
where I was raised, a candidate for congress started out on his cam-
paign with a speech and a barrel of whiskey, and when he had a meeting
he set up his barrel, knocked out the head, hung tin cups all around it.

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 105

and invited the crowd to help themselves; and while they were doing
this he expounded the gospel of that political faith to which he had
subscribed. You couldn't carry on a campaign that way now.

The principal qualifications for a successful school teacher used
to be strong physique and plenty of nerve, and all the school furniture
he needed was a bundle of hickory. His greatest qualification may
have been in knowing how to use them. Conditions have changed;
the teacher may be diminutive, tender and sympathetic. In fact, the
teacher may be a lady. The school furniture consists of maps and
charts, globes and cubes, etc. A man may have been in the mercantile
business in northern Minnesota and carried seal skins, wool-lined over-
coats and heavy overshoes; he may have moved to Southern Texas and
carried silk jackets, linen dusters, slippers and revolvers. This is no
reflection on seal skins — conditions are different. This change in condi-
tions is no less apparent on the fann. The changes that have taken place
in the past thirty years are so great we can hardly realize that we are
in the same country. In fact, if this change had not been gradual we
would not recognize it.

Webster's definition of a Dairyman may have been a good one
when he made his dictionary, but it don't cover the case now.

The twentieth century Dairj^man may be to some, "Only a Dairy-
man." He may be and is one who produces milk and makes butter
and cheese and deals in Dairy products, but he is more than this. He
stands for progress, and in the evolution of Dairying he keeps abreast
with the times. He is an intelligent man because he finds in his business
the most remunerative market for brains. He is a reader of Dairy
literature and a student of Dairy methods, because in his business
"Knowledge is Power." He is not a loafer, spending his time at the
cross roads store trying to regulate the government, but a man who
attends strictly to his owoi business because he finds it profitable. He is
a family man, a home lover and spends his time there because that's
where his heart is. He is a soil builder instead of a soil robber, because
his business enables him to return to his land the life giving force that
has been taken by raising grain. He is a clean man, because his busi-
ness encourages and demands it. He has written on the tablet of his
memory, "Cleanliness is akin to Godliness," and in his social, as well
as business life, he forcibly illustrates the truth of this. He is a home
builder; a home provider, a home furnisher, a house decorator, a farm
beautifier, because his business provides for him the necessary means,
and the nature of his business is such as to develop a taste for the
beautiful as well as the comforts of life. He is a temperate man, as
well as chaste in his language, because the source of his income would

106 Missouri Agricultural Report.

not do business with him if he were otherwise. Besides this, he is a
voter. He is a good dry goods and grocery customer. He keeps a bank
account and he represents the highest type of American citizenship.
He furnishes an article of diet that is not only a delicacy, but an
absolute necessity for the completion of every meal. He provides for
the motherless babe the only means of subsistance and saves to the
world a precious human life — an immortal soul. He enters the sick
chamber and the hospital wards, and with his product, the Elixir
of life, he nurses back the emaciated victim of disease who is lingering
on the border land of that country from which no traveler ever returns.
He is the producer of the only balanced ration for the weak and the
strong. He is the one indispensible manufacturer. He is of equal im-
portance in the Palace of Kings and the hovel of the poor. His pos-
sibilities are limitless. He stands preeminent and alone as a philan-
thropist as with daily regularity, he distributes to unnumbered voyag-
ers nature's only life preserver, and he is "Only a Dairyman." Only
a drummer boy, but in many a historic battle it was through the in-
spiration given by his music that urged a disorganized and terror
stricken army on to victory that but for him would have suffered ig-
nominious defeat. Only a newsboy, and we forget his importance
as he hurries hither and thither crying the latest news and leaving at
our doorstep, while the world is still asleep, messages from the remotest
comer of the earth and making it possible for us at breakfast to get
not only the political and financial situation in the new and old world,
but the market reports from the commercial centers of the earth.

Only a clerk, and yet without him the wheels of commerce would
stop. On him rests a responsibility no one else can bear. He occupies
a position no one else can fill. He is the connecting link between labor
and capital. It is he that oils the machinery and applies the steam
that moves the great engine of commerce and transports the necessities
and the luxuries of life from the few to the many.

Only a street car conductor, and yet he has in his charge thousands
of precious lives every day, and as the great seething mass of humanity
in the congested city go to and fro from home to business, and from
business to home, he delivers them safely to their destination and as
he crowds back and forth from front to rear, and from rear to front,
collecting nickels and ringing the bell that announces another pas-
senger, his eager eye is ever alert to dangers that surroimd. and with
tender care he helps on and off the unprotected child and the aged that
are infirm, and his only reward (aside from the consciousness of doing
his duty) an occasional, thank you, and a dollar and seventy-five cents
a day.

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 107

Only a telegraph operator, and through, the long dreary hours of
the night he directs the snorting, puffing, engine that hauls untold mil-
lions across the continent, and who would be in constant danger of dis-
aster and death without his constant vigil. He who surrounded by
water and in the very' face of death apprized the world of a Galveston
horror, and with almost super-human strength and courage, sits by his
instrument and summons help to save a cargo of human lives that face
a watery grave on a foundered ship.

Only a seamstress, and as she toils from day to day to clothe the
world, with a compensation of a few pennies carrying to an humble
home each night the meager provisions her earnings will purchase to
appease the hunger of her orphan children, she deserves the plaudits
of the enlightened world.

Only a farmer boy, and although his early life may be one of
obscurity, he is preparing himself for future eminence, and as he tills
the soil and plants the seed and reaps the harvest, he is happy in the
consciousness of being one of an army that feeds the world and to him
all honor is due, and as he breathes the pure air from Heaven and
communes with nature and realizes his partnership with the God of
the Universe, he developes into a manhood in whose house I would
rather be a doorkeeper than to dwell among kings.

Only a Dairyman, and this opens to me a vision, and in it I see
a million sturdy, intelligent, patient men feeding and milking and
delivering to a world yet wrapt in slumber, the product from the faith-
ful animals that are their special care. I see a million active boys as
they follow the winding path twice a day in the summer and drive the
cows from a distant pasture, and in the cold frosty mornings I see them
skip to the feed lot and make ''Old Red" get up quick so they can
warm their bare feet that are almost frozen. I see the historic milk-
maid with the milk bucket on her arm as she wends her way towards
the cow lot humming a tune the like of which no operatic singer ever
produced. I see the lonely widow woman in an obscure country strug-
gling to maintain a home and keep together a family of children, and
whose only hope is a small dairy herd and in her are all the graces of
a true woman centered. On her brow is a crown of glory and her robe
of righteousness is as spotless as the driven snow. To her is due the
homage of a queen, and for these I come here tonight as their represen-
tative to ask your consideration and demand your recognition of those
whose business is of such vital importance to America and the per-
petuity of which means so much to Missouri.

While the lightning of wealth flashes across the Dairyman's firm-
ament, and the thunder of oratory shakes the very walls of congress,

108 Missouri Agricultural Eeport.

let the Dairyman stay with the best protector from financial storms
they have ever known, and you go and stay with the gods of war in
the oleomargarine camp until the storm is past, and the Dairyman's
sky is cloudless. A representative once asked a lawyer to draft a bill
for a dog law, and he said, "Make it so it will satisfy my constituents,
and won't interfere with the dogs." I would say to the Missouri re-
presentative, the opportunity is now presented for you to introduce
a bill that will satisfy your Dairyman constituents and not interfere
in any way with your constituents that are producers, and at the same
time a direct benefit to those consumers to whom you are indebted for
the position you occupy. Take advantage of conditions, and render
this most valuable specific service, and there will be an abundant
harvest for those who placed in your hands a sacred trust ; don 't let
it be said of you what the boy said of his father when he was being
coached in arithmetic to make a proposition plain to him. The teacher
said, "Now suppose you would let your father have $100 and he prom-
ised to pay you $10 a week, how much would he owe you at the end
of seven weeks." The boy said, "One hundred dollars." The teacher
said, "I'm afraid you don't know arithmetic very well, and the boy
said, "May be I don't, but I know my father."

As I contemplated the personnel of the audience that would as-
semble here tonight, and the different interests and pursuits and pro-
fessions that would be represented, and as I read the program, and saw
the different subjects that were to be discussed, I recognized in the
request to respond to the sentiment selected for me, a tribute of honor
and respect to the Dairymen of ]\Iissouri. I am not unmindful that the
credit is due to a wonderfully increased interest in dairying, brought
about through a combination of influences, the most prominent of which
is this institution of learning, and the officers connected with it in vari-
ous capacities. It is said that in Minnesota, when a man goes into
a bank to borrow money, while the banker is asking him how much he
wants and how long he wants it for, he looks out through the wicket
at the man's feet, and if his boots are clean he tells the man he can get
the money, but according to the rule of the bank he will have to get
some good man to sign the note with him; but if he has milk on his
boots he can get all the money he wants and don't need any signer.
The Mason wears a square and compass badge ; the Odd Fellow a three-
link pin ; the Woodmen an Axe ; the cattleman wears spurs ; the mule
man carries a whip ; the tobacco man is known by his odor ; the miller
has flour on his hat; the mechanic, sawdust; the brick-mason, brick-
dust; the plasterer, lime; the shoemaker has holes in his shoes; the
minister wears a white tie ; the Doctor smells of medicine ; the merchant

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 109

is known by his eraaculate dress, the farmer has hayseed in his hair,
and the — Dairyman, with milk on his shoes has the only insignia of a
profession that can borrow money at a bank without an endorser. A
Dairyman in ^Minnesota without milk on his boots would look as un-
natural as the distinguished lawyer who had his picture taken in a
standing position with his hands in his pockets. He had a cut made,
and when it was published in a paper. som,eone looking at it said to a
friend "Ain't that natural." and the other man said "Not very, he's
got his hands in his own pocket."

The life of a Dairyman is a strenuous one. If you are like the boy
whom the minister asked what parable he liked the best, and he said
he liked that one that tells about the man who "loafs and fishes" you
had better stay out of the business. There is no loafmg, and not much
fishing in this business, although I have heard of a minna being found
in the milk occasionally over in Indiana. Fellow Citizens. I am re-
minded tonight of that popular musical play, "The Time, the Place
and the Girl." Synonymous with this thought is my impression of
the Time at which this meeting is being held, as well as the Place and
purpose. In the language of Herbert Kaufman, "Time, the Eternal
Bookkeeper, is closing another Ledger. ' ' To me, it is a time for serious
thought; the clock of time is striking the closing hours of the dying
year; we will soon hold the pulseless hand of 1909. and at the same
time feel the throbbing touch of the hand of 1910 as the New Year is
ushered in with its bright prospects, joys and hopes of triumphant
success. In the year that is gone, have we made the burdens of life
heavier or lighter? Have we scattered sunshine or cast shadows? Is
the world better, that we have lived? Some of us are at the base of
life's mountain, while others have almost reached the top. As we bal-
ance our books to open a new account, let us profit by the mistakes
of 1909, and avoid them in 1910. Let us do unto others as we would
have others do unto us; let our motto be. "Do it now." The touch of
human sympathy is like sunshine to the drooping flower. Let us lend
a helping hand to the unfortunate; let us help to bear somebody's bur-
den ; let us prove to the world that we believe in the Brotherhood of
Man.

It was an insignificant talent in the hands of a country boy, that
was used with the skill of a master, that gave to America and to the
world the immortal Lincoln. Talents are given to be used; let us
cultivate whatever talent we have, and I know of no more appropriate
place than here, in the shadow of this magnificent temple of learning
provided for us.

In the evolution of Dairying I know of none whose experience of

110 Missouri Agricultural Report.

the past will enable them to reap a greater harvest, than the Dairymen,
and I know of no opportunity greater, in assisting to bear somebody's
burdens than is offered by the man engaged in Dairying. He doesn't
have eternal sunshine ; he finds thorns among his roses ; he finds pebbles
in his pathway, and while many of the obstacles have been removed
by the effort of the dairy department of the State University, there
are some who are yet unable to feed four per cent, milk in a three per
cent. cow. There are a few who utterly fail to raise a calf on skim
milk. There are others whose market for cream only pays for twenty-
five per cent, when they are able to churn fifty per cent. Without any-
thing to guide them, some dairymen have been floundering around with
experiments, until tliey are as completely lost as the professor who
was examining a dark brown substance on paper, when a friend called
to visit him, and he a.sked his friend if he would kindly let him place
a little bit of the substance on his tongue, as his own taste was viti-
ated from tasting so many. The man said certainly, and stuck out his
tongue. The professor took a little of it and placed it on his tongue
and the man rolled it around for about a minute as if he were eating
something good. The professor said, "Do you note anj' effect," and
the man said "No, none." "It doesn't paralyze or prick your tongue"
said the professor. The man said, "Not that I can detect." "How
does it taste," said tne professor. "Very bitter," said the man, then
the professor said, "Alright," and his friend said, "What is it," rather
suspiciously. The professor said, "That is what I am trying to find
out, somebody has been poisoning dogs with it."

In conclusion. Members of Missouri State Dairy Association and
Dairymen of jNIissouri, I would write on the tablet of your memory,
the importance of your profession, and the responsibility it carries with
it. You are furnishing to the climax of God's creative power immortal
beings an article of food — an indispensable diet ; your product goes
to the homes of the rich and the poor; it is for the strong man who
goes forth daily in his physical might to earn a living for a dependent
family; it is the hope of life to the sick and afflicted whose last spark
is flickering on the sea of uncertainty ; it is the sole dependence of
millions of infants, whose only hope of manhood and womanhood is
the life-giving force that comes from your product; it is in some form
on the poor man's table, and the rich man's banquet; in a hundred
forms it has appeared on the table board this ^Merry Christmas and
Happy New Year of millions of families all over the world. Are your
cows healthy, and from them are you furnishing an article that will
perform the office intended from the beginning of time; or are they
diseased and are you sending to the homes of Missouri an article that

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. Ill

will lay the foundation of distress by destroying the life-blood of the
strong man who is the family protector and family defender; the
bone and sinew of our country; or that will snuff out the dimly burn-
ing light of life in those who are so near the brink of the River that
their only hope of resuscitation was in pure milk; or that inoculates
with an incurable disease the life of the household, that blasts their
hopes and causes a life of wretchedness and premature"' death? Are
your barns clean? Are your milk utensils sanitary to prevent an im-
usual and unnecessary growth of bacteria that is deadly in its in-
fluence? Are you handling this product in the way you would want
your food handled.

Is your cream kept in a perfectly sanitary place and do you
dispose of it as often as you should; or do you keep it where you
wouldn't like to have your pies kept and hold it until it is rotten to
avoid an extra trip and then boast about being able to get as much for
it as somebody who takes care of theirs and delivers it sweet?

Is your separator kept thoroughly cleaned every time it is used;
or do you ease your conscience on the representation made by the
agent that sold it to you, that once a week was often enough? Is
your separator sitting where you would be willing to have your break-
fast cooked, and is the cream kept in a vessel you would be willing
to have your custard kept in? Do you sell good, rich milk as it comes
from your herd, or does part of it come from the pump? Are you
churning your cream and selling the skim milk by the quart and con-
gratulating yourself that the inspector didn 't catch you ? Are you sell-
ing last summer's butter for fresh? Are you loyal to your own con-
victions ? Are you loyal to the sacred trust placed in your hands by an
overruling Providence and a confiding public? Are you true to the
requirements of the statutes? Are you true to the voice of conscience?
Are your books balanced? Is your record clear? Are your accounts
straight? Is your business life an open book that can be read by the
Dairy Inspector, the public and the supreme judge? Have you a
good case? Is it prepared for the court of final decision? You have
doubtless made mistakes; that is our common lot. In the language of
Homer Wilson, "Let us square our accounts with all mankind and
draw the mantel of charity over those who have misused us and as
the sands of time fall into the grave of the departed years, let mem-
ory plant a few flowers of perennial freshness and beauty while the
hand of love writes the epitaph of unforgotten virtues."

To you who are not Dairymen, what is your life ? What have you
done to assist in this battle royal for Dairy Supremacy in the grand
old State of Missouri ? What have you done to remove the stigma that

112 Missouri Agricultural Report.

caused the dealer to say, "The only objection I have to your butter is,
it has Missouri stamped on the package ? ' ' What have you done to pro-
mote the cause and protect the interest of the Missouri Dairymen? Has
the extent of your assistance been to kick on the quality and price of
the butter that some faithful JMissouri Dairywoman was delivering to
you regularly? Have you been satisfied to amuse yourself while mak-
ing sport of some poor scrawny pot bellied calf that had its hair turned
the wrong way that you saw in some Dairyman's pasture and that you
were satisfied was the outgrowth of an attempt to raise it on skim
milk? Have you been content with making the pessimistic roar about
the introduction of the class of cattle that would destroy the beef in-
terest? If this is true my knowledge of Missourians is sufficient to
warrant the assertion that if you have been adverse to Daiiying or
even negligent of Dairy interest it is thoughtlessness or from a lack of
information. Let one of your New Year's resolutions be a determin-
ation to boost this enterprise. The INIissouri mule has found a home in
the cotton fields of the South, the lumber districts of the North and
West and the commercial centers of the East. He may be seen on the
streets of England's metropolis and in the mining districts of South
Africa, and everyv/here he goes he finds an active market for his serv-
ices, and the strongest recommendation he has and the secret of his
popularity is that he is branded "Missouri." The markets of the
world are searched by commission men for the big red apple that is
branded "Missouri." While we are proud of this we are not going
to be satisfied to stake the reputation of a State like this on an apple
and a mule. Although "Only a Dairyman" he has a long line of an-
cestors he may well be proud of and the Missouri Dairyman in my
opinion lives on the very spot that Moses viewed when he led the
children of Israel out of bondage. He belongs to an army of manu-
facturers that produced last year nearly a billion dollars. Let me
leave this message with you tonight. It comes from the Dairymen who
are not here. It comes from Missouri mothers whose duties at home
preclude this privilege. It comes from Missouri boys full of hope,
full of ambition. I bring from them an expression of gratitude for this
recognition of their interest and for what you have done and what
you are doing in their behalf, and Mr. President, members of Mis-
souri Liiiversity Faculty, Members of the State Board of Agriculture.
Officers and Members of Missouri State Dairy Association, if I could
tonight from all the languages of earth select the most expressive ad-
jectives and weave them into garlands of praise, it would but faintly
express the gratitude we owe you.

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College.

113

TEN YEARS' PROGRESS OF THE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE.

(Geo. B. Ellis, Retiring Secretary Missouri State Board of Agriculture.)

Brief mention of a few of the more important things accomplished
by the State Board of Agriculture during the time I have been officially
connected with the office may be of some interest and benefit to the
farmers of Missouri, and particularly to those who are not entirely
familiar with the work. The State Board of Agriculture is expected
to aid in any legitimate way in the development of all lines of crop
growing and live stock husbandry carried on in the State, as well as to
encourage and promote the improvement of the rural schools and the
farm home. The progress of any work of this kind running through a num-
ber of years is made a little, day by day, and is hardly noticeable as we
go along, but by taking a retrospective view after a few years, the im-
provement should be easily discernible by comparison.

The Farmers' Biireav. — Instead of making long preachments to the
farmers about what they ouglit to do, we have always tried to furnish
them with some scientific
information that would be
helpful in their daily farm
work. The farmer is as
alert as any other citizen
to take advantage of
any economic information
where he sees it is practi-
cable. This policy has re-
sulted in bringing thou-
sands of farmers in close
touch with the Board, and
while hundreds of them

have acknowledged the unexcelled in size, Richness and Flavor. (From Book-
help they have received '^*' "^ ^'"'°" Berries.")
they, in turn, have been a great support to this office. Not all the in-
vestigations and improvements for the benefit of farmers have been dis-
covered by the Experiment Station, but many of the most important
have been made l)y the farmers themselves. It is as much the duty of
the State Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College to make
themselves acquainted with best methods of successful farming and to
make tliem known to the farmers generally as it is to set up ideals of
their own; and this has been the policy of the Board during my in-
cumbency. The State Board of Agriculture should be kno^^^ as the

A— 8

114

Missouri Agricultural Report.

Farmers' Bureau of Informatioifi, through, which the farmer may receive
information on any subject relating to any phase of country life and
through which he may in turn give to others any important discovery
or demonstration he has made. As the result of this policy some of
the most valuable bulletins we have published have been those contain-
ing reports of methods of successful farmers. Among these we might
mention, first, the road drag bulletin by D. Ward King, a farmer of
Holt county, Missouri. This bulletin has been printed in the fifth
edition by the Board of Agriculture, and has since been published by
the United States Department of Agriculture, and has in its essential
features been printed by hundreds of newspapers and agricultural
journals, and millions of copies distributed throughout the United
States, Canada and other countries. Perhaps no other bulletin pub-
lished by this Board, or any other board or department in the whole coun-
tiy, has been given such wide publicity, and no other has been of greater
economic value. The two bulletins recently published on "Pastures for
Hogs" and "The Brood Sow and Her Litter," prepared by F. G.
King, live stock assistant of the Board, and the one on "Poultry Problems

and Profits, ' ' prepared by W. L. Nel-
son, assistant secretary of the Board,
and also the one on ' ' Farm Practice in
Northeast Missouri , ' *
prepared by D. H.
Doane, a graduate of
the Agricultural Col-
lege in the service of
the United States De-
partment of Agricul-
ture, were the results
of getting a consensus
of opinions from the

best farmers engaged
in these special indus-

Illustration showing part of cover design used on book-

lett, "A Tip on Missouri Corn." tries. SuCCeSsful farm

practice must rest on a scientific basis, and from these the wise experi-
ment station man often gets valuable help and suggestions. The pub-
lication of the Monthly Bulletin was begun during my first year — 1901 —
and has proved a very popular publication. The number of annual
reports has been increased from 4,500 to 10,000 and, if the money were
available for this publication, two or three times this number could be
distributed to the great advantage of the State.

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 115

An original idea, inaugurated by this office, for the purpose of
exploiting the natural advantages of Missouri and the State's pre-
eminence in the production of certain crops, and advertising the progress
of the State, was started last year by the publication of a number of
monographs, which have proved a popular method of disseminating
knowledge about the State. Four of these have been published up to
this time, viz.: "A Tip on Missouri Corn," ''Poultry Points and
Profits," "Testimonials on Missouri Roads," and "A Billion Berries,"

Farmers' Institutes. — Through the Farmers' Institute meetings the
Board exerts its greatest influence on the agriculture of the State. The
improvement made in these meetings during the last ten years has l)een
in the adoption of more systematic methods in conducting the meetings
and in eliminating all but sound, practical instruction. During the
early years of the farmers' institute work in Missouri, often four to
eight lecturers were sent to one place to hold a meeting, but now it is
seldom that more than two lecturers are detailed to hold a meeting,
and many meetings are held with but one lecturer. It has been found
more profitable to discuss one or two subjects thoroughly than to touch
lightly on a number of subjects, better results following. A number of
new methods have been adopted — some of them original with this office.
One plan has been to hold meetings in the district school houses so as
to reach the farmers not accessible to the towns. In holding these
ineetings one or two lecturers travel through the country districts and
hold meetings with the school during the day and a meeting for the
farmers in the evening. The increased inquiry for bulletins and the
interest manifested in the corn contest work following the district
meetings, is evidence of the good that has been accomplished. The in-
stitute exhibit car was first used by Missouri. It was first tried by the
Missouri Fruit Experiment Station of Mountain Grove for the purpose
of demonstrating methods in spraying fruit trees, and the first trial
was made by John T. Stinson, then director of that station, who had a
box car filled up with numerous spraying apparatus and gave demonstra-
tions in spraying and mixing spray material to the farmers who gath-
ered at stations along the route. Mr. Stinson was assisted by Colonel
G. W. Waters, a representative of the State Board of Agriculture, who
was tiie veteran institute lecturer of Missouri. This plan was next
taken up by the Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College, in
co-operation with two of the railroads of the State. An exhibit car was
fitted up with specimens of improved corn, wheat, alfalfa and other
grains, grasses and vegetables, showing the work of improvement of the
Experiment Station. These cars were used for two or three weeks each
year, holding meetings and giving demonstrations throughout the terri-

116

Missouri Agricultural Beport.

toiy traversed by the railroads. These exhibit ears grew into the special
trains which have been used on a number of railroads in co-operation
with the Board of Agriculture and the Agricultural College, and thou-
sands of farmers have been interested in this way and much valuable
information disseminated.

Farmer' Week in Columbia, which is a great convention partici-
pated in by all organized agriculture in the State, was instituted by
the State Board of Agriculture and has proved the greatest factor in
the development of the College of Agriculture and the Board of any of
the methods that have yet been tried. It was largely through the in-
fluence of this convention, and agitation and organization by the State
Board of Agriculture, that the magnificent new Agricultural Building
was secured, as well as a greater and better equipment for the Col-
lege. The first official demand for a Dairy Building, for a live stock
bam, for an appropriation for improving the live stock of the State
farm, for providing and fitting a show herd of live stock to be exhibited

at the various expositions of the coun-
try, for establishing and maintaining a
soil survey of the State, and other im-
provements, was made by the State
Board of Agriculture in their recom-
mendations for the betterment of the
Agricultural College. These recommen-
dations were followed up by organi-
zation and agitation of the Board, and
appropriations secured to carry them
into effect. Individually, I have always
held that the logical way to bring about
a better agricultural condition in Mis-
souri is to build up a great agricultural
college and experiment station that will
be competent to give the farmer techni-
cal and practical information on any subject whatever that may bear
directly upon the economics of the farm.

The one thing that has brought about the greatest improvement in
farm practice has been the organization of corn growing contests and
the education of the farmers on the subject of the improvement of the
corn crop. Corn is the leading crop of the State, representing 50 per
cent, or more of the total value of all farm crops. Believing that when
a man is interested in improving one crop he will become interested in
improving conditions generally, the Board of Agriculture made this

Illustration, sliowins? part of cover de-
sign used on booklet, "Poultry-
Problems and Profits."

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 117

the leading subject for institute work for several years. During the
year 1903, in co-operation with the Missouri World's Fair Commission,
a corn contest was held in every county in the State, and from that
time until this, the subject of corn improvement has been made the
prominent feature of most of the institute meetings. As a result of
this movement, the State Corn Growers' Association was organized;
also, many local associations ; and doubtless millions of dollars have been
added to the farmers' wealth on account of the increased yields of
com brought about by using better seed and giving better cultivation.

The holding of women's institutes has been organized during the
last year and promises good results for the future. The greatest diffi-
culty we have found has been to secure competent help, but the few
meetings held during the past year have had very gratifying results.

The organization of the extension short courees, or six day insti-
tutes, for which a special appropriation of $12,000 was made to the
Board by the 45th General Assembly, I consider an important advance
made. A number of these meetings have been held during the past
two years with an attendance varying from 200 to 500, and I look to-
this plan as being the one that will give the farmers the most substan-
tial instruction.

The Farm Boys' Encampment, first organized by S. M. Jordan,
farmers institute specialist of the State Board of Agriculture, has been
the means of interesting several thousand boys in higher ideals of
farm life and of calling their attention to the advantages offered them
by the Agricultural College.

State Road Improvement. — For years no material progress had
been made in the method of improving the roads in Missouri and the
first important forw^ard step was the development of the road drag
which was begun by this office in 1901, and through the holding of road
meetings and the giving of demonstrations throughout the State, the
usefulness of the road drag created a demand for a better road system.
In January, 1904, at a State Road Convention, held during Farmers'^
"Week in Columbia, the writer outlined the following plan for a better
road system in Missouri : The establishment of the office of State High-
way Engineer as a department of the Board of Agriculture; the crea-
tion of a State road improvement fund to give State aid to the counties
in making permanent improvement of the roads; giving authority to
the county courts to levy 25 cents on each $100 valuation for the benefit
of the country road fund ; creating the office of County Highway En-
gineer to be appointed by the county court.

Every one of these suggestions was adopted by the convention as a
road platform, and this was followed by an endorsement from a number-

118

Missouri Agncultural Report.

of road conventions held by the Board of Agriculture in co-operation
with various county courts and commercial clubs throughout the State.
Sentiment was thus created in the State that caused the enactment by
the 44th General Assembly, in 1907, of laws carrying every one of the
propositions recommended into effect. This required the enactment of
several laws and the submission of a constitutional amendment provid-
ing a State levy for State aid for permanent roads, and making a State
appropriation of nearly one million dollars. All of the above measures
are now in operation except the constitutional amendment providing
money for a permanent State road fund, which failed of adoption by
only a small majority, but the following legislature resubmitted the
proposition, and it will be voted upon at the next general election, with
good prospects for its approval. It might be well to explain here that
this failure to secure money for the State good roads fund was not the
fault of the Board of Agriculture, neither was it the fault of the members

of the legislature, or the
general sentiment in the
State, but was an unforeseen
condition arising because of
the increasing demands up-
on the State revenue fund.
Progress in road building
has been retarded because of
this lack of funds, but not al-
together stopped, a number
of counties having gone
ahead and improved some of
their roads in a permanent
way. A general improve-
ment is seen in the counties
in the way of building better
bridges and particularly a greater number of concrete bridges, and a
general saving in the cost of administration in road work. As soon as
a producing State road fund is provided, the good effects of our present
system and the work that has been done up to this time, will become
progressive and permanent.

The veterinary department of the Board has secured larger appro-
priations and new legislation, the most important of which is the law
providing indemnity for cattle condenmed and slaughtered on account
of tuberculosis.

Every one familiar with the progress that has been made, fully ap-
preciates the general awakening that has taken place during the last

One of the farmer's road tools — "The Missouri Idea."
(From booklet, "Testimonials on Missouri Roads.")

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 119

ten years among the farmers of the State and their changed attitude
toward the work of the Board and the College of Agriculture. It has
changed from much fault finding and criticism to support and hearty
co-operation.

NEW METHODS IN AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

(G. I. Christie, Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, in address at Mis-
souri Farmers' Week, December, 1909.)

The subject of agricultural education is receiving much attention
at this time. At almost every meeting of agricultural organizations,
educators and business men, some phase of this subject is discussed.
It is before the people in a strong way and is moving them to action.

Men of the prominence and calibre of J. J. Hill of the Great
Northern Railway, and President Brown of the New York Central are
actively interested in the agricultural movement. They are pointing
out existing conditions in agriculture and what the morrow is to bring
and are emphasizing the need of applied information in the handling
of the soils and crops not only for the welfare of the farmer, but for
every class of the entire United States.

In America today there are many resources upon which the wealth
and trade of the country is based. Among the more important of these
are the forests, gold mines, silver mines, oil wells, gas wells, coal, iron
and copper deposits and a complete net work of water ways. Of this
wealth the country boasts and with it as a backing has taken a front
rank among the nations of the world. Upon these resources many in-
dustries have been developed, which engage and return a livelihood to
more than sixty millions of people.

Important as these resources and industries are, they are directly
dependent upon agriculture. No matter what work or reward they
may offer they are not productive of food. Remove the source of food
supply and the value of other resources drops to zero. Therefore the
Illinois slogan may be worded to include the entire country. ''The
wealth of the United States lies in its soil and the strength of her peo-
ple lies in the intelligent management of it."

At present we hear much said about high prices of food stuffs.
People everywhere are protesting against the cost of living. The clamor
is loud and will likely be prolonged.

The causes of high prices are many and complicated. To discuss
them at this time is a temptation, but space and time will not permit.
However, it is generally believed that the main causes of high prices
are increased demands and increase in the cost of production. It is

120

Missouri Agricultural Report.

estimated that the annual increase in population in the United States
is more than two millions. It is also estimated that to feed these two
million hungry mouths, seventy-five million bushels of food producing
cereals are required. When it is remembered that the limit of new and
tillable lands in this country is almost reached, one must conclude that
the land already imder cultivation must be made to produce this extra
product. Just how this can be done is .one of the probleuLS before the
people and a ciuestion upon which they are eagerly seeking information.
This call and demand for information was anticipated many years
ago by a body of men in the United States Congress directly inter-
ested in the welfare of agriculture. They were intimately acquainted
with the problems of the farmer and foresaw then the trend of this
occupation. Through the passage of the Hatch Act in 1887, which es-
tablished an Agricultural Experiment Station in every State and ter-
ritory of the Union, much was done to meet the conditions which ex-
ist today. At each Experiment Station a corps of scientific men were
employed in the study of soils, crops, horticulture, dairying, animal

Corn Judging, District Farmers' Short Course.

husbandry, botany, and entomology. These men did earnest, hard work
and have solved many of the farmer's problems. The facts derived
from scientific research have been given a practical application and to-
day the farmer is in a position to reap the results.

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 121

Just how Experiment Stations have secured helpful information
and how this information can be directly applied in farm operations
can be illustrated by work which has been done in Indiana.

In Northern Indiana there are more than a million acres of muck
land. On this farmers were unable to grow com successfully. All
attempts resulted in failure. The Experiment Station took up this
problem and after some investigation found that it was lacking in one
of the elements, namely, potash. On several farms plots were laid out
and muriate of potash applied to some of this soil. The result was
that in four years ninety-six bushels more corn were grown on each
acre treated than were grown on the untreated soil. The cost of treat-
ment was about three dollars per acre. The returns were more than
$45.00 per acre. ^Nluch time and effort was required to discover this
one fact, but now when applied it means many thousands of dollars
annually to the farmers of the State.

The Animal Husbandry Department of the Purdue Experiment
Station has been doing some interesting and valuable work in feeding
cattle. They are attempting to place the cattle feeding business of
our State on a profitable basis. Their first movement in this connec-
tion was to determine the value of the practices followed by many
feeders in the State. After some investigation they found that there
were two common rations fed by different feeders. One was corn, corn
fodder, and oats straw^ The other corn and clover hay. The study of
these rations shows that the latter, corn and clover hay, is more or less
balanced, having a large amount of protein added through the clover
hay. The first ration is one sided, containing no carrier of nitrogen or
protein. The Department purchased two car loads of steers on the
Chicago market and fed them on the above rations for one hundred
and eighty days and the result was that the lot receiving corn, shredded
vstover and oats straw required L3.4 pounds of corn to produce one
pound of beef, and when sold on the market returned a profit of $1.14
per steer. The second lot receiving corn and clover hay reciuired only
9.4 pounds of corn to produce a pound of beef and returned a profit of
$8.62 per steer. In Indiana of that year more than sixty thousand
steers Avere fed. If by proper feeding a profit on each steer of $7.50
could have been had, it w^ould have meant more than $450,000.00. This
is many times the amount appropriated by the State to the Purdue
Experiment Station.

Similar illustrations could be given in farm crops, dairying, horti-
culture, etc., but the above is sufficient to demonstrate that the Experi-
ment Stations are securing information, which if applied in farming
operations, will mean much in increased returns to the farmer. It

122

Missouri Agricultural Report.

also demonstrates that in this movement for agricultural education
there are many things at hand which can be well extended to the
advantage of every one interested in agriculture.

For some long time the results of agricultural research and in-
vestigation have been carried to the farmer through bulletins and
agricultural papers. These have done an untold good and they are
still a necessary factor in the movement for better agriculture. How-
ever, we must admit that owing to the fact that farmers do not apply
in any direct way what they read, these publications have not accom-
plished all that could be desired. For these reasons and in order that
the farmer might be brought into closer touch with helpful information
pertaining to farm operations and in order that he might be encouraged
to apply directly the principles and facts, several new movements have
been inaugurated. A few of those taken up in Indiana during the
past few years will be cited.

EDUCATIONAL TRAINS.

The first important movement taken up by the Indiana Station to
reach the farmers of the state was the rimning of a corn train. The
first corn train was run in December, 1905. Since that time com trains,

Address on Corn — Corn Train.

soil trains, horticultural trains, and dairy trains have been run over
almost every line of the state. More than 150,000 people have been
reached in this way and the publications of the Experiment Station
placed in their hands. In the educational work the train has been a
most important factor. Through it people have been aroused and their
interest directed to the subject of agriculture.

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College.

123

While tlie information given on the train has been very similar to
that given by Farmers' Institutes and bulletins, yet when these same
facts are backed by a railroad corporation and given the momentum
of a train rushing through the State, they take a new form and strike
deep into the hearts of the people. The teaching is given a force thau
the most suspicious and hardened individual is not able to resist, and a
further and most important result has been that people have gone home
and put into practice the facts they have gained. The problem of
carrying to the people is not nearly so important as is the one of get
ting people to do those things which they already know.

At first it was felt that the train could be used only to arouse peo-
ple, and would not educate directly. This view has been changed and
the train in Indiana educational work has come to stay. Through it
we are able to reach the people and to give them work, which they are
taking and applying in their every day operations.

DISTRICT SHORT COURSES.

During the past eight years Purdue University has conducted a
one week's Farmers' Short Course, giving in this course practical in-
structions in corn, live stock, dairjnng, horticulture and domestic science.
The work has been of untold value and has appealed strongly to the

County Farmers' Excursion, Purdue University.

people of the state. During the past three years there has been an
annual attendance of more than 1,200 farmers, which proves that the
course is popular.

While we feel that this course is reaching a large number of farm-

12-1 3Iisso'uri Agricultural Report.

ers, vet wlion we think that there are more than 225,000 farmers
in the state of Indiana, we must admit that the number reached
through the short course is very small. There are 1,100 townships
in Indiana, which means that we are reaching about one man from a
township. Again, when we think that the men who come to these
courses are the most progressive ones and that the man who has low
yields of corn and wheat and who feeds his cattle and hogs at a loss,
does not attend these courses, we are forced to conclude that the course
is not solving in any large way the problem of these people. "When we
realize that this course is of value to the 1,200 farmers who attend the
Purdue Course, we ask ourselves the question : ' 'Would this course
not be of value to every farmer in the State?" If so, why can we not
outline some plan by which these people may be reached. If they can-
not be brought to the State Institution, can we not carry out to them
this form of instruction. With these thoughts in mind the district
short course was suggested. That is, a course similar to the one
week's course given at Purdue University is being organized at
some central point in each of the congressional districts of the State.

The work is so arranged that the farmers may come from their
homes in the morning and return in the evening. In this way they are
able to care for the farm work and at the same time attend the course.
One must admit at once that this form of extension is very expensive.
This is true, but by charging each one who attends the course a mem-
bership fee, the expenses of the work are entirely covered by the dis-
trict in which the course is held. In this way, our institution is at no
expense other than the salaries of a few of the men who conduct the
work.

That these courses are popular and are reaching the people, is
clearly demonstrated by the large attendance. At Evansville, Ind., re-
cently, more than 2,100 farmers attended the course and took the work
throughout the entire week. It is our belief that the district short
course will fill a long felt want and will do much to extend the useful-
ness of our Agricultural Institutions.

YOUNG peoples' CONTESTS.

While it is generally felt that to increase production and the re-
turns of the farm today, it is necessary to work with the older people
through Farmers' Institutes, District Short Courses, Agricultural Trains,
etc., still the boy and girl of the farm must not be overlooked. The hope
of future agriculture is in the young men and women, and anything
that can be done to place them in closer touch with this life means
much.

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College.

125

On every hand we have people giving advice as to how to keep the
youth on the farm. These people appreciate that the man who is tilling
the soil today must soon give up his work, and that he must be followed
by a young and well trained man. Recognizing all this, our people
in Indiana are making an attempt to reach the young boy and girl in the
school and to so direct their attention that they will consider farm work
and farm life the best there is.

Recently there has been much talk in Indiana of securing a law
which would cause agriculture to be taught in all the schools of the
state. Because of the fact that it is impossible to secure any number
of teachers who have any knowledge of the methods of teaching agri-
culture, and for the further reason that this subject cannot be taught
in a satisfactory way without the teachers and pupils having the proper
spirit and attitude, this plan has not met with much favor. With the
thought of interesting the boy and girl and at the same time the county

Boys' and Girls' Club, Salem, Indiana.

superintendent and school teachers, Purdue University has inaugurated
the Young People 's Contests. The boy is encouraged to grow a plot of
corn while the girls bake bread, make butter and sew. During the
season the institution furnishes to these young people literature which
relates directly to the work they are doing. These young people study
the subjects that they may be better qualified to do the work they are
engaged in, while the teachers and parents read and study the litera-

126 Missouri Agricultural Beport.

ture in order tliat they may be qualified to answer the many questions
that are asked of them by the boys and girls.

We feel that when a teacher is discussing the principles of corn
growing, butter making, bread making, and sewing, that they are teach-
ing agriculture in the very best and a most profitable way. This is not
only theory, but it is working out in the schools of Indiana exactly in
this way. The clubs have brought agriculture into the schools. With-
out any discussion among the people and teachers, we are accomplishing
without a law that which is most desired.

The work of these clubs is also bringing the boys and girls into
closer touch with the work that their fathers and mothers are directly
engaged in. These contests are changing the viewpoint of our boys and
girls. They think of corn growing, butter making and bread baking,
not as drudgery, but as work which is full of interest and which re-
quires the highest intellect to secure the best results. In their study
of the subject the labor entailed is forgotten.

In connection with these contests, a show is held when the product
of the season's work is exhibited for premiums. The corn, bread and
butter, etc., are scored by experts, and the boys and girls are then able
to see just where their product is strong or weak. The premium given
in these contests is very important. It is our belief that these should
be educational. The offering of large cash premiums has not proved
a satisfactory practice. In these contests, we suggest that the first
premium in each class be a trip for the winner, with all expenses paid,
to the Purdue Farmers' Short Course. The boys and girls who re-
ceive this trip are placed in a special class under competent instructors
at Purdue, and are given interesting and valuable instruction through-
out the week. At this course the boys and girls come in touch with a
great educational institution, their view of the work of the home and
farm are widened, and they go back into their schools and community
filled with inspiration and enthusiasm, which means that they have not
only been started on the right path, but they interest every other boy
and girl with whom they come in contact.

EXHIBITS.

As a means of presenting in a direct manner the work of the Sta-
tion and School of Agriculture, county and state fair exhibits are em-
ployed. Through these exhibits an attempt is made to place before the
people the results of the various lines of work. This is accomplished
by means of grains, fruits, soils, feed stuffs, fertilizers, large charts, pho-
tographs, etc. The materials are so arranged that they tell a story that
the visitors can readily understand. Experts from the several depart-

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College.

127

ments attend the exhibits and assist visitors in gaining from the dis-
plays the information desired. These exhibits have been helpful and
beneficial and have done much to place the results of agricultural in-
vestigation before the people.

DEMONSTRATIONS.

Another way of urging farmers to adopt new methods is through
practical demonstrations. This year we have given more than seventy-
five practical horticultural demonstrations in various parts of the
State. The people of the counties are brought together at some con-
venient point in an orchard. Here spraying apparatus and spraying
materials are assembled and a spraying demonstration given with full
information, as is the making of the mixture and the applying of the
same. A full line of pruning apparatus is also carried and a demon-
stration given on the methods and value of pruning fruit trees. This
work has proved especially helpful and beneficial.

From the effects of smut in wheat and oats Indiana farmers have
experienced a great loss in recent years. It is known, however, that this
loss can be reduced to a minimum through the use of formalin. The

Horticultural Demonstration Meeting.

Extension Department aims to secure the co-operation of grain dealers
and sends a demonstrator to the point where the farmers are gathered
and gives a demonstration on the treatment of oats and wheat for smut.
This work is done immediately preceding the time of seeding. It is
found that large numbers of farmers are induced to treat their seed.
The results from these demonstrations is bound to be large.

128

Missouri Agricultural Report.

COUNTY FARMS.

For several years the Station and School has conducted experiments
and demonstration work on several county farms of the state. Tests
of varieties of corn of the county are made on these farms. In this way
an opportunity is given the people to see and learn just what their
variety of com will do under the same soil and climatic conditions as
corn from their neighbor's farm. In one county last year it was found
that one man's variety of corn produced at the rate of 108 bushels per
acre, while a neighbor's corn, grown right beside it, only produced 66
bushels per acre. These varieties were planted on. the same day with
the same planter, were thinned down to two stalks per hill, and had
exactly the same number of stalks. They were harvested on the same
day and weighed on the same scales and a difference of more than 42
bushels per acre was obtained. From this we must conclude that the
difference was in the variety. This is but one instance that has been
duplicated several times.

Picnic at County Farm — Address on Year's Work.

When farmers have this work demonstrated in their own county
and under conditions exactly similar to theirs, they are impressed with
the results, and for this reason the county farai has proved of great
value in emphasizing many points. On these farms tests of varieties
of small grains and fertilizers are also made.

Farmers'' ^Yc(^^ in AgricuItKral College. 129

t'roin the foregoing some idea may be gained of the methods em-
ployed and the scope covered in attempting to place before the people
information pertaining to agriculture. Through it all we are trying
not only to extend information, but to present the facts in such a man-
ner that they will appeal to people and move them to action. The value
of the work lies not so much in offering new ideas or truths as it does
in impressing the people wdtli the importance of doing those things
which should be done.

THE FACTORS CONTROLLING CORN YIELDS.

(M. F. Miller, Professor of Agronomy, Agricultural College, University of Missouri.)

The great importance of com as a cereal crop in the United States,
its increasing economic value, and the gradual failure of our soils to
produce satisfactory crops under constant corn cropping warrant the
most thorough study that can be made as to the factors which control
the yield per acre. In the broader aspects of the case, consideration
must not only be given to those factors w^hich limit production at the
present time, but also to those which shall affect its production for future
generations. For in spite of the continued reports of large production
by our crop reporters and by the optomistic periodicals, the fact re-
mains that with the present rate of increase in population, our methods
must be rapidly improved if the cost of food materials is to be kept at
a basis which will allow of continued contentment and prosperity
among the masses. The advancing price of all food stuff's during the
last decade, is sufficient evidence that we have no overproduction. It is
true that large areas of land still remain to be developed, but the un-
developed areas which are adapted to corn culture particularly, are
comparatively small, and an increased yield per acre and a more eco-
nomic handling of the product in the production of meats is the only
solution. Corn has for years been the basis of our prosperity, and while
this has and is still largel}^ used in the production of live stock, it is to-
day taking a much larger place in the manufacture of all food stuffs
for human consumption than ever before. Ultimately, the American
people will make much less use of meat than at present, and the recent
appearance of 11-cent hogs on the Chicago market cannot but have its
effect. Doubtless this is more or less temporary due to a variety of
causes, but the fact remains that our consumption is rapidly over-
taking production, and with corn, as well as with other products, we
shall be driven to a higher production per acre. It, therefore, behooves
us, as producers of food stuff's, to know more of our business, to under-

A— 9

130 Missouri Agricultural Report.

stand more fully the factors which limit our production and to so im-
prove that our yields may be increased, and not for this generation only
but for the generations that are to follow.

The factors controlling corn yields, broadly speaking, are those of
season, of soil and of methods of culture. The character of the seasons
is, of course, not within our control, yet a thorough understanding of
the handling of the moisture which fall's will go a long ways towards
establishing uniform conditions in this respect. And in no section of
the country is this better imderstood or the knowledge more judiciously
applied than in large parts of your own and neighboring states. We
hear a good deal about changing seasons, of a permanent increase in
rainfall over the west, but no one should be deceived. The seasons have
not changed permanently. The record of the Weather Bureau shows
that certain cycles of high precipitation follow more or less similar
cycles of low precipitation and that when a fifty-year period is con-
sidered, these cycles alternate with greater or less uniformity. We
cannot depend, therefore, upon any supposed change of season as per-
manently bettering the condition of the farmer. The wise thing to do
is to study carefully all methods of moisture control and depend more
upon our ability to provide moisture or drainage, as the case may be,
rather than upon the weather.

Undoubtedly the rainfall is the most important factor now con-
trolling com yields. As a class, we have not yet learned the handling
of the moisture relations of our soils. AVe -depend too much upon
chance, upon the season, and this is strikingly shown by the average
corn yields of the coimtry. When the season is favorable throughout
the corn belt, the average is high. When it is unfavorable, the average
is low. We must learn to control the supply of moisture better, as well
as to handle our soil fertility and our methods of culture better if the
average yield of corn is to be permanently increased.

The second great controlling factor in our corn yields is that of
soil fertility. No crop is more dependent upon a fertile soil for its
profitable culture than is corn. It has been the fertility of our corn
belt land coupled, of course, with a favorable climate that has made
this the corn growing country of the world. But the way we have
been abusing these lands, wasting our heritage, as it were, has been
shameful. Not that I am blaming the individual farmer nor the farm-
ers as a class, because this has been purely the result of natural condi-
tions. We took up this land when it was new. We were pioneers. We
had the speculative training of a new people in a new country. We
were raised to think that it was our just right to get all from the soil
we could without regard to the effect upon the future generations.

Farmers'' Week in Agricultural College. 131

The matter could not have been worked out otherwise. We were com-
pelled, under stress of circumstances, as well as impeled by training,
to do as we did, and land has been cropped to corn year after year, or
too commonly with only an occasional grain or grass crop thrown in
until it has begun to show a great decrease in productiveness. The
poorer lands felt it first, then those of medium fertility, and now the
rich soils which farmers were wont to style as inexhaustible, have be-
gun to show the effects of this persistent grain growing system. Now
couple with this the rapid increase in the value of farm lauds, at the
same time that their fertility has been waning, and we are brought face
to face with the fact that something must be done from the standpoint
of profitable production even with the present high-priced products if
we are to make a good return on our investment. It is true, that with
a series of good seasons during the late decade, and with the increasing
prices of products farmers have, many of them, made money, but con-
sider a few unfavorable seasons with the soil fertility already consider-
ably exhausted, consider, too, a probable slight decline in the prices of
farm products, and either land values must decrease or we must in-
crease our acre production to make the business profitable. And in this
connection nothing is surer than that we must give greater attention to
an increased soil fertility, not only for the farmers' welfare, but for the
welfare of the people as a whole.

We must learn to handle systems of crop rotation, we must know
the value of a ton of manure, and how to apply it; we must study the
systems of handling legume crops — clovers, cowpeas, alfalfa; we must
learn the proper handling of commercial plant foods. No one of these
things alone will permanently maintain our corn and other crop yields
or maintain our soil's productiveness for our children. Here in the
middle west where our soils are naturally fertile and where the system
of soil robbery has not yet gone so far that the building of these soils is
an economic impossibility, we should set about at once to create a sen-
timent by word and by example which shall mean the permanently in-
creased productiveness of our lands. Upon this more than upon any
other one factor the yields of our future com crops will depend.

The third important factor in determining com yields is the meth-
ods of culture. And here I wish to be more concrete and to call at-
tention to some of the more practical considerations involved in the
profitable production of corn. Last year the Missouri State iBoard of
Agriculture compiled from the reports of a large number of farmers
the cost of the various items involved in the production of an acre of
corn, and I give the results in the following table :

132 Missouri AgricuUural lleport.

COST OF GROWING ONE ACRE.

For plowing, including previous preparation.

Preparing the land after plowing

For seed , improved quality

For plantins:

For cultivating

For liarvestint,', the grain only

For cash rental

Average cost per acre

$1

52

66

37

33*

2

12

2

26

5

00

$12 26J

As will be seen from this table, the cost of producing one acre of
corn in Missouri, according to these estimates, is $12.26, which, at the
present price of corn equals the value of 20 bushels. In other words, it
requires 20 bushels of corn to pay the cost of production and the rent
of the land, even at the present high prices. Now, the average yield
of corn in the United States for the last decade (1900-1909) has been
27.5 bushels, which means that the average net return from an acre of
corn when the country as a whole is considered, is $4.50, if we allow
a valuation of 60 cents on the bushel and the cost of production, to stand
at $12.26. This, of course, means that at least one-half of the farmers
of the comitry have been producing less than 27.5 bushels, and a large
per cent, of them less than 20 bushels per acre. It is true that the
cash rental in the estimate is figured high, when the country as a whole
is considered, but it must also be remembered that the present price of
corn is also high. If we figure the average price of corn for the last
10 years, we will find that it required 25.8 bushels to pay for the cost
of production, so that we cannot escape the conclusions that a great
number of farmers are growing corn at an actual loss.

The average yield of corn in INIissouri for this same period hcis
been 28.6 bushels, thus giving an average excess over the 20 bushels
figured as necessary to pay the cost of production of 8.6 bushels, worth
at the average price for the period, $3.83. It must be remembered, too,
that in this estimate no account is taken of the loss of fertilization to
the soil resulting from this corn cropping, which must be given careful
consideration if our lands are to remain permanently fertile.

It might seem at first thought that the remedy for this condition
would be a decrease in the cost of production, but it must be re-
membered that with our modern tools corn is being produced today
cheaper than ever before, and there is little hope of greatly decreasing
this cost. There remains but one solution, and that is, that the acre
yield must be increased, and to do this, the cost of production must be
increased rather than decreased. We must spend more time in soil

Farmers' Week in Agricultural College. 133

preparation, more time in cultivation, and we must pay higher prices
for the seed we plant. And we must learn how a dollar so invested can
be made to bring two or more dollars in return. AVith this, too, must
go the maintaining of our soils in a higher state of fertility, thus mak-
ing it possible for the improved methods of culture and the improved
seed to bring their proper return.

In the discussion of methods of culture, I cannot cover the whole
field, but I shall content myself in pointing out some of the more strik-
ing features which are either too commonly misunderstood or neglected.
In the preparation of land for corn, farmers, as a class, have been con-
tent with too shallow plowing and too little attention to the prepara-
tion of a seed bed. We cannot grow good crops of corn on land broken
three or four inches deep unless the soil is very rich or the season ex-
ceptionally favorable. The time was when our soils were new that
this matter was of less importance, but with a decreasing fertility we
must lend every aid to the corn plant in order that it may yield abund-
ant return. A deep mellow seed bed for the spread of the roots of the
young corn plant is very essential and the more mellow this seed bed,
the better.

A feature in soil preparation that is taking considerable hold in
Missouri and surrounding states is the disking of land before breaking,
especially where the land is spring plowed. Where corn follows corn
there is no better method of handling the stalks than the use of a heavily
weighted disk harrow, which will chop them up and at the same time
loosen the surface soil, thus making the plowing one horse lighter and
giving a loosened layer of soil to turn down instead of the clods which
too often exist. Such a system gives that mellow seed bed so much
desired and allows of a depth of breaking not easily secured without it.
The same system is being followed on sod land, particularly clover sod,
with excellent results, and even on heavier sods, such as blue grass, it is
being used with marked success.

Where such disking is done early, especially on stalk land, it has
another important value in allowing a greater absorption of moisture to
tide the corn over the dry period of late smnmer. In this ease, if the
land is not rolling as to allow serious washing, the fall disking of land
A^hich is to be spring broker, would be of great value in holding the
winters' rain and snow.

The value of thorough preparation of the seed bed after breaking
is too well known to need discussion here. The old saying, that corn
should be half tilled before it is planted, contains a great deal of
truth. Too often our fanners do not fully appreciate this and stress
of work or unfavorable weather conditions lu-events that thorough

134 Missouri Agricultural Report.

preparation of the seed bed that it should have. This is another of the
items where a dollar spent brings two or more in return.

Another important factor not thoroughly appreciated in many
cases is the necessity of a uniform stand of corn secured by using only
strong growing seed and distributing it evenly with a properly adjusted
planter. And in this connection I wish to call attention to the mistake
too frequently made of planting corn too thick for the fertility of the
land. When we stop to consider that an average of two stalks per hill
3 feet 8 inches each way, each stalk bearing a 12-ounce ear, means a
yield of 70 bushels per acre, we gain some idea of the possibilities of an
even stand of good stalks planted thin. It takes practically the same
amount of moisture and almost as much plant food to produce a stalk
bearing a nubbin as it does one bearing a 12-ounce ear, and where the
thickness of planting is three or four stalks per hill on land in which
the plant food and moisture are both insufficient, the results can readily
be foreseen. Of course, on soils where both plant food and moisture
are abundant the thicker planting is desirable, but on the bulk of our
corn lands today, the thinner planting is best. It is true that this far
south the stalks tend to grow large, and this tendency is somewhat in-
tensified by the thinner planting, but it will usually be best to secure
varieties that are somewhat less rank growing, plant them at only a
medium thickness and then give them the cultivation necessary to
conserve the moisture required for the production of one good ear per
stalk. The tendency is growing throughout the corn belt to plant corn
of strong germination at a uniform rate, somewhat thinner in the row
and then bring the rows slightly closer together to allow of more thor-
ough cultivation. There are few soils in the corn belt where a stand
averaging two stalks per hill in rows 3 feet 6 inches apart, properly cul-
tivated, wnll not give greater yield of marketable corn than will one
averaging 3 or 4 stalks per hill.

The proper cultivation of corn is a matter which is determined
largely by the season and soil, but I wish to call attention to one or
two of its most important features. The corn belt farmers are learn-
ing that a harrow used once, twice, or even more times, before the
corn is large enough to cultivate readily, is the cheapest and most
efficient form of earl}^ cultivation. The use of the harrow is, of course,
determined largely by the season, but except on seasons of abundant
early rainfall it is of great value in breaking the crust, in conserving
moisture and in controlling the early growth of weeds.

Again, the farmers are learning that the old cultivation with two
large shovels to the gang which throw a wide furrow and cut deep
into the root-bearing layer of the soil is rarely so efficient as the

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 135

more shallow working cultivator with three or even more shovels to the
gang. Of course, on foul land or on certain compact soils this shallow
cultivation is not satisfactory, but those cases are exceptions to the
general rule.

The practice of cultivating after the corn is too large to cultivate
with a two-horse or a two-row cultivator is receiving considerable atten-
tion. I know of crops that were saved by a one-horse shallow working
cultivator where the drought was severe. This cultivation on dry sea-
sons means tons of water saved for the use of the corn plant on every
acre, and the increased yield is sufficient evidence of the use the crop
makes of the water thus saved.

I cannot in this paper go into the matter of com breeding as a
factor in determining corn yields, but I wish to call attention to two
or three important considerations regarding the seed. The experiment
stations are coming more and more to appreciate the great importance
of strong germinating corn. It has formerly been thought that if corn
would germinate this was all that was necessary, but the strength of
germination has been shown to be an important determining factor in
corn yields. It is, of course, true that Texas farmers are not troubled to
such a great extent as the farmers further north by the weakening effect
of early freezes upon the germination of corn, but even there it is of
importance. Corn not thoroughly dry before freezing weather is sure
to be more or less weakened in germination, and no season in recent
years has been so bad as the present one in this respect. The low
vitality of the bulk of the seed corn of the northern half of the corn
belt is causing great uneasiness among the corn growers. A wet fall,
in which it was impossible to gather the corn early, followed by ex-
tremely cold weather, has been the cause.

Corn to grow strongly should be picked as soon as ripe and safely
stored in a dry, airy place. This is essential to strong germination.
It matters little how heavy the freezing after the corn is once dry, but
freezing when it is still moist is very injurious. On most seasons it
will, therefore, pay the careful farmer to pick his seed corn early before
the crop is harvested, gathering it from the standing stalk. Such a
method has other advantages, too, besides that of ensuring a strong
germination. One is then able to see the stalk on which each ear is
produced — a most important consideration. I am firmly of the opinion
that the near future will bring sufficient knowledge regarding the char-
acter of the stalk as affecting the yield of corn, to enable us to tell more
about the production from stalk character than from ear character.
Even now enough is known to make it highly important that seed ears
be picked from the field at a time when the stalk can be examined,

136

Missouri Agricultural Report.

rather than from the wagon bed or from the crib. Experiments have
shown that this is an economic possibility. Moreover, the position of
the ear on the stalk is a very important thing, and by field selection
only those ears should be selected which come from stalks on which the
ear is situated low down. Ears thus selected will transmit this char-
acter, thus tending to lower the average height of ear, which makes
harvesting easier and lessens the danger of the corn blowing down.

Some results of the Missouri Experiment Station on the character
of kernel as affecting the strength of germination and the resulting yield
of corn are of interest. Selections have been made of ears having
rather horny kernels as compared with those having very white, starchy
kernels, and also of ears having large germs as coinpared with those
having small germs, the strength of germination as well as the ulti-
mate effect on yield being determined in the various cases.

The effect of the various types of kernels upon the strength of
germination was determined in boxes of sand in the greenhouses. The
results showed a very striking increase in vigor in favor of the medium
horny kernels as compared with the starchy ones, and also in favor of
the kernels with large germs as compared with those having small
germs.

The yields resulting from the field planting of these various types
of kernels are given in the following table :

EFFECT OF CHARACTER OF KERNEL ON YIELD OF CORN.
(Average of 6 plots of each.)

Horny kernel .

Starchy kernel.

Large germ .

Small germ .

1907

68 . 7 bu.
34.3 bu.

56.9 bu.
29.6 bu.

69.5 bu.
36.4 bu.

58.7 bu.

1908

29.6 |bu.

Average

51.5 bu.

43.2 bvi.

52 . 9 bu.

44.1 bu.

RESULTS FROM BREEDING BLOCK.

Horny kernel.

Starchy kernel.

Large germ.

Small germ .

1908

1909

63.3 bu.
54.9 bu.

59.3 bu.
51.5 bu.

63.4 bu.
55.0 bu.

59.2 bu.
52 2 bu

Average

59. 1 bu.
55.3 bu.

55.4 bu.
49.3 bu.

59.2 bu.
56.0 bu.

55 7 bu

Average of all trials. .

49.9 bu.

These results show a striking increase in yield in favor of the
more horny types of kernels and those with large germs. It must be
remembered that the ears selected were all from the same varietv of corn

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 137

(Boone County White), so that the results give very strong indications
of the t.ypes of kernels which produce the largest yields. They indicate
that very starchy ears are to be avoided, and also those with small
germs.

This experiment indicates the character of the results that are
being secured by the experiment stations in their investigations on
the corn plant. There is a great deal yet to be learned, but these
studies have gone far enough to indicate some of the more striking
characters of high yielding ears. It cannot, of course, be said that
there is any one best type of ear for all soils and all regions, nor even
for all seasons, but such investigations are furnishing to the practical
grower the knowledge that he needs in his work of selection. They
are showing, too, that there is just as much need to know an ear of
corn thoroughly and to study its type and character as there is to know
the proper form and type of profitable farm animals. In other words,
there is just as much in corn breeding as in animal breeding, and we
shall never produce the highest yields of corn possible on our lands
until this factor is given its proper attention.

The modern farmer who would produce maximum corn yields must
master many problems. He must know his soil and the methods of
maintaining its fertility. He must know the essentials in preparation
of his land for a crop not for a single kind of season but for various
sorts of seasons. He must iknow those methods of culture and of tillage
which will give the plant the maximum of plant food and of moisture.
He must know how to select and care for his seed corn — he must be a
corn breeder. Not until these principles are mastered and put into
practice by the farmers of the corn belt will the yield of this great
cereal hQ worthy of the lands which nature has given us.

SOME FACTORS IN SUCCESSFUL WHEAT PRODUCTION.

(F. H. Demaree, Agricultural College, University of Missouri.)

At the present time when there is so much talk about corn, its
improvement and production, a word about wheat w^ill not be amiss.

Because of the comparatively large profit in the crop and the cer-
tainty of some return we have had for several years past an excess in
the corn acreage Avhich has resulted in a general reduction in yield and
injury to the ground from continuous cropping. Perhaps because of
the depredations of the chinch bug and Hessian fly a few years ago,
our farmers largely lost interest in the wheat crop. Doubtless very
few of them stopped to figure the cost of production of the two crops

138 Missouri Agricultural Report.

and the returns from each. From many figures the cost of producing
an acre of corn is approximately $12 and that for wheat $8 per acre.
This year (1909) the price of corn has averaged 58 cents per bushel
and wheat $1.07. The average production of wheat last year was 13
bushels per acre and corn 28 bushels. At current prices the value per
acre of wheat for the State was $13.91 and $16.24 for corn, leaving a
profit for wheat of $5.91 per acre and $4.24 for corn. Still further we
may pretty accurately figure that a 25-bushel crop of wheat at 80
cents per bushel, the current price for the last five years, will yield as
large a net return as 55 bushels of corn at the average price of 45
cents per bushel.

Of course, the profitableness of any crop is largely dependent upon
its yield. As we have seen, the average production of wheat last year
was only 13 bushels per acre and corn 28 bushels per acre. Is there
any means by which these yields may be increased? A glance at the
records of any rotation experiment of any of our experiment stations
will show that changing crops grown on the same land, in regular
order, is one of the best means to increase the yield of crops. This
systematic rotation is of benefit in many ways. It maintains a greater
supply of humus in the soil, which makes that soil more easily worked,
more capable of holding reserve moisture and of draining away sur-
plus water. The presence of humus is also necessary to make plant
food available, for by its decomposition nitrates are formed and the
mineral plant food elements are dissolved by the organic acids formed.

Instead of our farmers contenting themselves with 28 bushels of
corn per acre, they could more than double the crop if every one would
practice a systematic rotation.

On the other hand, it is well to know that the yield of wheat need
not be confined to 13 bushels per acre. This station has been con-
ducting variety tests of wheat for many years past and has found
many good producing varieties, several of which have averaged above
25 bushels per acre for the last five years.

Many questions are asked as to the relative merits of the different
varieties and variety characteristics. As to white and red wheat, the
Ohio station made 144 trials of white and 627 of red wheat. The white
averaged 27.3 bushels per acre and the red 27.8 per acre. For yield-
ing power, then, there is practically no difference between the two, but
red wheat as a rule is harder than white and has a better quality of
gluten and is generally conceded to make a better quality of flour.

It is well to note, however, that in most of this State the wheat is
only semi-hard, and that hard wheats gradually get softer. In the
extreme northern and northwestern part of the State this is not true,

Farmers^ Week in Agricultural College. 139

but it is true of the remainder of the State. As hard wheat turns
softer there appears in it large numbers of yellow berries, which, when
ground with the rest, give a yellow color to the flour that is very ob-
jectionable; consequently such wheat is always quoted lower on the
market in this State than the softer red winter class.

The Ohio station also made 342 tests of bearded wheat, which
averaged 25.9 bushels per acre, and 418 trials of beardless wheat, which
gave 26.4 bushels per acre. Here again it is to be noted that there is
not much difference in the yields. It has been noted, though, that
beardless varieties do not have quite as great a tendency to lodge as
bearded ones, but a greater tendency to rust. The bearded varieties
generally have harder grains and weigh heavier than beardless ones.
They also sprout more in the shock.

In some localities winter killing is also an important item to be
considered in successful wheat growing. Just how a variety will stand
the winter depends largely on its manner of growth. Certain varieties
are characterized by a narrow, dark green, nearly purple colored leaf,
which in the fall never grows high, but clings to the ground. Such
varieties are unifonnly hardy and in the main good yielders. Rudy,
Nigger and Winter King are examples of such varieties. Most wheats,
however, have a more upright habit of growth and are more suscepti-
ble to the old and freezing and thawing of an open winter and the
early springs. Still, we have among these varieties many which have
adapted themselves to our conditions and can be depended upon.

Taking all things into consideration, then, the successful produc-
tion of wheat is in the first place dependent upon the variety grown.
In making his selection every farmer must weigh his conditions, soil,
climate, and the experience of his neighbors. For bottom lands the
VaUey, Egyptian, Nigger, and Rudy are well adapted. For uplands
]\Iealy, Early Ripe, Fultz, Fulcaster, Michigan Amber, INIediterranean,
Nigger, and Rudy are all good.

Another factor to be considered in wheat growing is the Hessian
fly. This insect at one time nearly ruined the wheat industry, so that
now our farmers say when we begin again to grow wheat how can this
pest be controlled. In spite of the fact that they have been so trouble-
some, the fly can be pretty well controlled. There are two broods of
them, a spring and a fall brood. The fall brood is migratory, and it is
the one to be handled. The spring brood will hardly leave the field
where hatched, so that if the eggs of the fall brood could be destroyed
no farmer need be troubled by the fly in the spring. This can easily
be done by sowing late or by sowing a narrow strip of two or three
drill widths wide early — from August 1 to 15 — along one side of the

140 Missouri Agricultural Report.

field. When this comes up all the flies for a great distance come in
and lay their eggs. At the regular sowing time turn this strip of wheat
under and roll down good, then sow the whole crop. The objection to
late sowing is that the wheat does not get suffieic^nt start to stand tin-
winter as it should.

The wheat smuts, also, do considerable damage to this cro]), but
they can be largely controlled if one but takes the trouble. These
smuts are of two kinds, loose smut or the common black head which
appears in wheat, and stinking smut. The latter is not visible, l)ut is
found inside the grains of wheat, reducing the whole content to a mass
of black spores, which is extremely objectionable for flour making. The
spores are carried over in or on the kernels of wheat and can be closely
controlled by the formalin treatment. Immerse the seed wheat, after
fanning well, ixi a barrel containing a solution of formalin made by
adding 1 pound of formalin to 40 gallons of water. Skim off the grains
that float, as they are infected with the stinking smut. Spread the
good wheat on the floor to dry, and the whole treatment has been ac-
complished.

Perhaps the greatest factor causing poor crops of wheat is lack of
preparation of the soil. Wheat ground should be plowed early if wheat
follows oats, in order that the connection between the subsoil and the
soil turned over may be resumed. It is not necessary to plow more
than four or five inches deep for wheat l)ecause it is a shallow rooted
crop. The main thing is to get the soil packed down and then a good
fine seedbed worked on top. The roller should be used freely on
wheat land. The writer has seen this spring numy fields of wheat
poorly plowed, huge clods showing and a poor stand of wheat nearly
dead. What was the matter? In the first place, the wheat did not
germinate well among the clods because wheat kernels are small and
cannot get moisture for germination but from fine dirt. In the second
place, the land was not compact and consequently the remaining wheat
was being heaved out and killed by the freezes and thaws.

We may, then, sum up the whole situation by saying that the wheat
crop has been neglected for the sake of corn and bad results are fol-
lowing to both crops. It is important to rotate crops for the sake of
the productiveness of tlie soil. Study conditions and test out several
varieties, then grow the best one. The fly can be largely controlled
by sowing a "fly trap"; the smut can be killed in seed wheat wath
the formalin treatment; and, above all, better preparation of the wheat
land can be practiced.

PASTURES FOR HOGS.

(F. G. King, former Live Stock Assistant, Missouri State Bdard of Agriculture.)

SUMMARY.

Bluegrass is very generally used for a hog pasture in this State,
and especially in the northern and central sections. Its popularity
is due to its hardiness and the fact that a pasture of this grass is
very seldom killed by pasturing. It comes early in spring and lasts
until late in the fall, and will, if not heavily pastured in fall, furnish
very good winter pasture. It, however, has to be supplemented with
some other pasture during the hot weather of summer. White
clover also grows well with bluegrass, thus adding to its value as
a pasture grass for hogs.

Timothy is not as generally used as bluegrass for a hog pas-
ture. It does not come as early in spring nor does it stay as late
in the fall. White clover does not spring up in timothy pasture
like in bluegrass. If cut early, timothy does not have as long a rest-
ing period in summer as bluegrass, bat if cut early enough to keep
from getting too woody for good pasture is comparatively short-
lived.

When on a bluegrass or timothy pasture young hogs do not re-
ceive the proper food nutrients to properly balance a ration of corn
alone. For hogs under six months of age, to give the best returns
on a pasture of this kind, they should receive in addition to their
corn a limited amount of some kind of nitrogenous feed, such as
shorts, linseed oilmeal, tankage, meatmeal, etc. Hogs more than
six months old make less rapid gains when fed corn alone than when
fed corn and a supplement, in connection with bluegrass or timothy,
but the gains made from the former ration are usually as cheap as
from the latter.

Clover is the most generally used hog pasture in the State. It
furnishes the food nutrients lacking in corn, and fits well into a
rotation where corn is the principal crop. It is killed by too heavy
pasturing, and is also often winter-killed. It makes the best pas-

(141)

142 Missouri AgricuUural Report.

ture for hogs when heading or blooming. K allowed to ripen it
becomes woody, and is not relished by hogs, and needs cutting in
order to make a new growth.

Alfalfa furnishes a forage fully the equal of that furnished by
clover, and in greater quantities. It cannot be pastured very close
without injury, but should be allowed to make about two crops of
hay each season. " ,

Hogs on clover or alfalfa pasture will sometimes make a satis-
factory gain with no grain feed, but it usually takes a small feed
of grain to secure the best results. After the pigs have started well
after weaning time, a ration of com alone in connection with clover
or alfalfa pasture usually gives the most profitable gains. The
rapidity of gains made on corn alone can be increased by adding a
small amount of shorts, linseed oilmeal, tankage, etc., to the corn,
but the cost of gains, with feed at present prices, will be little
affected.

Cowpeas are the cheapest form of home-grown protein to use
for feeding with corn. They can be sown either alone or with corn and
pastured with hogs. Hogs can be made to gain two or more pounds
daily per head with a ration of corn, fed on cowpeas pasture.

Rape is very valuable for furnishing forage at times when clover
or other pasture is short or has been badly injured. It can be sown
to furnish pasture at almost any time during the growing season.
The pasture is of about the same value as clover. Practically the
same grain ration used in connection with clover pasture will give
the best results on rape.

Oats, or a mixture of rape and oats, make an excellent early
summer pasture. They should be pastured from the time they are
three to six inches high until heads begin forming and again when
the seed is in the dough. When on oats pasture, hogs should be
fed some kind of nitrogenous supplement with corn, but not in such
large quantities as when they are on bluegrass or timothy pasture.

Sorghum makes a good pasture during drouths and hot weather,
but is not relished by hogs as much as other pastures. It is best
pasture when about one and one-half to two feet high. It can also
be used when heading. Hogs on sorghum also require some supple-
ment with corn.

Pumpkins help to put the hog in good physical condition for a
heavy feeding period. They are easily and cheaply grown, and add
very greatly to the A^alue of a ration of corn.

Soybeans have not become well established in this State, but

Pastures for Hogs. 143

have proven very successful in neighboring states. They furnish
more grain per acre than cowpeas, hence are more valuable as a
hog feed, where they can be grown successfully, than the latter.

Artichokes furnish a succulent feed for fall and early winter.
They are not injured very much by freezing, and can be pastured
at any time during the winter when the ground is not frozen. For
keeping the hog healthly and in good condition physically, they are
very valuable.

Pigs or shoats on a good winter pasture will be in much better
health and will make faster and cheaper gains than when no pasture
is furnished.

Rye and wheat furnish the best winter pasture for hogs. Blue-
grass, if not pastured too heavily in the fall, also makes a good
winter pasture. Rye should be sown in August and September in
order to give the best pasture. Wheat usually makes better fall
pasture, but is not as good for spring pasture as rye.

A good pasture for hogs can easily be provided by using tem-
porary and quick-growing crops, such as rape, oats, cowpeas, etc.
These crops should be planted in different fields, and one pastured
while another is growing. The inconvenience of clover dying can
be overcome by proper use of quick-growing crops.

INTRODUCTORY.

The hog, in his natural state, was not an exclusive grain eater;
plant and animal life in any form Avas made use of as food for
this wild beast. But as he became domesticated the hog was de-
prived of the opportunity to search for and choose his own food,
and had to be content with whatever was given him. So easily fat-
tened and so uncomplaining is the hog that he came to be regarded
as purely a grain-eating animal. Until within the last few years,
the hog would, with cheap feed, return a profit when fed grain alone
on an unsuitable pasture, or possibly no pasture at all. With feeds
at the price they have been for the last few years, the man w^ho
feeds in a dry lot, after the old style of fattening, is engaging in
a very doubtful investment, to say the least. Dean H. J. Waters
of the Missouri Agricultural College says: "Perhaps the largest
single waste occurring on the Missouri farm at the present time is
that which comes from the too exclusive use of corn in growing
and fattening hogs. The cheapest and most easily applied remedy
is a more general use of the proper forage plants in summer and

144 3Iissuuri AyrtcuUural Kcpoii.

the use of some home-grown protein in winter. It is not, of course,
to be denied that the hog is primarily a grain-consuming animal;
at the same time forage plays an important role in econoinical hog
production, and deserves far more attention than it has yet re-
ceived."

For the purpose of obtaining information as to the best forage
crops used as hog pasture in this State-, a list of questions was ad-
dressed to about eight hundred representative hog growers of this
State. This list of questions included the following:

What kind of pasture do you provide for your brood .sows and spring pigs?
How many months do you provide pasture for hogs?

How do you feed spring pigs in connection with your pasture, before weaning? After weaning?
What daily gains do you make on them, before weaning? After weaning?
What pasture, if any, do you provide for fall pigs in winter?
What pasture, if any, do you provide for fall pigs the following summer?
What do you feed fall pigs the following summer?
How do you prepare this feed?

Will hogs make a satisfactory gain on pasture alone? If so, on what kind of pasture will they
do this?

How many fall pigs can you pasture to the acre?

What pasture do you provide for breeding stock, in winter? In summer?

When is the best time to turn hogs into pasture in order to get the greatest benefit from it?

What, in your opinion, is the most profitable forage crop to grow for hogs?

In reply to this list of (juestions, 204 replies were received. It
is fair to assume that an average lot of farmers were represented in
these reports. As a well established practice among the best farmers
is usually correct, this list of replies may be regarded as representing
the best practices to follow in regard to pastures.

KINDS OF PASTURE TO USE.

Pasture for Spri)uj Figs and Brood Sows. — In reply to the ({ues-
tion, "What kind of pasture do you provide for your brood sows
and spring pigs'?" seventy-nine out of one hundred three farmers
in the northern half and thirty-seven out of seventy-six in the south-
ern half of the State mentioned bluegrass either by itself or in con-
nection with some other forage. This pasture, of course, is in most
cases supplemented by white clover in its season, which springs up in
permanent pastures in almost all parts of the State. In fact, twenty-
one correspondents in the northern half and eight in the southern
half of the State mentioned this kind of clover in connection with
the bluegrass. Twenty-nine correspondents in the northern and nine
in the southern parts of the State use "red clover," while the re-
plies included the term "clover" in forty-two instances in northern
Missouri and fifty-four instances in southern Missouri, thus making

*As a bulletin is^bsing prepired on the care of the brood sow and her litter, the feeding of pigs
bsfore weining tim3 and pasture for^the brood^sow^has^not been discussed'ln this publication.

Pastures for Hogs.

145

a total of ninety-two out of one hundred three replies from the north-
ern and seventy-one out of seventy-six in the southern half of the
State that included clover in some form.

AVhile these two kinds of plants furnished by far the greater
amount of pasture used, several other kinds were mentioned that
may serve as a regular pasture, or to fill up a gap between regu-
lar periods of pasturing permanent crops. For convenience the
State was divided into the northern and southern halves and the
replies tabulated according to this division. The following table
shows the kind of pasture preferred in the two sections of the State :

Northern half.

Southern half.

Replies
received.

Percent.

Replies
received.

Percent.

Total replies received

103

76

37

9

8

54

Bluegrass

79 1 76.7

48 7

Red clover

29
21
42

White clover

Clover (variety not mentioned)

Total clovers

92

16
12
7
5
3
2
3
2
1

89.3

15.5
11.7
6.8
4.9
2.9
2.0
2.9
2.0
1.0

71

7
1
7
2

7

93 4

Timothy

9.2

Rye .

1.3

Rape

9 2

Wheat

2.6

Cowpeas

9 2

Oats

4 5.3

Alfalfa

3

2

1
2

1

3.9

Sorffliiim

2.6

RedtoD

1.3

Orchard grass

2.6

Jananese clover

1.3

Based on the assumption that the practical hog raiser is usually
right, the replies tabulated above indicate that for spring pigs and
brood sows, bluegrass, bluegrass and clover, or clover alone furnish
the best and most convenient pasture for the average farm condi-
tions. Practically the only other crops that will furnish pasture
the entire season are timothy, alfalfa and possibly rape, the others
mentioned being used as temporary pasture to fill a gap in the per-
manent pasture.

The relative value of clover, alfalfa and bluegrass as a pas-
ture for spring pigs is shown by a trial reported by Dean Waters
in Bulletin 79 of the Missouri Experiment Station. The pigs used
were spring pigs, weighing at the time the trial was to begin — July
25 — about fifty pounds each. The trial lasted for 102 days — from

A— 10

146

Missouri Agricultural Report.

July 25 to November 1. The forage was supplied in pens instead
of pasturing it in the field. All lots were fed corn meal in addition
to forage :

Weight

at

beginning.

Weight

at

end.

Gain.

Daily
gain.

Grain

per

lb. gain.

Alfalfa

47.2
49.2
45.2

132.2
127.7
109.7

85

78.5

64.5

.83
.77
.63

4.01

Clover

4.35

Rliiperrass .

5.31

This data shows that the daily gains are increased 22.2 per
cent, by using clover and 31.7 per cent, by alfalfa instead of blue
grass as forage for pigs. For the same reason the gains were made
on 18.1 per cent, and 24.5 per cent, less grain, respectively, than
with bluegrass forage. This one trial is so nearly in accord with

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Figure 1. Fattened on corn, clover and bluegrass.

general observation and experience among farmers that further
data on the subject is not necessary. Very fcAv men have failed to
observe the advantage to be obtained from furnishing some kind of
leguminous forage, such as clover, alfalfa or cowpeas, in connection
with a bluegrass pa.sture.

Pastures for Hogs. 147

Since bluegrass and white clover are used very extensively
as a hog pasture, especially in north Missouri, there must be some
valuable qualities possessed by this grass. Bluegrass is permanent,
and after once forming a sod on pasture is very seldom killed out
except by being plowed up. It also comes in early in spring and
furnishes good early pasture which, with the exception of about tw^o
months in midsummer, lasts until late fall, thus causing little in-
convenience in providing some kind of pasture. It can be pastured
as close as desired without any permanent injury and without fear
of its being killed. White clover also springs up in bluegrass and
furnishes a legume to supplement the bluegrass, thus making ex-
cellent pasture. However, in spite of its many good qualities, blue-
grass, unless in connection with some kind of clover, does not make
the best kind of pasture for spring pigs.

Clover, which forms a part of almost all the hog pasture of
the State, furnishes, as is shown by the trial given above, one of
the very best forages for hogs that can be grown. It, however, has
one great disadvantage not possessed by bluegrass, in that it has
to be resown every two years, and is much more easily winter killed,
and also is more easily killed by heavy pasturing. But a good
clover field is as good pasture as can be found and with judicious
use of catch crops, a succulent forage with clover as a basis can be
provided for hogs the entire season.

Only four of our correspondents mention anything other than
clover, alfalfa or bluegrass, or some mixture of the three, as their
principal forage crop for hogs. These four use some rotation of
wheat, rye and oats, followed by sorghum or rape, and then cow-
peas or rape, and one man mentions cheat and Japanese clover.
These crops mentioned above are excellent for a short grazing per-
iod, but are too short-lived to be relied on unless a systematic plan
is followed whereby one field is growing while another is being
pastured. They occupy, nevertheless, a very important place in a
hog farm by supplying good pasture while permanent pasture is
short.

Suminer Pasture for Fall Pigs. — The question, "AVhat pasture
do you provide for fall pigs the following summer?" brings out the
fact that bluegrass is not depended upon for summer pasture for
fall pigs to nearly the same extent as for spring pigs, but that the
clovers are used to almost the same extent, showing that the clovers
are not mixed with bluegrass as much for fall as for spring pig
pasture. The replies were as follows, the table showing the re-

148

Missouri Agricultural Report.

plies that mentioned the following grasses alone or in connection with
some other grass :

Total received

Bluegrass

Red clover

White clover

Clover (variety nat mentioned)

Total clovers

Timothy

Oats

Rape

Alfalfa

Rye

Sorghum

Cowpeas

Redtop

Northern half.

Southern half.

Replies
received.

75

47
6
9

51

Percent.

62.7

66

9
5
5

4
1
1
1
1

88.0

12.0
6.7
6.7
5.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3

Replies

received I . Percent.

56

19

2

5

41

33 . 6

48

5
2
3
3
1
3
6
3

85.7

8.9
3.6
5.4
5.4
1.8
5.4
10.7
5.4

This report varies little in substance other than that mentioned
above, both showing that clover or a mixture of clover and blue grass
forms a great majority of the hog pastures, supplemented by tem-
porary crops to supply forage Avhile the regular pastures are short.
A small per cent, of the permanent pasture is timothy, but the great
majority is clover or clover and blue grass. The most popular tem-
porary pasture in the northern half of the State is either oats or rape,
or a mixture of the two. Either oats or rape will make an early
pasture, and rape can be sown to be ready for pasture at almost any
time of year. In the southern part of the State, cowpeas, sorghum
and rape furnish the best temporary or catch crop. Rape and sorghum
furnish spring and summer pasture, while rape and cowpeas furnish
late summer and fall pasture.

The popularity of quick-growing legumes for pasture are shown
by the question upon the most profitable crop to grow for hogs.

Best Forage Crop for Hogs. — In reply to the question, "What do
you consider the most profitable forage crop to grow^ for hogs?" the
farmers brought out very distinctly the high regard in which legumes
are held in this State. Of 159 replies, 114 gave either clover, alfalfa
or cowpeas as the most profitable forage, and twenty-one other replies
mentioned one of the three in connection Avith some other crop, leav-
ing only twenty-four stockmen preferring nonleguminous crops. Of
these twenty-four, twelve preferred rape alone and three others rape
in connection Avith some other crop. The preferences for these four

Pastures for Hogs. 149

crops are shown by the number of farmers preferring each crop, which
Avere as follows :

Northern
half.

Southern
half.

The other crops considered the best forage for hogs in the northern
part of the State were : Blue grass and clover, 6 ; pumpkins and corn,
2 ; and one each of rutabagas and turnips, sorghum and cowpeas, rape
and rye, rye for fall and spring, clover, timothy and blue grass, clover
and wheat, rape and oats, rye and clover, clover and sorghum, clover
and cowpeas, cowpeas and corn, oats and rye, clover and timothy, and
oats. In the southern half of the State, the forage considered best
aside from the clover, alfalfa, cowpeas, and rape, were : Blue grass
and clover, 4 ; rye in winter, 2 ; and one each of the following : Cow-
peas and clover, rye and cowpeas, oats and kale, sorghum, cowpeas
and oats, sorghum at heading time and rape, blue grass, and wheat,
rye and cowpeas.

PASTURING BLUE GRASS AND TIMOTHY.

Blue grass, in conjunction with white clover, and in some cases
red clover, is a pasture that, as was shown by the table of the prefer-
ences of hog raisers for pasture, is found on practically every farm in
central and north Missouri. Its popularity rests on its hardiness, and
the fact that it is a perennial, and once established, is hard to kill out,
and also makes excellent pastures. Neither is there the danger of
scouring among hogs on blue grass pasture that there is in some other
kinds, such as young clover or alfalfa. Blue grass also comes early
in spring and furnishes good fall and fair winter pasture. It should
be pastured heavily enough to prevent any extra growth, because
blue grass that has become rank and growthy gets woody, and when in
this condition is not a satisfactory pasture for hogs. Most of our
correspondents turn on blue grass when it is young and tender. There
is a period of from two to three months during the summer just after
seeding, when blue grass is in its resting stage and is too dry and
woody to give good hog pasture, and has to be supplemented with
some other crop, such as clover, sorghum, rape, etc., that can be sown
in spring and be readj^ for pasture by July. The resting period of

150

Missouri Agncultural Beporl.

blue grass, coming at the time of year when the hot weather makes a
green pasture all the more necessary for success in hog raising, is one
of the most objectionable features about blue grass as a pasture for
hogs, and every farmer should prepare for this resting period of blue
grass by providing some other kind of pasture.

The value of timothy as a pasture is hardly as great as that of
blue grass, for the reason that blue grass is suitable for pasture much
earlier in the spring and will last much longer in the fall, and also
contains white clover, which is seldom found in timothy. The timothy,
however, does not get as tough as the blue grass and will spring up
sooner after being cut, thus shortening the period of rest in mid-

Fig. 2. THE SPIRIT THAT MAKES HOG-RAISING A SUCCESS.

summer. Timothy, however, when it begins to joint, gets woody
unless cut when very green, and when managed in this way is not
long-lived.

Feeding Spring Pigs on Blue Grass and Timothy. — The feeding
value of the two grasses as pasture are so near the same that the
best method of feeding on one kind will apply equally well to the
other kind of pasture. Both timothy and blue grass are lacking
in protein, which goes to form muscle and bone. Clover, however,
is well supplied with this material, and when mixed Avith timothy
or blue grass, makes a well-balanced pasture. Corn, which is also
lacking in protein, does not make the best feed for hogs on a pasture
consisting wholly of timothy or blue grass. Clover in the pasture,
however, furnishes the necessary nutrients for growing stock. This

Pastures for Hogs.

151

is shown by the fact that when clover or alfalfa was made the prin-
cipal pasture 36.5 per cent, of our correspondents feed corn alone to
spring shoats on pasture, while of those who used timothy or blue
grass even when mixed to a greater or less extent with red or white
clover, only 28.9 per cent, feed corn alone. When there is not
enough clover in a pasture to furnish a large proportion of the forage,
there is a need, especially with shoats, for a feed consisting of more
than corn alone. The amount of clover available determines to a large
extent the needs for these supplemental feeds. This is shown very
clearly in an experiment, conducted at the Iowa Experiment Station,
with the hogs running on timothy pasture and fed corn and supple-
mental feeds, and another lot on clover pasture and fed corn alone.
The summary of the experiment is given below :

IOWA BULLETIN, NO. 91.
112 days, 10 pigs per lot.

Weight at

Gain,

Daily

Grain

Grain

Pasture.

Grain ration.

beginning.

per pig.

gain.

per lb.
gain.

daily
per pig.

Timothy

Corn

59.9

103.4

0.923

451.4

4.17

Timothy

Corn 2, shorts 1

59.8

125.5

1. 120

409.9

4.59

Timothy

Corn 1, shorts 1 .... .

59.8

133 . 2

1.180

398.0

4.74

Timothy

Corn 5, meat meal 1. .

60.1

138.5

1.237

409.6

5.07

Timothy

Corn 5, tankage 1. . . .,

60.1

153.9

1 . 374

398.4

5.48

Clover

Corn

59.9

1.33.7

1.193

416.1

4.97

It will be noted that the gains made on clover pasture and corn
were faster than those made on timothy pasture and corn and shorts,
but not as fast as those on timothy pasture and fed corn and tankage
or corn and meat meal. Based on this data, corn alone fed on a clover
pasture is equal to a ration of one-half corn, one-half shorts on timothy
pasture, and superior to a ration two-thirds corn, one-third shorts on
the same kind of pasture. The value of feeding some grain containing
an excess of protein, to hogs on timothy pasture, is shown by the
more rapid and more economical gains made by the pigs fed corn and
shorts and corn and meat meal or tankage. The rate of gain was in-
creased 30 to 50 per cent, by using a meat by-product, and from 12
to 20 per cent, by using shorts with corn.

The above results are borne out by the practice of the farmers
as shown by the reports of those using blue grass or timothy with
more or less clover as a pasture for pigs after weaning time, and their
method of feeding is shown by their answ^ers to the question, "How

152

Missouri Agricultural Report.

do you feed your spring pigs on pasture after weaning?" Replying
to this question, the eighty-three who use blue grass or timothy as
their principal pasture, answered as follows :

No. of

replies.

Percent of
whole.

Corn alone

Middlings, shorts or shipstufl

Oilmeal

Tankage or meat meal

Bran

Milk...

Rye, wheat or oats

Oats

Wheat

Rye

These replies show that when the corn is supplemented by a more
nitrogenous feed, the preference is for some wheat by-product, 33.7
per cent, using shorts, middlings, or shipstuffs and 7.2 per cent, bran;
22.9 per cent, feed milk, while 13.3 per cent, feed linseed oil meal,
and 8.4 per cent., either tankage or meat meal, and a smaller per cent,
some mixture of oats, rye or wheat. These figures refer to the time
just following weaning when the pig is being started to growing well
after being weaned. As the shoat gets larger, it is common practice
to increase the amount of corn, and in most cases to decrease the
amount of slop or stop feeding it altogether. While in general it
gives faster gains to feed a supplement to corn, a pig that has received
a ration containing sufficient bone and muscle-forming food until six
months old, will do very well until ready for market on corn alone.
Until a pig is six months old, however, unless on a good clover, alfalfa,
cowpea or rape pasture, in order to get best results should receive
something besides straight corn.

The amount of feed to be given varies with the purpose of the
feeder, as to whether the pig is intended for market at six to seven
months of age, or at eight to ten months, or older. This fact is true,
however, that pigs can be made so fat before they have reached a
weight at which it is profitable to sell them, that they will not make
a satisfactory gain. On the other hand, too little feed, especially on
timothy or blue grass pasture, leaves the pig somewhat stunted and
inflicts a permanent injury. The gist of the information as to the
amount of grain to feed, learned from our correspondents, is to keep
the pigs in good groMnng condition, but not excessively fat until time
to put on full feed for market. Many of our correspondents feed the
pigs rather heavily from the start, and have them ready for market

Pastures for Hogs

153

at six to seven months of age, while others just keep them growing
well until six or seven months old, and then full feed for a few months.
The merits of the two sj^stems are discussed under the paragraph on
the amount of grain to feed on clover or alfalfa pasture.

Feeding Fall Figs on Blue Grass a/)id Timothy Pasture. — As blue
grass or timothy without clover was used as summer pasture for fall
pigs by only eight out of one hundred thirty-one correspondents, the
discussion of finishing hogs on blue grass is not of nearly so much
importance as the feeding of stockers. But if a hog has received a
good grooving ration for five or six months, the finishing can be done
very well on corn and pasture. Of the eight men who report using
blue grass as the sole pasture for fall pigs, five also report feeding
corn alone, one corn and milk, one corn and shorts, and one does not
state the kind of feed used. This small number of reports is not enough
to establish a practice, but a trial at the Missouri Experiment Station
will be of value in this connection to show the effect of the ration
fed on blue grass pasture. Professor Willson found that hogs that had
followed cattle until they had reached the weight of 193 pounds each,
gave the following results when fed for 46 days on a blue grass pasture :

Ration.

Daily
gain.

Grain per

per lb.

gain.

Daily
grain
eaten.

Shelled corn ,

1.76
2.00
2.01

5.49
5.10
4.93

8.85

Shelled corn 6 parts, linseed oilmeal
Shelled corn 8 part.s tankage 1 part

1 part

9.09
9.08

This experiment shows a faster gain when linseed oil meal or
tankage is fed with corn, and also a gain on smaller amount of feed ;
but the cost of gains with corn at 60 cents per bushel, linseed oil meal
at $36 per ton, and tankage at $44 per ton is: $5.88 per 100 pounds
gain when fed corn alone, $5.97 when fed corn and linseed oil meal,
and $5.93 when fed corn and tankage, thus showing that except for
more rapid gains, the addition of a supplement to corn to large hogs
on grass will not return a profit on the investment. The value of rapid
gains, however, is sometimes very great, due to getting them ready for
market sooner and avoiding possible loss from disease.

PASTURING CLOVER OR ALFALFA.

Clover is the great hog pasture for Missouri. It furnishes an
abundance of excellent pasture that supplies the necessary nutrients
lacking in corn; it fertilizes the ground while growing; and it fits

154

Missouri Agricultural Report.

perfectly into a rotation where corn is the principal crop. Out of
78 replies from the northern half of the State, as to the best forage
crops for hogs, 39 gave clover first place, and 12 more gave clover in
connection with some other crop, as the best forage, showing that 51
out of 78 of our correspondents in the northern half of the State, con-
sider that it takes clover or a mixture of clover to make the best hog
pasture. The 81 replies from the southern half of the State, give clover
first place in 38 instances, and clover in connection with other crops in
five more, making clover a part of the best hog pasture in 43 out of
81 cases. The general distribution and popularity of clover as a forage
crop is due to its general adaptability to the conditions found in this
State ; there is no serious drawback to it as a hog pasture. It is, how-

jRbj)3li|b

^b^^t^

Fig. 3. ALFALFA FURNISHES MORE PASTURE THAN RED CLOVER.

ever, in addition to being a biennial, more easily killed by heavy
pasturing than is blue grass or timothy. If heavily pastured when
small, the hogs eat off the crown and kill the plant, or too heavy
pasturing at any season of the year may cause serious injury. If the
clover is to be pastured heavilj^, the hogs should not be turned in until
the clover is several inches high. Clover is at its best for hog pasture
when heading and blossoming, but if the hogs are not turned in until
the clover reaches this state it will take a very large number to keep
the pasture from getting too ripe. After the heads are ripe the plant
is so woody that the hogs do not relish it as pasture. When the plant
is in this stage it should be cut or clipped and a new and succulent
growth allowed to spring up. The clover can be pastured heavily
enough to keep the pasture from getting woody, but when pastured
this heavily, a short dry spell is liable to cause it to die. Alsike clover
is better in some regions than red clover, especially in low, moist

Pastures for Hogs. 155

ground. It will supply about as much pasture as red clover, is sown
at the same time and furnishes pasture for about the same period.
It is used rather extensively in the lower grounds of Northwest Mis-
souri, where it seems to be especially well adapted.

Alfalfa is shown by the experience of its users to be somewhat
superior to red clover as a hog pasture, both as to quality and amount
of feed furnished. While an acre of clover will pasture from 8 to 12
hogs averaging 75-125 pounds per head, the same area of alfalfa will
pasture 15 to 20 head of the same kind of shoats. Although alfalfa
is just beginning to be recognized in this State, 10.7 per cent, of our
correspondents say that alfalfa is the best forage crop that can be
grown for hogs. Those who make these statements are not confined to
any particular section, but are well distributed over the entire State.
The value of this crop as a hog pasture has long been recognized in
Kansas and Nebraska, where the alfalfa-growing industry is much
older than in Missouri, and its value is now being recognized in this
State. Alfalfa comes earlier in the spring than clover, and if kept
from heading, will make a green succulent nitrogenous forage from
spring until heavy freezing comes in the fall. Not only does this plant
give a good forage during? the growing season, but the hay, especially
the last cutting, will furnish a high class roughage for hogs in winter
and anyone who has used alfalfa hay for this purpose never fails to
recommend it very highly.

The same precautions should be taken when pasturing alfalfa as
when pasturing clover; i. e., the hogs should not be turned on before
the pasture is well started, should not be pastured while the land is
wet, nor so heavily that the plant does not grow well, and should not
be allowed to grow large enough to get w^oody. If the purpose is to
use the alfalfa solely for pasture, the field should be divided and one
part pastured while the other is growing. The common practice, how-
ever, is to allow enough pasture so that about two crops or more of
hay are harvested each year while the hogs are using it for pasture.
By cutting the parts of the field a few days apart, one part is fur-
nishing pasture while the other is being cut for hay. In this way
pasture is furnished for a very large part of the year.

Feeding Spring Pigs on Clover or Alfalfa Pasture. — The composi-
tion of clover and alfalfa, and the character of the forage furnished
by pasturing the two, are so nearly the same that the best methods of
feeding for one will apply equally well for the other. As neither
alfalfa nor clover seed can form any considerable part of the ration,
the feeding value of the pasture rests on the forage alone. Since both
plants furnish an abundance of protein for the growing hog, and corn

156

Missouri Agricultural Ueport.

is the great fat-producing food, corn, alfalfa, clover and hogs are fitted
by nature to be closely associated.

For spring shoats on grass after weaning, the correspondents that
use corn alone were in nuich higher percentage than those using corn
alone on blue grass or timothy. This practical experience is strength-
ened by the feeding data given under the discussion on blue grass and
timothy, when it was shown that corn ^lone on clover pasture has
about the same value as corn and middlings or shorts on blue grass or
timothy pasture. The number and percentage of correspondents that
use the different kinds of supplements to corn for shoats on alfalfa
or clover pasture, are as follows :

Number cor-
respondents
using each
different kind
of feed.

Percent

of
whole.

Total

63

23

17

2

1

12

13

1

1

Corn alonf

36.5

Middlings

27.0

Oilmeal

3.2

1.6

Bran

19.

Milk

20.6

Oats

1.6

Wheat

1.6

From the remarks made by our correspondents, we learn that as
the pigs get older, the supplements to the corn are gradually decreased
until, in a large majority of the cases, only corn is fed to the shoats
on this kind of pasture. The inability of a two or three months old
pig to give the best gains on forage and corn alone is shown by the
fact that 63.5 per cent, of our correspondents prefer to feed some kind
of supplement to corn to pigs of this age. But as the hog gets larger,
he is better able to eon.^ume forage and does not need such a well-
balanced grain ration.

Amount of Grain to Feed Pigs on Clover or Alfalfa.— The amount
of grain to be fed on clover or alfalfa pasture varies, of course, from
no grain at all to a full feed, according to the time the hogs are in-
tended for market. Of the 153 replies to the question as to whether
hogs will make a satisfactory gain on pasture alone, 121 replied in the
negative and 32 in the affirmative. Of the 32 men who got satisfactory
gains without grain, 16 use clover alone, 2 alfalfa, 3 clover and alfalfa,
while 6 more use clover in connection with other crops, and 2 do not
designate the kind of pasture. Three of the 16 replies mentioning
clover alone, state it is used only when in bloom, and the others do not

Pastures for Hogs.

157

state the condition of the pasture. It is safe to say that the experi-
ence has been sufficient to warrant the statement that clover in bloom,
or alfalfa, will, under favorable circumstances, make a fairly reasona-
ble gain on grown hogs in thin flesh without grain. It is common
practice among our correspondents, Avho intend to keep the hogs in
good growing condition only, to feed an ear or two of corn daily;
while the ones that "push" the hogs from weaning time can full feed
without the danger of too early fattening that there is on the pastures
Avhere grain has to be depended on to make the greater proportion
of the gain. An excellent comparison between the different amounts
of corn to feed to shoats on alfalfa pasture was made by the Nebraska
Experiment Station with corn alone fed to shoats on alfalfa pasture.
The results of an experiment lasting 63 days with 10 pigs weigh-
ing about 75 pounds per head in each lot, are shown below :

Ration.

Daily

grain

per pig.

Total

gain

per pig.

Average
daily
gain.

Grain

per 100

lbs. gain.

N^o "Tain

1.4
21.7
39.8
53.7

.02
.34
.63

.85

Light feed

1.33
2.48
3.46

386

Medium feed

398

Heavv feed

423

These results show that with 75-pound pigs a feed of corn is
necessary to get satisfactory gains. AYith no grain, the pigs little
more than held their Aveight; with 1.33 pounds, or about two ears of
corn daily, a gain of .34 pounds daily was made; with 2.48 pounds,
or between 3 and 4 ears of corn daily, a gain of .63 pounds daily per
pig was made; while with 3.46 pounds, or between 5 and 6 ears of
corn daily, a gain of .85 pounds daily was made. It will be noted,
however, that as the amount of grain fed daily was increased, the
grain required to make a pound of gain was also increased. Another
trial was made at the same station,* under the same conditions,
but with different amoants of grain. These lots, consisting of 17
52-pound pigs, were fed i/o pound, li^ pounds, and 2i/2 pounds of
corn, respectively, per 100 pounds of live weight, and allowed to run
on alfalfa pasture for 98 days, with the following results :

Ration.

Gain.

i lb. corn per 100 lbs. weight . . .
H lbs. corn per 100 lbs. weight .
2i lbs. corn per 100 lbs. weight .

27
36

48

Daily

Grain

gain.

per 100

lbs. gain.

.28

124

.37

222

.51

332

♦From October 20 to November 10, the hogs were being changed from summer to winter quar-
ters. During this period they made gains varying from 6 to 30 lbs. per head.

158

Missouri Agrimdtural Report.

The similarity of tho results of these two experiments indicate
that they are reliable in showing that the smaller amounts of grain
make cheaper gains, but that the heavier amounts of grain show faster
gains, and are therefore getting the pigs fatter and nearer ready for
market, because the light ration does little more than keep up a good
growth without fattening, while the heavier ration lays on a good
proportion of fat.

Time Beqwired to Finish These Light' and Heavy Fed Hogs. — The
relative time to finish hogs that have been fed light and heavy rations,
such as have just been discussed, is shown by a trial made at the
Nebraska Experiment Station,! where 90 pigs, weighing 42.4 pounds
each, were divided into three lots of 30 hogs each and pastured from
June 23 to October 20 (119 days), on alfalfa pasture and fed dry
shelled corn as follows :

Lot 1 — 1 pound corn daily per 100 pounds live weight.

Lot 2 — 2 pounds corn daily per 100 pounds live weight.

Lot 3 — 314 pounds corn daily per 100 pounds live weight.

A summary of the first 119 days on pasture with a limited grain
ration is as follows :

Lot.

Grain per

100 lbs. live

weight.

Gain per
pig.

Daily
gain.

Grain per

100 lbs.

gain.

1

1 lb.

2 lbs.
3* lbs.

57.3

75.1

125.8

.50

.65

1.08

132

2

220

3

330

The results are so nearly a repetition for the two other trials
given on this subject, that comment is unnecessary except to note the
comparative cheapness of gain of the light fed lot and the com-
paratively rapid gains of the heaviest fed lot.

After the first 119 days on pasture with the above limited grain
rations, they were full fed in a dry lot on a ration of I/2 corn, I/2 rye,,
soaked, and alfalfa hay until ready for market, each lot being dis-
posed of as soon as finished. The finishing period beginning Novem-
ber 10th, and lasting until each lot of hogs was finished, gave the
following results :

Lot.

Weight
at
beginning.

Weight

at
end.

Gain
per
pig.

Daily
gain.

Grain per

100 lbs.

gain.

Days

to
finish.

1

108
130
205

233
236

228

125

106

23

1.34

1.26"

.80

467
509

787

93-

84r

3

29-

* Nebraska Bui. 99.

Pastures for Hogs.

159

These figures show how nearly finished was the lot heavy fed on
pasture in comparison with the light fed ones ; also, the influence of
the condition of the hogs upon the rapidity and economy of gain, and
how the cost of gain increases as the end of the finishing period is
approached, and how the high condition influences the cost of gain.
The hogs of each lot were equal in every way except that one lot was
fatter than the other at the beginning of this period of the experiment.
The thin hogs made the more rapid and economical gain, but, of course,
it required a much longer time to become far enough advanced for
market.

Lot 3, which was almost finished when put on the last period, re-
quired 787 pounds of grain per 100 pounds of gain, but required only
29 days to finish. Lot 1, which was rather thin, but of the same age,
made a gain of 125 pounds per pig, and required 467 pounds of grain
for every one hundred pounds of gain made, and required 93 days to
reach a condition similar to lot 3 after 29 days of feeding.

Combining both periods of the experiment into one period, ex-
tending from June 23rd until the hogs were finished, the results are
as follows :

Grain to

Days

Weight

Weight

Gain

Daily

Grain

Pigs

fatten a

Lot.

on

at be-

at

per

gain.

per 100

per

pig from

triaL

ginning.

end.

pig.

lbs. gain.

lot.

weaning,
time.

1 Light fed

230

42

233

191

.83

377

30

12.86 bu.

2 Medium fed

221

42

236

194

.87

391

30

13.54 bii.

3 Heavy fed

165

42

228

186

1.13

395

30

12.80 bu.

Note that when the pigs were fed 1 pound of corn per 100 pounds
weight for 119 days, and then full fed, it required 230 days to get
ready for market; whereas, the pigs of the lot fed 2 pounds of corn
daily per 100 pounds live weight for 119 days, and then full fed,
required 221 days; and the pigs which were fed SYz pounds of corn
daily per 100 pounds live weight for 119 days and then full fed, were
ready for market in a total of 165 days, or 51^ months from the time
they weighed 42 pounds. This is finishing the pig at seven months old,
weighing about 225 pounds.

It will be noted that the finished weight of the hogs of these three
lots varied only 7 pounds. The average gains made daily were .83,
.87 and 1.13, respectively.

The grain required per pound of gain was 377 pounds for the
light fed lot, 391 pounds for the medium fed lot, and 395 pounds for

160

Missouri Agricultural Report.

the heavy fed lot. This means that 12.86 bushels of coru was re-
quired to fatten a pig under the system of light feeding for the first
four months after weaning, 13.54 bushels for the medium feeding
system, and 12 . 80 bushels for the system of rather heavy feeding from
weaning time. Under the three systems of feeding, then, we find that
very light feeding on pasture and then heavy feeding at fattening time
gives somewhat cheaper gains, pound for pound, than a heavy feed
from weaning time, but that it takes two months longer to get the
former ready for market. The time to have the hogs ready for market
would depend on market conditions, prevalence of disease, etc. More-

Fig. 4. BLUEGRASS COJIES EARLY AND STAYS LATE.

over, the difference is so small that of an expensive season for finish-
ing hogs, such as the cold months of winter or the hot months of
summer, can profitably be avoided by forcing the hogs from the start.

Some conclusions drawn from the results of feeding hogs on
alfalfa at the Nebraska Experiment Station,* are as follows :

"A light ration is not the most economical for growing pigs, unless
under peculiar circumstances, when alfalfa is abundant, grain very
high in price, and market conditions warrant holding the hogs. It
seems probable that two or more pounds of corn daily, per hundred-
weight of hogs, is more profitable than a lighter ration.

* Neb. BuL 99.

Pastures for Hogs. l61

"Mature hogs thin iu flesh may be expected to gain about l^
pound per head daily on alfalfa without grain.

"The cost of gain is not a reliable criterion of profit. A cheap
gain may be so slow as to be unprofitable. Time, labor and investment
should be considered when reckoning profits. A full grain ration,
though making the gain more costly, usually gives greater profits,
because of the larger amount of business transacted in a given time
with a given number of hogs."

Finishing Fall Pigs on Clover and Alfalfa Pasture. — Corn is thei
farmer's mainstay for fitting hogs for the market. While many of
our correspondents have their fall pigs ready for market before pastur-
ing time comes in the spring, a majority keep them late enough to
require pasture for them for at least a short time in the early summer.
As about 90 per cent, of the summer pastures for fall pigs, as shown
in the replies of our correspondents, are either clover or alfalfa, or
contain clover of some form, the feeding of fall pigs on grass is almost
identical with feeding on clover or alfalfa pasture. Of 145 replies
as to what grain was fed on grass to fall pigs in summer, 101 gave corn
alone, and 43 gave corn in connection with some other feed; 11 fed
corn and shipstuff or shorts ; 5 corn and bran ; 4 corn and milk ; 2 corn
and tankage ; 2 corn and meat meal ; 2 corn and linseed oil meal ; 2
corn and wheat, and the other 15 fed corn with some combination of
the above-mentioned feeds, while one reply was "ground wheat or
rye." The number that use the different feeds are as follows:

Corn

Shorts or middlings.

Bran

Oilmeal

Meatmeal

Tankage

Wheat

Oats

Rye

KafHr Corn

Milk

144
17
7
8
2
2
4
3
1
1
5

It will be noted that when a supplement is fed with corn, the
most popular feeds are middlings, bran and oilmeal — the latter usually
in a mixture with some other feed. When on a clover or alfalfa pas-
ture corn usually needs no supplement if pasture is good unless very
rapid gains are desired and corn is very high and the supplements can
be easily secured.

-11

162

Missouri Agricultural Report.

The effect of feedino- a supplement to corn on alfalfa pasture is
shown by results given by Nebraska Experiment Station,* where three
lots of 10 145-lb. fall pigs were finished on alfalfa pasture, beginning
May 14 and fed for 56 days on corn alone or different proportions of
tankage and corn.

Ration with pasture.

Weight

at'

end.

Gain
per
pig-

Daily
gain.

Grain

per 100

lbs. gain.

Soalied corn

216

229
230

71

85
86

1.26
1.51
1.53

416

Soaked corn 95%, tanlcage 5%

371

Soaked corn, 90%, tankage 10%

366

These results, as was expected, show a more rapid gain where
a supplement like tankage was fed with corn, than with corn alone,
thus making the hogs come to a good marketable weight at a somewhat
earlier age. It will be noted, however, that corn alone and alfalfa
pasture made a gain of 11,4 pounds per day for a period of 56 days.
The corn and tankage made a gain of a little more than li/o pounds
per day. The grain required to make 100 pounds of gain was much
less when tankage was fed with corn than when corn alone was used,
the amounts being 366 pounds for one-tenth tankage ration per 100
pounds gain, 371 pounds for one-tM^entieth tankage ration, and 416
pounds for corn alone. At the price of corn at 60 cents a bushel, and
tankage at $44 per ton, the cost per 100 pounds gain, not counting
pasture, was $4.45 for corn alone, $4.18 for nineteen-twentieth corn,
and one-twentieth tankage, and $4.33 for nine-tenth corn and one-
tenth tankage, thus showing a slight saving by feeding a small amount
of tankage with corn. This experiment shows that if the extra work of
providing and feeding tankage is not too great, it may pay, especially
when pastures are not very strong and corn is high-priced, to feed
some kind of supplement with corn to hogs on clover or alfalfa pasture.
As a general proposition, however, the margin in favor of a supplement
to corn on clover or alfalfa is not enough to justify the extra labor
of securing and feeding it.

COWPEAS AS HOG PASTURE.

Every farmer is beginning to realize that a ration of corn alone
is not the most profitable one upon which to fatten hogs, and it is a
recognized fact that home-grown protein is the cheapest form with
which to balance a ration of corn. The legumes, such as clover and

* Nebraska Bulletin 94.

Pastures for Hogs. 163

alfalfa, furnish the nitrogenous pasture, but a home grown grain to feed
with corn is not supplied by either of these two crops. There is, how-
ever, another legume that grows quickly, builds up the land and fur-
nishes a form of protein that is available at the time of year when it
is most needed for finishing hogs. This plant is the cowpea. It re-
quires from 70 to 100 days to mature, and if planted May 15 to June
1, will be ready to pasture by the middle of August or sooner, when
the first pods are beginning to ripen. The value of this plant as a
forage crop for hogs is just beginning to be recognized by the farmers
of this State. It has been grown in the southern part of the State for
several years, and, to some extent, in the northern half, but its great
value as a hog-fattener is not yet realized except in the extreme south-
ern portions of the State where they are generally grown. An acre
of well-grown cowpeas turned on when the pods are ripening, will, as
was learned from the farmers using the forage, pasture 15 to 25
100-pound hogs for from one to two months in the fall. Cowpeas are
also valuable for sowing in the corn at the last cultivation and then
turning hogs in when the corn is past "roasting ear."

The cowpea is a southern plant and will not stand too early plant-
ing. It should be sown either broadcast or drilled when the ground
is warm, from the last part of May to July 10th in Central Missouri,
and varying as the latitude changes. If to be grown with corn, sow
at the last plowing of corn. The amount of seed required per acre
when sown alone is from three-fourths to one-half bushel per acre. In
the corn, one-third to one-half bushel is the usual amount. For hog
pasture it is recommended that they be grown in rows and cultivated
in order to form more seed for the hogs.

The value of cowpea pasture for hogs being fed corn is shown
by a trial at the Alabama Experiment Station,* where a full feed of
corn was given for 42 days to 50 pound hogs running on cowpea pasture
when the pods were ripening. One lot of three pigs was fed corn
alone in a dry lot, while the other, containing an equal number of pigs,
was in the cowpea forage, the results being as follows :

Corn alone

Corn on cowpeas .

Daily
Gain.

Grain per

100 lbs.

gain.

586
307

♦Alabama Bulletin 93.

164 Missouri Agricultural Report.

It will be noted that the gains on these SO-ponnd sliDats were
doubled when hogs were run on a c'()wi)ea pasture. The corn required
to make 100 pounds of gain was very little over one-half as much when
fed with cowpea pasture as when fed alone.

Its value is recognized by some farmers in this State, and their
experience is indicated by the following statements :

One man in Southeast Missouri says, "I always sow a crop of
cowpeas and turn the hogs in when the pods are beginning to ripen.
Last year five acres of cowpeas fattened 23 head of spring pigs and
there was enough feed left for the sows and pigs for a time after the
fat hogs were gone. These fattening hogs received no grain except
the cowpeas, and made a gain of two pounds daily. I also drill cow-
peas in corn at the last cultivation and hog them down after the corn
is gathered."

Another man from the same community says, "I use clover pasture
in summer and cowpea pasture in the fall. I turn the hogs in when
the pods are ripening, and feed corn and sometimes milk with the cow-
peas. I like the cowpeas as pasture better than clover."

The value of sowing cowpeas in corn is best shown by the ex-
perience of some of the good hog raisers of this State. One gentle-
man in Northwest Missouri, who keeps his fall pigs until green corn
comes next fall before fattening, says: "Several times I have mixed
an early variety of corn with Whippoorwill cowpeas, equal parts in
the planter box and planted with an old-fashioned hand drop corn
planter. Drop at every step of the horses, or closer, thus putting one
to three grains of corn and two to five peas in each hill. Turn the
hogs into this about September 1. I have made 90 pounds gain per
hog in four weeks and have fattened 10 to 15 hogs per acre. I think
I have made over 1,000 pounds gain to the acre."

A man in Central Missouri says: "The first corn I put out is
ninety day corn, and the next is Reid's Yellow Dent. When I finish
plowing the corn which I want to hog down, I drill cowpeas between
the rows with a one-horse corn drill. The cowpeas are ready to graze
as soon as early corn is mature. When the hogs have the corn and
cowpeas cleaned up well, T disk the ground well and sow rye for a
"v\anter pasture."

A man in West-Central Missouri says : "Cowpeas sown broadcast
in corn and plowed in with eagle-claw cultivators when 'laying-by'
the corn, has been the most profitable experiment I have ever tried.
A bunch of 60 to 70 shoats allowed to 'help themselves' to five or
six acres and fed a small amount of cooked oats daily will make re-

Pastures for Hogs.

165

markable gains, and when the corn and peas are gone, can be profit-
ably finished on corn alone."

One other method of sowing cowpeas in corn that has proven
very successful, is to drill from two to three rows of the peas between
corn rows with a one-horse grain drill at the last cultivation of the
corn. This would be pastured down in the same manner as indicated
in the quotations used above. In hogging down corn, however, too
large an area should not be pastured at the same time, else the hogs
will wander too much and waste more grain than if confined to the
amount of ground they can clear in about a month. Pigs running with
large hogs also eat scattered grain and thus prevent waste.

RAPE FOR HOGS.

On the best regulated farm there are times during the spring,
summer or fall when the regular pasture is short, or when it has
been injured until it will not make sufficient pasture for the hogs.
On such occasions, a quick-growing plant that will furnish a large

>=r-v

l»,,;^^ ■*% ,.V

Fig. 5. RAPE MAKES A GOOD HOG PASTURE.

amount of forage per acre is exceedingly useful. The rape plant has
been found to fit in exceedingly well on such occasions. In reply to
the question as to the best forage crop for hogs, four correspondents
in the northern and eight correspondents in the southern part of the
State said "rape;" one said "rape and oats;" and another "cane at
heading time and rape." After many years experience with rape.
Professor Carlyle, at the "Wisconsin Experiment Station, drew the fol-
lowing conclusions :

166

Missouri Agricultural Report.

''With pigs from four to ten months old, representing the various
breeds of swine, an acre of rape, when properly grown, has a feeding
value, when combined ^ith a ration of corn and shorts, equivalent to
2,436 pounds of the mixture of these grain feeds.

"Rape is a better green forage for growing pigs than good clover
pasture, the pigs fed upon rape having made on the average 100 pounds
of gain on 33.5 pounds less grain thaiT was required by the pigs fed
on clover pasture.

"Rape should be sown for this purpose in drills thirty inches
apart to facilitate cultivation of the ground after each crop of forage
is eaten off.

"Hogs should not be turned in until the crop is twelve to four-
teen inches high, and should be prevented from rooting while pas-
turing rape.

"Rape alone is not a satisfactory feed. Hogs will just about
maintain their weight on it."

The value of rape, compared with clover, can be seen by the fol-
lowing results of the Wisconsin Experiment Station:!

1898.

1899.

Rape. Clover.

Rape.

Clover.

19

19

21

21

111

110

101.9

101.8

391

439

332

346

.87

.78

1.27

1.22

No. pig.s

Initial weight

Grain per 100 lbs. gain
Daily gain per pig ....

It will be noted that not only was there a saving of grain, but
that the gains were more rapid when rape pasture was used in-
stead of clover. These results have been duplicated at various ex-
periment stations, among them Missouri and Kansas," the latter re-
porting the following with rape compared with alfalfa, pastured ninety-
eight days, with ten 52-pound pigs :*

Pasture.

Gain
per
pig.

Average
daily
gain.

Grain per

100 lbs.

gain.

Rape

107.6
107.8

1.09
1.10

301

Alfalfa

300

It is seen that pigs on rape pasture made almost exactly the same
gains as those on alfalfa pasture, with the same amount of grain re-
quired to make a pound of gain.

fWis. Ex. Sta. Annual Report, 1898 and 1899. •
* Kansas Press Bulletin 122.

Pastures for Hogs. 167

Since experience shows that for a short period rape makes a
splendid hog pasture, there is no reason for a lack of forage when
clover is winter killed, or land is pastured too heavily, because rape
can be sown very early or very late, thus making pastures at any
time of the spring, summer or fall.

Rape is a plant of the cabbage family, closely resembling it in
manner of growth and character of forage. It is a rather cool weather
plant, and can be sown very early in spring, as soon as there is no
danger of a severe frost. It will endure a pretty severe frost in the
fall before it is injured ; in fact, it may often be used for pasture after
it has been partly frozen, provided stock is kept off when it is frozen.

It is a gross feeder, and does best on very fertile or heavily ma-
nured soil, but does fairly well where corn and wheat thrive. It is a
very rapid grower, and if sown alone on good land, will be sixteen
to eighteen inches high in six to eight weeks. AVhen sowing rape alone,
it is best to have a well-prepared seed bed, well pulverized, and sown
in drills two and one-half feet apart and cultivate until eight inches
high. It may also be soAvn broadcast, and either harrowed or disked
into the ground. AVhen sown in drills, about two or three pounds of
seed per acre is sufficient, but if sown broadcast, three to five pounds,
and sometimes more are needed.

At the Missouri Experiment Station, a mixture of rape and oats
has given one of the most productive pastures ever used. It can be
sown either at the same ; ime as the oats or can be sown and harrowed
in after the oats are up. Rape may also be sown in rye and give excel-
lent pasture. The DAvarP Essex variety has been giving the best re-
sults in this State.

"When pasturing rape, the hogs should not be turned on until
the plants are tAvelve to fourteen inches or, better still, sixteen to
eighteen inches high. "WJien pastured before this time, the hogs pull up
the young plants and kill them, thus destroying the pasture. Rape
should not be pastured so closely that nothing except the bare stalk
remains. A few leaves or parts of leaves should be left to start new
growth. If planted in drills and cultivated after each period of
pasturing, three crops may be obtained from each set of plants yearly.

Rape can be sown so as to furnish a forage at any time of the
growing season, and if necessary can be used as the principal pas-
ture for hogs. It must not, however, be pastured too closely and
must be given opportunity to get well started after being pastured.
The amount of land sown to rape need not be large, because it is
worthless except for pasture or soiling, and one acre will pasture
fifteen to twenty hogs for a period of two or three months.

168 Missouri Agricultural Report.

OATS AS A HOG PASTURE.

Another plant that can be sown for a time of pasture shortage
is oats. Six of our correspondents mention it as a pasture for spring
pigs and seven as a summer pasture for fall pigs, while four men-
tion it in connection with rye, cane, kale or cowpeas, as the best
forage to grow for hogs. Early sown, oats will do to pasture early
in the spring, when the hogs have to be taken from the rye or wheat.
It may also be sown w^ith rape and make more forage than with oats
alone, but there is the danger of the oats getting too woody and
being trampled down. Oats can be pastured lightly from the time
they are three or four inches high, and continued until heads are
forming, when the hogs should be removed until the grain is in the
milk, when, if desirable, they can again be turned in and allowed to
harvest the grain crop. Oats are especially good for sows and pigs,
and for furnishing early pasture. The composition of the oat plant
is such that it does not furnish the proper nutrients to balance a ration
of corn alone for growing hogs ; hence on oat pasture the hogs should
have a limited amount of nitrogenous supplement, such as shipstuff,
linseed oilmeal, or a small amount of tankage or meat meal.

SORGHUM OR CANE,

Sorghum deserves a good place in the list of useful short-lived
forage crops for hogs for hot weather and drouths. It is especially
useful on account of the large number of hogs it will pasture, furnish-
ing enough forage for twenty to thirty hogs per acre. It is not as
palatable and nutritious as the other forage crops mentioned, but is
used by many as a dry weather crop. One man says that sorghum,
when heading, furnishes the best forage he has used. It can be sown in
May and be ready for pasture in July. It will last during July,
August and September, and often later, and is especially useful dur-
ing the dry months. The composition of sorghum is also such that it
requires a supplement to the corn fed to obtain the best results.

PUMPKINS.

Pumpkins are especially relished by swine, and have been fed
with very satisfactory results. "While not distinctly a forage crop,
they are so useful in starting pigs on a ration of corn in fall or for
feeding sows and pigs that they deserve a place among green crops
for hogs. Pumpkin seeds are very rich in protein, and also act as a
vermifuge^ clearing animals of worms and putting the digestive organs

Pastures for Hogs. 169

in excellent condition. There is nothing better for putting the animal
in good "tone" than pumpkins, but care should be taken that too
many seeds are not eaten and the system thereby deranged.

The practice of planting pumpkins in corn or in stumpy ground
makes them a very cheap crop to grow. One man in central Missouri
plants as high as five acres of pumpkins to feed to his hogs. Pumpkins
of inferior quality should be fed first, thus leaving the soundest for
storing for later use. Experiments at many state experiment stations
have proven that it is better to feed pumpkins raw than cooked. The
character of the pumpkin makes it better to feed with grain than
with a more bulky ration, as is shown by a trial at the New Hampshire
Experiment Station, where two lots of shoats were fed on raw pump-
kins, one lot receiving in addition milk, and the other milk and corn
meal. The first lot made a daily gain per pig of 1.12 pounds, while the
latter made a gain of 2.26 pounds. The use of this crop should be-
come more general, especially for starting hogs on a heavy feeding
period.

SOYBEANS.

A crop that should be given more attention by the farmers is
soybeans. This plant is of the cowpea family, and differs from it
in only a few particulars. It has not, how^ever, become so widely
used in this State as cowpeas, probably because it has to be inoculated
before it will enrich the soil or grow to the best advantage. At the
Missouri Experiment Station, soybeans have given good results, and
the indications are that they can be grown in all localities of this
State. They furnish more seed than cowpeas, but not so much forage,
so for hogging down they are somewhat superior to cowpeas on ac-
count of the greater amount of seed produced. The general directions
for seeding, pasturing, etc., are the same as for cowpeas. This forage
has been found very profitable in southern Illinois, Indiana and Kansas,
where it is being grown extensively as a hog feed. Numerous trials
at different places in these states have proven that soybeans are one of
the best forages that they can grow. There should be more attention
paid to this plant in Missouri.

ARTICHOKES.

AVhile artichokes are not generally grown in this State, a few
men are using the crop for fall pasture. Artichokes should be planted
near the hog lot and be harvested by turning the ho^s in and allowing
them to eat the tubers out of the ground. If a crop of the same kind

170 Missouri Agricultural lieport.

is desired on the same ground the next year, the hogs should be re-
moved before the tubers are all eaten, thus leaving the land seeded.
Next year this land will be cultivated and another crop raised without
reseeding. Artichokes may be planted in rows twenty-one to twenty-
four inches apart, and eighteen inches apart in the row, and cutivated.
One acre will pasture fifteen to twenty-five hogs from October until the
ground is frozen. The artichoke is superior to common beets or
turnips. Results from the Oregon Experiment Station show that, com-
pared with grain alone, ihe artichokes effected a saving of nearly two
pounds of grain per pound of gain on the hogs. The hogs fed on
artichokes are also healthier than when not receiving any green feed.

WINTER AND EARLY SPRING PASTURE.

There is probably no greater loss to the hog raisers of the State
than the lack of a suitable pasture for hogs in Avinter. Of course, there
are times during the winter when it is entirely impossible for hogs to
get anything green to eat, but during a large part of the winter the
weather is such that it is possible for them to graze upon some kind
of pasture. One man in northeast Missouri says: "I have made a
specialty of growing crops for winter and early spring pasture, and
have had good results. Hogs having access to the winter pastures
have made double the amount of gain over the ones without pasture,
and on one-half the amount of corn eaten." Pasture in winter and
early spring serves not only the purpose of furnishing a green feed, but
also induces the hogs to take exercise, which they would not otherwise
do, both of which Avill tend to keep the shoats in a healthy, vigorous
condition. With some kind of green forage to pick at, pigs Avill take
sufficient exercise that i)ractically all danger of thumps will be re-
moved. As is well known, two of the worst things that the hog raiser
has to guard against in winter are thumps and constipation, both due,
to a large extent, to a lack of exercise and some laxative food, and
which can be remedied by a green pasture during as many of the
winter months as possible. Of course, it is impossible to furnish the
best of pasture for three months, from December 15 to March 15, but
even during three months a field of rye, wheat or bluegrass makes an
excellent place for hogs to forage.

For early winter pasture, the succulent forage may do well until
freezing weather. Clover, alfalfa, etc., if of good growth, may last
that long. Rape will nmke good pasture sometimes as late as
Christmas. Cowpeas can be pastured late in the fall, and give a large
amount of forage ; but from freezing time until grass comes in spring,

Pastures for Hogs.

171

any green forage for hogs requires a special crop. Rye, wheat and
bluegrass are about the only plants that are of much value for the
winter months. If the Muegrass has a good growth in the fall it
makes excellent pasture in winter and early spring. If pastured close
in the fall, however, this grass furnishes little pasture during the
winter. Wheat is in general use as a winter crop for pigs, and can
be sown at the right time to make a good crop of grain the next sum-
mer, and at the same time furnish good pasture in either winter or
early spring. Rye is in more general use as a winter forage for hogs
than any other single crop, as is shown by the fact that fifty-six out

Fig. 6. A GREEN PASTURE MAKES CHEAP PORK.

of 156 replies as to what winter pasture was provided for hogs, gave
rye ; thirty-seven said no pasture was furnished, twenty-nine gave
wheat, and thirty-one gave bluegrass. Rye for winter pasture can be
sown any time from August to October, and give good returns. Many
correspondents mention sowing rye in corn in August and using it as
pasture after the corn is gathered, while others report sowing it as
late as to give time to put it in after corn has been hogged down.
Rye will make an early start in spring and furnish green feed until
clover, etc., will do to pasture, or until some early spring sown crop,
such as oats or rape, are ready for use.

172 Missouri Agricultural Report.

One of the Avorst features about using rye as pasture is that it
is so hard to prevent from mixing with wheat and injuring the latter.
It should be sown in a place that is to be plowed up in the spring and
planted to corn, so as to kill any rye that may have escaped the hogs.
Clover can be sown in rye, and the entire crop pastured. Artichokes
also make a good winter pasture when the ground is not frozen. They
should be planted and cultivated the same as directed in a previous
discussion of this plant.

HOW TO GET A PASTURE WHEN CLOVER FAILS.

The farmer is always in danger of his plans being frustrated by
some bad weather killing the crop intended for summer pasture. As
clover is the principal hog pasture of this State, the question is, "What
shall I do when clover is killed?" A great number of men put the
land in corn and either sell the hogs or let them have whatever is
handy or convenient. There is no need for this, however, as for pas-
ture in May, oats or rape, or a mixture of the two, can be sown as
soon as frost is out of the ground. This will make as good pasture as
clover, and will provide forage for about twice the number of hogs
per acre. This pasture will last until another of the same kind can be
sown about three or four weeks later. By alternating between these
two lots, and not pasturing the rape so close that the stems are bare,
new growth will keep coming until spring sown clover is ready to
pasture, or, if this fails, a small patch of sorghum will be of use until
a field of cowpeas planted May 15th to 30th, is ready to pasture in
August. After the cowpea field is cleared, later sown cowpeas or a
patch of late sown rape will furnish forage for late fall, or rye and
crimson clover sown in corn will make good late fall pasture. But
with oats and rape sown six to eight weeks before use for early summer,
rape sown six to eight weeks before use for summer and late fall,
and cowpeas planted two and one-half to three months before using
for late summer and fall pasture, no man need fear to raise a crop of
hogs on account of his clover dying. It is entirely possible and
practical to furnish the best of hog pasture without having either blue-
grass or clover, and on less land, but at a slightly greater cost in
money and time, by using small fields of quick growing crops, such
as oats, rape, cowpeas, cane or artichokes. A list of pastures that can
be made available for the different months of the year, and the time
for planting, follows :

Pastures for Hogs.

173

PASTURE FOR HOGS.

Month.

Crop.

Time of sowing.

No. of

hogs

per acre.

April.

May.

June.

July

August .

September .

October .

November .

December .

Jan. and Feb.

Bluegras.s

Rye

Wheat . . .

Bluegrass and wliite clover.

Clover

Oats and rape

Alfalfa

Timothy

Clover

Alfalfa

Rape and oats

Bluegrass and white clover .

Clover and timothy.

Alfalfa

Rape

Sorghum

Alfalfa . . ,
Clover. . .
Rape. . . ,
Sorghum .

f Alfalfa .
Rape. .

.{ Bluegrass and white clover .

Cowpeas

Pumpkins

Sorghum

Bluegrass and white clover

Timothy and clover

Alfalfa

Cowpeas

Rye

Wheat

Bluegrass

Rye and crimson clover .

Rape

Clover

Alfalfa

Rye

Wheat . . .
Bluegrass .

Rye

Wheat . . .
Bluegrass .

August and September.
September and October.

Previous spring

April 1 to 10

Not less than 1 year old .
Previous year

Previous year .
Not less than 1
April 15 to 30.

year.

Old or spring sown .

1 year old

May 15 to June 1 . .
April 15 to May 1. .

1 j-ear old or over

Spring sown

April 1-10, grazed down once.
June 1 to 10

Previous year

July or April 15-.30 grazed down
once

June 15

Alone or in corn June or July 1.
July 1 ". ..

Spring

1 year old

July in corn

August and September .
September

August and September

July and August or 2nd growth
Spring

August and September.
September and October.

August and September.
September and October.

6-8

8-12

6-10

6-10

8-12

15-20

15-20

8-12

8-12
15-20
20-25

8-10

8-12
15-20
12-15
20-25

12-15

8-12

12-15

20-25

15-20

20-25

6-8
12-20
fed
20-25

5-7
8-10
12-15
12-15
8-10
6-8

6-8
8-10

12-15

10

10-12

174

Missouri AgricvUvral Ueport.

PASTURE FOR HOGS— Continued.

Month.

Crop.

Time of sowing.

No. of

hogs

per acre.

March .

Rye

Wheat . . .
Bhiegrass .

August anrl September .
Septemlier and October

Note — These dates are given for central Missouri and will be too early by a few days for north
Missouri and too late by a few days for South Missouri.

With such short growing crops available for making hog pasture
on short notice, a rotation can be followed w^ith an assurance that
weather will not entirely upset all plans and unbalance the rotation.

DAIRY SUGGESTIONS FROM EUROPEAN CONDITIONS AS SEEN
IN THE BRITISH ISLES, HOLLAND AND DENMARK.*

(By Wilber J. Fraser, Chief in Dairy Husbandry, and Royden E. Brand, Assistant in

Dairy Husbandry, University of Illinois. Reprinted from Bulletin No. 140,

University of Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.)

A study of the dairj^ conditions of Illinois shows conclusively that
the dairymen are not getting the profits they should from the money
and labor invested in the business of producing milk. Since there are
dairy sections in Europe where they are feeding American grown grain
to their cows and producing dairy products which are sold on European
markets in competition with ours, it is important for the American dairy-
men to know what is wrong with our methods, and the details of the
system that permits profitable dairying on land worth from five to ten
times as much as that in the Central West.

This bulletin is the result of a summer spent in making a detailed
study of the methods employed in the production of milk on the farms
of the intensive dairy countries of Great Britain, Holland and Den-
mark. The main purpose in the study was to look for points in which
European dairymen excel. This was a second visit for the Chief in
Dairy Husbandry, who eight years before noted the important features
at that time, and the observations of the first visit, coupled with the
more mature and deliberate opinions of the second, are herewith com-
piled. While many of the foreign conditions are, of course, vastly
different from ours, and we cannot copy all of their methods directly,
the underlying principles of dairying are the same the world over, and
the high points of their success are uniformly good cows, economical
feeding and care, and sanitary methods, resulting in dairy products of
high quality. The observance or nonobservance of these points make
the difference between success and failure, and are of vital importance
to all American dairymen.

*The cuts for this bulletin were made from photos taken by the authors.

(175)

176

Missouri Agricultural Report.

DAIRYING IN THE BRITISH ISLES, ENGLAND.

In England the greater part of the land is owned by noblemen, who
care quite as much for beauty as for profit, in consequence of which
great attention is paid to the artistic appearance of the farms, and much

pride is taken in keeping every-
thing neat and orderly. No fence
corners or hedge rows are left to
grow up with weeds, nor ma-
chinery allowed to stand in the
fields. England certainly possesses
a charm that is all her own. The
larger portion of the country is in
grass, and neatly trimmed hedges
divide the beautiful, undulating
pastures and meadows into small fields, where numerous clumps of
trees are allowed to grow. Covering the whole country is a network of
winding macadamized roads, lined on both sides with hedge rows and
trees, and leading through the fields in every direction are foot paths.
The heather-covered hills, vine-clad cottages, and cattle dotting the pas-
tures, make a beautiful picture not soon forgotten.

Rural England.

^

■it^- . JJaBllliP J

J^^S^^^^mfi

jpjmi^^j

JBKS^m

MH

mn^^m^jiii^mii

H^K^

'.^jH

Typical English Landscape. Milking Sliort-liorns at Pasture.

FARM MANAGEMENT.

The farms vary in size from fifty to three hundred and fifty acres,
averaging about one hundred and twenty acres, and rent for from
$2.50 to $10 per acre, depending upon the soil. Their valuation is con-
sidered to be thirty times the rental. These farms are often rented by
the same family from generation to generation and it is this stability
which makes the English farmer such a successful breeder of live
stock. The English renter must not be confused with the European
peasant; he is usually a well-to-do and well-educated man, comfortably
situated, contented with his lot, and his heart is in his work.

Da'inj Su(j(jv^tioii.s from Europe.

Ill

Climatic cuuditioiis" affect the crops grown, and while there is more
uniformity of temperature, there being neither intense heat nor cold,
yet very little corn can be raised. On the other hand, grass grows
abundantly, as the rainfall is plentiful and well distributed, and for
this reason the greater part of the country is in pasture or meadow,
only a comparatively small portion being under cultivation. There is
also a growing tendency to have more pasture and less tillable land,

owing to the difficulty with which labor is
obtained. Good permanent grass land is
higher priced than arable land. Agricul-
tural conditions vary in England, as in other
countries, and it naturally follows that one
section differs from another.

Usually grass seed is put in with oats or
wheat and always pastured after the grain
is cut. A large number of grasses are sown
together, as the grasses adapted to the soil
Heavy English cart commoniv ^^^^^l thrive best. A favorite mixture consists
dlMn^mUk.'^ ^''''"' '''''' ^°' of mcadow and tall fescue, perennial rye
grass, timothy, cock's foot, sweet vernal and red, wiiite and alsike
clover. Pastures that have been down some time either run to weeds
or establish themselves. The chief difficulty is to have the ground firm,
and the tramping of stock does much good if the ground is not too wet.
The pastures should be cared for by careful stocking, to prevent coarse
grasses from seeding and running out the smaller grasses. If the coarse
grasses predominate, the pasture
then becomes open in the bottom.
Pasturing a mixture of stock is
best, as they prefer different
grasses. Favorite English sayings
are : ' ' Never interfere with a
good pasture when once it is es-
tablished, ' ' and ' ' Any laborer can
look after arable land, but it re-
quires a master to look after grass land."

Oats, wheat, barley and rye are the grains commonly raised. These
are harvested by cutting a swath around the field with a cradle and
then using a self-binder, as in this country. The crops which are culti-
vated while growing are mostly roots. Mangels are gro^vn extensively
for stock feeding, and these commonly yield from twenty-five to thirty
tons per acre.

The carts, wagons, tools and implements used by the English

A— 12

English Farm at Hay Barracks.

178

Missouri Agricultural Ueport.

farmers seem very crude niid clumsy, compared wiili lliose in the
United States, but on the otlicr lumd, they are more substantial and
much better made. The English farmers are fast seeing the conve-
nience and advantage of our machinery, and are not only using

much that is made in the United
States and Canada, but are design-
ing and manufacturing implements
((uite'like our own. English Ag-
riculturists freely admit that they
liave learned much from Ameri-
cans about improving and devel-

Shire mares generally u.si,*d twi Uu- i'arni.s

of England. oping farm machinery.

LIVE STOCK.

The Englishman is a lover of fine stock, and as a rule has a much
better quality than is seen in this country. The horses used on the
farms are largely Shires. Being of the heavy draft type, they are fre-
quently used singl}^, and very seldom does one man drive more than
two horses at a time on the farms.

Herd of dairy Short-horns which has been bred almost entirely for milk production for
twelve years. Average production 6,000 pounds milk per cow per year. White
cow standing produced 7,000 pounds milk with first calf, and over 11,000 pounds
last year. Average test 3.8 per cent. fat.

Nearly all the cattle seen in England are Short Horns, w^ith now
and then a few Herefords, Devons and Jerseys. Most of the milk of
England is produced by millving Short Horns. Several excellent breed-
ers of Dairy Short Horns are breeding for milk alone, paying no atten-
tion to beef. In this way two classes of Short Horns are being de-
veloped that are almost as different as Holstein-Friesians and Aberdeen
Angus.

FEED AND CARE.

It is estimated that on good land it requires from 2^/^ to 3 acres to
keep a cow a year. The cow\s are turned to pasture about the middle

Dairy Suggesiioiis from Europe.

179

of Mmv, ;ni(l llic liivK^ ;ii whicli they iwr taken oK in the lall varies
from October 1 to November 1, depending upon the season. Cows are
not soiled, and pasture grass is generally depended upon to furnish
the entire feed for the summer. When this is done, it requires about
two acres of pasture per cow. This will support the cows until the first

of August, when they are then
turned on the aftermath in the
meadowy and from this time on
changed back and forth from the
pasture to the meadow. Grain is
sddom fed to cows on pasture,
until after the first of August,
when a small amount of cotton
seed cake is fed to many of the
l)est milkers. Ordinarily, the win-
ter ration for dairy cows consists
of 40 to 70 pounds of roots ; 15 pounds of straw ; 7 pounds of hay ; and
8 pounds mixed meal and cake. The roughage is fed three times a
day and the grain twice — the

Red Polled cows common in Eastern Eng-
land.

Jerseys at pasture. Seen only occasion-
ally in England.

grain being fed according to the

milk flow, and is cut off entirely

when the cow is dry.

At the Agricultural shows there

were numerous and extensive ex-
hibits of condiments and condition

pow^ders for stock. Talking witli

stockmen on the farms, it was learned that there is an enormous

amount of these materials fed in England. It would seem from

this that English stockmen, like
many Americans, overestimate the
value of these preparations.

As straw is valuable for fodder,
only a sufficient amount is used
for bedding to take the rough
edges off the cobble stones or brick
with which the stable floor i:,
paved. A noticeable feature is the
care taken of manure. The best
farmers have sheds under which

it is kept to avoid waste. The l)arn yards are paved with cobble stones

to keep the cows out of the mud.

Dairy Short-liorn that traces to Volume
I of herd book.

180

Missotiri Agricultural Report.

Diii'iiii;' llic suiniiici', cows (ililjiiii llicir wjilci" I'l'din wnlcr lioliis,
brooks and tile drains, hi wiiiU-r tlicy aic walcrcd J'rom a trough in
the yard, the water never being- warmed, as the winters are not severe.

FARM BUILDINGS.

The buiklings on the farms are substantial, usually being con-
structed of stone or brick, and
having slate or tile roofs. The
houses are comfortable, and niueli
attention is given to neat and ar-
tistic plantings around the homes.
Our farmers have much to learn
from their English cousins in this

respect. English laborer's cottage.

CITY MILK SUPPLY.

England, with no greater area than Illinois, has a population nearly
half as great as that of the United States, and the question of supply-
ing this enormous number of people with fresh milk is a problem of
magnitude.

In small towns, milk is deliv-
ered warm from the cow twice a
day. In the large cities it must
be cooled to stand shipping and
the unavoidable delay in delivery.
As the climate is cool, it is not as
necessary to have the milk chilled
to a low temperature during the
summer as it is in the States. The
customary price to the farmer is
$1.40 per 100 pounds for the sum-
mer six months, and $1.60 for the
winter six months, making an av-
erage of $1.50 per 100 pounds,
after the freight is paid.
An example is cited of a dairy company distributing milk, one of
the most extensive in ]\Ianchester, owned and operated by Mr. Hail-
wood. He started in the business while yOung, and has developed a
retail trade until at the present time he owns two farms, and runs
twent.y one-horse delivery carts and eight distributing shops in the

Dairy Short-horn prize winners at tlie
Royal Show.

Dairij Suggestions from Europe.

181

city of Manchester, where milk is sold by the glass or quart. He rents
a double shop in the main part of the city for $4,000 a year, where
he serves refreshments and employs twenty people. He pays the labor-
ers that work inside his dairies,
and also those who deliver milk,
six dollars a week.

He buys from 20,000 to 30,000
pounds of milk a day, selling it at
6 cents a quart in summer and 7
cents in winter. Most of the milk
is delivered in bulk and in pint
and quart buckets, none of the
milk being bottled, with tho ex-
ception of a small amount which
is pasteurized and sold in small-
necked glass bottles. He sells 50 per cent, cream in ten-ounce jars at
12 cents. If the jar is returned, 1 cent is refunded.

Another example of a dairy company supplying a city with milk
is a concern doing a high class buiness in one of the smaller cities.
It has as a depot an excellent two-story brick building with an attrac-
tive shop i]i front where milk is sold by the glass, or in larger quantities.
The floors are of cement and the walls of white glazed brick.
One entire side of the building and a portion of the roof are of glass,
giving ample light in the second story, where most of the milk is handled.
A wash room for cleaning cans and dairy utensils is fitted up with every

City milk supply depot, showing milk
chums and delivery carts.

Dairy Short-horns. A source of London's milk supply.

needed appliance and a large boiler furnishes steam for power and
sterilizing. There is also a churn room where any milk or cream that is
left unsold is converted into butter. About 7,000 pounds of milk are
brought daily to this depot by the farmers in the vicinity. The milk is
filtered, pasteurized and thoroughly cooled, and is then ready for the
consumer. The twenty men employed in preparing and delivering the

182 Missouri Agricidl iiral Ucpuii.

milk are required to wear white suits. The milk is delivered with
twenty push carts, each having a large can, called a milk churn,
swiuig between the wheels, and attached to the cart are also several pails,
some containing cream and others to be used in carrying milk up the
hills where it is too steep to push the cart. As the advantages of thor-
oughly cooling the milk are not appreciated, they incur the extra labor
and expense of having the milk delivered twice a day at the depot and
also to the customers.

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS.

England has practically no creameries or cheese factories. Nearly
all of the milk not used for direct consumption is made into butter or
cheese on the farm, by far the greater part being converted into
sweet cream butter. The excellent and uniform quality of the butter
and cheese used on the tables at hotels and in the home of England
is everywhere noticeable. An
Englishman would not think of
serving butter of as poor a quality
as much of that found on the
American markets.

As the population of England
is over seven times as dense as
that of Illinois, a large percentage
of the milk produced is used for

direct consumption, and most of Lniiiy building on Lord Rothschld-s

the butter and cheese consumed

has to be imported from other countries. The United States is enjoy-
ing practically none of this trade. Denmark and Holland, by studying
English tastes and demands, have captured the greater part of the
dairy imports and are producing them on land worth from $500 to
$1,000 an acre.

IRELAND.

Although having the advantage of favorable natural conditions,
the Emerald Isle falls behind in agricultural progress, both as regards
the peasantry and the capability of the soil, and it naturally follows that
the dairy industry is on a i)ar with the other agricultural operations.

Being directly influenced by the Gulf Stream, Ireland has a climate
which — moist in summer, moderate in winter — exposes almost 20,000,000
acres of land to a long growing season. The climate and soil are especially
adapted to the growing of pasture, hay and green crops, and the unique
natural advantages particularly adapt the country to dairying rather
than grain growing. The general size of the farms also lends itself to
the intensive methods, which are practiced where dairying is rightly

Dairy Suggcsiions from Europe.

183

conducted. Yet, as was mentioned, the agricultural conditions are in
some respects deplorable. This is especially true of the more densely
populated region of the Southwest, where the land is poor.

In the north of Ireland there is much mixed farming, while in the
south nearly all of the land is in grass. In the north and central east-
em parts of Ireland the farms are small. The owners of large estates
divide up the land and rent it out in small amounts to numerous ten-
ants, many of these having not over twenty acres.

In striking contrast to the careful housing and care of the dairy
cattle in England and Scotland,
Ireland practices, in many re-
spects, the loosest kind of dairy
methods. Excepting near the
larger cities, where a constant sup-
ply of milk is required, the cows
are generally allowed to go dry in
the fall when the pastures fail.
During the winter their only shel-
ter may be an open shed. ]\Iany
of the barns are small and have
no loft or hay room, thus necessi-
tating stacking in a moist climate

where the hay rapidly deteriorates. In the southern part, many of
the cow^s are fed nothing but hay or straw through the winter. As the
supply of these is often limited, spring finds many of the cows so badly
emaciated and in so weak a condition that they can scarcely get up
alone, and it takes a month of fine pasture in the spring to put them in
good condition to produce milk. This reduces the portion of the year
when the cows are producing anything like their maximum yield to
about three or four months, which means that the earning power of the
farm is run at full capacity for only one-third of the time, and for the
remaining portion of the j^ear not only the stock, but the labor, as well,
is partially or wholly idle. There is certainly little profit in this sort of
dairying, and its effects are detrimental to both man and beast. To
add to their folly, tliey attempt to make both milk and beef from the
same cattle, which are frequently scrubs and good for neither purpose.
Still, these are the conditions existing in a large and exclusively milk
producing district of Ireland, where the cattle are decendants from the
native stock which have been crossed with the Short Horns for many
years, and bred for beef and milk, until now^ they are almost a distinct
breed.

The great problem is how to supply winter butter and keep the

Irish farmer's cottage.

184

Missouri Agricultural Report.

English trade the year round. Co-operative creameries are doing much
to aid in this respect. Still, the majority of farmers persist in the
"one-third year dairying" method. Tliere are some good dairymen,
yet the poor ones do not learn to profit by these examples and each year
the pastures are consumed with but comparatively small profit. Many
Irish dairymen, like so many American dairymen, do things the easiest
way, and in consequence reap the small end of the profit.

Irish laborer's cottage.

Notwithstanding the bad practices followed, Ireland has 800 cream-
eries and exports about 140,000,000 pounds of butter a year, which is
valued at over $30,000,000. If Ireland could be awakened to her natural
advantages, breed efficient dairy cows and feed and care for them
properly, she could easily be a great dairy country. Denmark — only
one-third the size, and lacking the natural advantages of soil and
climate, — exports over twice as much butter.

1 II ,P ,~ ^^-*^^^TJ||||

^- ^^^^^^^|L

1^ -fiwfri**'

■"■^ ^ * Jr ;.' '•; ~^^;'C

ittii^

Irish cow market, Dublin.

Dairy tiu<j(jc^liu)is from Europe.

185

Like many Americans, the Irish daiiyman is so exceedingly short-
sighted that he cannot see that an extra yield of 2,000 pounds of milk,
worth $25 a year, in a single year will alone more than make up the
difference in the butcher's price between a special dairy cow and a
dual purpose cow at the end of her lifetime.

The slack methods followed by many dairymen in some parts of
Illinois are but little better than those in Ireland, and without im-
provement it must follow that we have a class of dairymen who are
merely existing in a country where the land is fertile and the market
for high grade dairy products good.

SCOTLAND.

The dairy region of Scotland is confined almost exclusively to the
southern part of the country, and this is the only section that will be
discussed. The general appearance of the country is much the same
as that of England, the larger portion being in grass, either pasture or

At the edge of the vihag-e of Fenwick, Scotland.

meadow, and the crops grown are also similar. It seems like a mistake
to till so little of the land, when compared with the more intensive
methods of Denmark, where nearly all of the land is imder cultivation.
Yet the grass grows so luxuriently that it gives a fair return per acre.

FARM MANAGEMENT.

The usual rotation is oats, oats, hay, hay, pasture for from five to
nine years. The methods of seeding, caring for the pastures, and har-

186

Missouri AyricuUtiral Report.

vesting are inucli the same as have been deseribed under England. The
farms vary in size from 60 to 300 acres, aud some are as large as 1,000
acres, but the average is about 100 acres. On a good farm of this size
are usually kept 24 cows, 7 or 8 two-year-old heifers, 7 or 8 yearling
heifers and the same number of calves. Most of the farms are rented.
The rent varies according to the productiveness of the land, and averages
$7.50 an acre. As a rule, land valuation is not increasing. In some
sections land is decreasing in productiveness because less money is
spent in keeping \\\) lile drains, and on account of lax methods of farm-

Curing hay. W^hen dry the cocks are pitched into the small stacks and after about

three weeks these are taken to the barn.

ing, one of the reasons for the latter being the lack of laws protecting
the tenant farmer from the unscrupulous methods of the landlord. The
present laws seem to put a premium on poor farming, for if a tenant
improves his farm, making it more productive, he is almost sure to have

^■J^^^

r^*<^r t^#' '^-'\'^^fi

Broad, rolling pastures of Scotland. Ayrshire heifers in foreground.

his rent raised at the expiration of the lease, and this all tenants veiy
much dread. As a rule, a tenant stays on the same farm for a long
number of years, aud occasionally a line of tenants remain on the same
place for one or two centuries. Land has been known to change hands
three times, yet the same line of tenants remain on the farm.

Daii-ij Suggestions front. Europe. 187

Scotch dairyinen say that the size of the farm most profitable is one
which can be run by the family, without hired help, which is often
expensive and inefficient. Married men get $225 a year, with house and
potatoes furnished. Single men receive from $175 to $190 and board.

DAIRY CATTLE.

In this section of Scotland dairying is almost the sole occupation of
the farmers. The cows kept are practically all high grade or pure-
bred Ayrshires, and as a class are efficient and economic producers.
Heifer calves from the best cows are raised on all the farms. A good
registered Ayrshire cow brings from $125 to $200 and a good grade cow
$80 to $100. Heifers drop their first calf at from 2i/o to 3 years of age.
The cows that are good producers are kept as long as they are healthy.
The poor milkers are disposed of while young, on the dairy market, to
other dairymen, or fed for beef. In many herds in Scotland are cows
twenty years old, ;ind still good producers, but in herds which are fed

A typical scene in Ayrshire.

heavily on grain they do not last as long, and the oldest cow is not more
than twelve years old. As a rule, the sires used are from high pro-
ducing dams, rather than show stock. On farms where milk is sold for
direct consumption the cows are usually dry for six weeks, and on farms
where cheese is made, the cows are frequently dry for three months
during the winter. The best dairymen expect to receive $100 per
cow per year, when the milk is soli at an average price of $1.4.0 per 100
pounds. To show the efficiency of the Ayrshire cows it is only neces-
sary to state that the production on 18 farms near Kilmarnock in 1907
reached the high average of 6,920 pounds of 3.9 per cent, milk per
cow, including heifers with their first calf. In comparing the yield of
the Ayrshire cows in Scotland with the cows in the United States, con-
sideration must be given to the fad that the cows in Scotland are fed
very little grain.

About one-half of the cows in Scotland are milked by women and
girls, and the average is eight cows to the milker. Cows are milked

188

Missouri Agricultural lieport.

regularly twice a day, and in most herds the milkers are rotated around
the herd in a regular- order, so that a cow is not milked twice in suc-
cession by the same person. This is the universal practice followed in
Scotland, the explanation of it being that if there are any poor milkers,
they will not spoil a given number of individual cows. In this particu-
lar, Scotland is unique, as in all other dairy countries visited, each
milker milks the same cows regularly. Scotch dairymen admit that if
all the milkers are good, it is best to have them milk the same cows reg-
ularly, but if some of the milkers are poor, it is best to rotate them in
this manner.

There are two types of Ayrshires in Scotland; the show type and

the producing type. The show
type has l^een developed for the
show ring, and bred for beauty
alone. The genuine show udder
must be compact and closely at-
tached, both before and behind.
The sole nuist be flat, with no in-
dentations between the teats, and
the udder must not protrude be-
hind, l)ut be carried up even witli

Ayrshires, the dairy cow of Scotland. ji ii • i in n t

the thighs, and have small cylin-
drical teats, evenly placed on the flat bottom. This is the only kind of
udder that can be shown many years in succession and not become too
pendent for the show ring. Any intelligent dairyman knows that this
type of udder is fleshy and does not belong to the best producers. This
craze for tight, close, shallow udders started in the show ring about
twenty-five years ago. It has been of untold damage to the Ayrshire
breed, and has split the breeders into two factions — one of which is

mam i

Ayrshires waiting for the milking hour.

breeding for show, and the other for production. The breeders who
are breeding for production belong to test associations and keep ac-
curate records of their cows. The latter cows have good udders that
milk well away, and large, soft teats that are easily milked. One of
the best authorities in Scotland upon this subject says: ''The show ring-
has been a curse to the Ayrshire breed. Ayrshires would be a different

Dairy Suggestions from Europe

189

bi'Oi'd t()d;iy IkkI llici'c iicxcr 1)crii ;i sliow. '^Plic Icjidiiig exhibitors of show
Ayrshires of the flat, fleshy udder tyi)e have not made money, even if
they have sold their stock at large prices, because they did not get enough
milk to bring up the profits. One of the leading exhibition herds pro-
duced only half as much per cow as did another herd bred for produc-
tion alone. This shoAvs the folly of running to fads. You American
dairymen are making a great mistake in allowing showmen to be your
importers, as they are taking over
only tlie show type. By this
means you are losing, to the
American Ayrshire, the advan-
tages of our record Ayrshires in
the economy of milk production."
As an illustration that show
Ayrshires are not producers, the
ring of aged cows at the Royal
Agricultural Show last year is a
good illustration. The cows placed at the lower end of the show ring
were at the head in the production class. They stood as follows:

Inspection class 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Production on yield of milk 5, 4, 1.

The cows receiving 2 and 3 in the inspection class were not shown
in the production class.

Ayrshire calves at feeding time.

Promising young Ayrsliires.

Record Ayrshires are gaining rapidly in popularity. At the High-
land Show Ayrshire cows must produce, the night and morning before
the exhibition, 36 pounds of milk, or they are not eligible to enter the
This ha,s the advantage of preventing the cows being bagged

show ring

190

Missouri AgriciilUirnl 'Report.

Milking- timo in a Scotch stable,
ing- pails in foregroinad

Receiv-

Ijeini'c slidwiiig. 'I'o pi-cvciit friiud in all conipciilioMS, cows are milked
out in the open. Foolish fads are tj^radnally passing away, and at the
present time color does not count for much in the Ayrshire show ring
in Great Britain.

PEED AND CARE.

The cows are usually given nothing but pasture during the sum-
mer from May 10 until September. After, this they get the aftermath
in the meadows, which keeps them until about November 1. Soiling

crops are not fed, excepting some
cabbage in the fall. The amoimt
of pasture required per cow for
tlie summer will vary from one
and one-half to three acres, de-
pending upon the land. During
the winter, dry cows are fed some
roots, and all the straw they will
eat, but no hay or grain. Cows
giving milk usually receive about
12 pounds of straw, 6 pounds of
hay and some grain — the amount
varying greatly, depending upon the production of the cow. The
Scotchman feeds his good producers well, but does not waste grain on
dry cows or those giving a small amount of milk. As a rule, the grain
consists of bean meal, Indian com meal, oil cake, bran and dried brewers'
grains. The cows are turned out each day for a half hour during the
winter to drink from a pond, stream or trough. They are given warm
slop in the stable at mid-day.

Calves are never allowed to suckle their dams, but are fed whole
milk for six weeks, then skim milk or whey, with an addition of oil cake
until they are five months old. After this they are given nothing but
good pasture, when it is available. Yearling heifers are maintained
exclusively on pasture during the summer, and in the winter they are
given oat straw with 2 pounds of cake per day, or hay and no cake.

FARM BTTILDINGS.

The buildings on the farms are
usually made of stone, with slate
roofs. These are naturally sub-
stantially built, and many of
them last for more than a cen-
tury. The buildings are usually
placed around an open court, —

Buildings of a Scotch farmer. House in
center, cow barn on rig-ht, and tool shed
on left, forming a court in center.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

191

the lioiisc on one side, with tlie cheese room and cow stable forming the
side adjacent to tlie house, nnd connected with it. The hay barn forms
another side, usually connected with the cow stalile, and the horse barn
and tool shed are on the fourth side.

The cow stable is always one story, with both windows and ventila-
tors in the roof. The stalls are
double and the cows head directly
against the wall, with no feed alley
in front. The floor is of cement
or brick, and the whole stable is
exceptionally clean and sanitary.
The sides and stalls are kept neat-
ly whitewashed and the floor is
These are the conditions on the average cheese

Dairy barn and hay barracks on a farm
in Scotland.

scrubbed every day
farm in Scotland.

CITY MILK SUPPLY.

The method of supplying milk to the cities and towns in Scotland
is much the same as that of England, which has already been described.

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS.

Most of the milk not used for direct consumption is manufactured

Interior of cow stable. Double stalls divided by glazed tile partition. Tlie floor is

paved with brick, and is sci'ubbed daily.

into Cheddar or Cheshire cheese, and this is almost luiiversally done
on the farm. While this necessarily involves more labor than when

192

Missouri Agricultural Bcport.

inaclc ill factories, on Ihc whole a, lu-ltci- (jualiiy of clieese is secured,
and the extra price received, more than pays for the increased labor in-
volved.

A cheese making room, always
having a cement floor, an abun-
dance of light, and kept in a clean
and sanitary manner, is usually
close to the cow stable. In this
room are to be found all necessary
utensils and equipment for mak-
ing cheese. The cheese is sold,
wholesale, for about sixty shil-
lings per hundred weight, which
is $15 per 112 pounds, or 13 1-3
cents per pound.

Comparatively little butter is
made in Scotland.

Factory where the milk on a large farm is
made into cheese. Curing room above.
Note substantial construction of build-
ing, and ventilators on roof. Scotland.

HIGH POINTS IN SCOTCH DAIRYING.

For the American dairyman, the striking features of Scotch dairy-
ing are the uniformly good cows kept, the excellent care given them,
and the attention paid to feeding them economically on a small amount
of grain, never wasting concentrates on cows that are not producing
heavily.

To the Ayrshire and dairy interests of America, it is imperative

Buildings on an Ayrshire dairy farm. In this case the stabling forms the square court

and the house is outside, but adjacent.

that the Ayrshires imported be not of the show type, but the magnifi-
cent producing record Ayrshires so often seen in Scotland. When we
consider the low efficiencv of the average cows milked in America, com-

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

193

pared with the average Ayrshires milked in Scotland, it is easy to see
the great possibilities yet nnattained by the dairymen in tins country.

To the American cheese maker,
the excellence of Scotch cheese is
well known, yet the secret of the
success in making cheese of such a
high quality lies not so much in
the skill of the cheese maker as it
does in the care taken of the cows,
stable, cheese room and utensils,
thus keeping the milk clean so
that it is delivered to the cheese

A laborer's cottage, Scotland. ^^^ -^^ ^j^^^^^ perfect Condition.

AGRICULTURAL SHOWS.

No discussion of dairying in the British Isles is complete without
mentioning the influence of the agricultural shows.

Parade of dairy cattle, Bath and West Ag-ricullural Show, England.

The British appreciate an agricultural exhibit as do no other peo-
ple in the w^orld, and if there is one thing they do know how to do
better than another, it is to arrange and conduct such an exhibition in

Jerseys being Judged. Ends of dairy sheds in background. Roj-nl Agricultural Show",

England.
A— 13

194

Missouri Agricultural Report.

a high class manner. Their shows are quite unlike American, and we
can learn many valuable lessons from our British cousins in this par-
ticular. No horse races, side attractions or catchpenny schemes of any
kind are allowed on the grounds; the people attend to learn instead of
to be merely entertained by some fake show, as is too frequently the
case in this country. Another most commendable feature is that every-
thing is in readiness the morning of the first day. All exhibits must
be up and completed the night before the show opens or leave the
grounds at once. Coupled with this fact the judging begins early the
first morning and is vigorously pushed, thus making the first day much
the best of all, which is a great advantage, as it makes every day inter-
esting and people are not obliged to wait until the last day to see how
the ribbons are to be tied.

There are many smaller agricultural shows held in the different

shires, but as they are quite sim-
ilar, excepting in size, a descrip-
tion of the Royal, the Bath and
West Agricultural Shows of Eng-
land will suffice.

The general scope of the work
of the Royal Agricultural Society,
under the auspices of which the
Royal Show is held each year, is well summed up in the Society's mot-
to: "Practice with Science." In England every one is interested in
agriculture, from the King down to the lowliest laborer, and no man is
considered well educated unless he possesses a reasonable knowledge of
the subject. The entire royal family hold memberships in the Royal
Agricultural Society.

Ayrshlres In show ring. Royal Agricul-
tural Show, England.

Dairy Short-horns in milking contest. Royal Agricultural Show, England.

The most prominent farmers and breeders come together at tliis
show to study the best specimens of live stock the country can pro-
duce and to exchange ideas as to the best methods of breeding, feeding

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

195

and handling live stuek. They also see the latest inventions and most
improved implements and machines for doing all kinds of agricultural
work. Some idea of the extent of this exhibition may be gained from
the fact that the grounds cover 100 acres and the exhibits are placed
close together. This show has not been permanently located, but has
been moved each year, thus necessitating temporary buildings, which,
however, are very comfortable. Owing to the vast amount of work to
be done to get everything in readiness on grounds of this size, the work
begins about six months prior to the show, and by the time the opening
day arrives everything is completed.

The judging began the first
morning at nine o'clock and was
vigorously pushed, as may be im-
agined, when we consider that at
the Royal there were about 700
entries of cattle, the same num-
ber of horses, and nearly as many
of sheep and hogs, yet the judging
was practically completed by noon
the first day.

The dairy breeds were represented by Ayrshires^ Jerseyr;,
Guernseys and Kerreys, the Short Horns being exhibited as a
strictly beef breed, the same as in this country. There was, however, an
exhibit of unregistered dairy Short Horns. The cattle were paraded
each morning in an immense ring, which was surrounded by a crowd
of admiring spectators. In the afternoon the horses were paraded, and

Guernsey stable. Royal Agricultural
Show, England.

One of the avenues in the dairy and farm machinery exhibit.

Show, England.

Royal Agricultural

196

Missouri Agricultural Report.

later in th(^ day judging' of the liaiiicss classes took place. There were
at all times large crowds around the show rings, stalls and pens. People
came from all parts of the British Isles to attend this show, which lasted
six days, and one day 52,000 people were admitted to the grounds.
The amount of money offered in premiums was nine thousand nine hun-
dred and sixty -nine pounds, or about $50,000, exclusive of the champion
prizes, and many vauahle medals offered by^the different breed societies.
Besides live stock there was an extensive exhibit, numbering more
than four hundred stands, of all kinds of agricultural and dairy im-
plements and machinery, from small hand tools to harvesting and thresh-
ing outfits, and a large number of wagons and vehicles of all kinds and
descriptions, consisting largely of carts, many of which were heavy
and high.

Workina: dairy. Bath anfl V^^est Agricultural Show, England.

Th(^ most attractive part of tlic dairy exhibit was the working
dairy, which was located in a large building erected for the purpose
and which accommodated forty hand churns and butter workers. In
this building could be seen some kind of dairy work in progress at all
times during the show. Separating, pasteurizing and cooling milk
occupied the morning hours and later each day two butter-making com-
petitions for prizes, by dairymaids, took place. These contests were
well filled and revealed many excellent buttermakers. There was a
milking contest, which was rather a novel feature and created a great
deal of interest. Each contestant was required to milk three cows.
Dealers in dairy apparatus and machinery had many fiiie stands. This

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

197

was a most interesting part of the show, for both the separators and
utensils used were quite different from ours.

It is difficult to describe an English show so that one who has not
been in attendance can really appreciate its value, but a week's stay at
the Royal Agricultural Show of England is well worth a trip across the
Atlantic.

DAIRYING IN HOLLAND.

The time spent studying dairying in Holland was devoted to the
richest and most intensive dairy regions, viz., the provinces of North
Holland and Priesland, which take the lead in both quality and num-
bers of dairy cattle. It is to this section of the country that the fol-
lowing description is devoted.

Road on top of the dyke running around the Zuider Zee. The water in tlie sea on
the right is 12 to 15 feet higher than the land on the left. Notice meadows dotted
witli cattle.

On the first visit we entered the country through the Maas river,
and as we steamed slowly up for thirty miles to the city of Rotterdam
we received our first impressions of Holland with its numerous canals,
level fields and beautiful herds of dairy cattle. The richest and best
agricultural sections of the country lie below the level of the sea and
have been rescued from it by means of dikes, canals and windmills.

Sailing up the river we saw cows in the pa.stures and hay being
made in the meadows several feet below the level of the river. Coming
into port, after crossing the Zuider Zee, all that could be seen from the
deck of the steamer was the roofs of the houses in the village. The
whole country is a perfect network of canals and is thickly dotted with
large, picturesque Dutch windmills. Near Zaandam sixty-five of these

198 Missouri Agricultural Beport.

mills could be counted from the train window at one time. In many
portions of the country the canals, which are from ten to twenty feet
wide, are not more than ten rods apart. The water flows slowly along,
being gradually pumped to higher levels by means of engines or large
windmills, until, after passing for a long distance through large canals
with immense dikes on either side, it finally reaches the sea.

Something of the energy of the Hollanders can be imagined by
considering that all the country roads are either macadamized or paved
with brick, and that all of the water has to be pumped out of the
country and kept from one to two feet below the surface of the land.
The ditches formed by this drainage system are divisions between the
fields,: making fences unnecessary excepting along railroads or to enclose
small paddocks. A passage from one pasture to another is afforded by
a bridge over the canal, or sometimes by filling in earth over large tile,
so as not to obstruct the flow of water. Posts are set on either side
and a gate closes the passage.

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"Windmill and engine house used for pumping water from canals into the Zuider Zee
on right. A large storage reservoir extends from the mill beyond the engine house.
This contains a reserve water supply, and in dry times can be let back into the
canals if desired for irrigation purposes. Sea water cannot be used on account of
the salt.

Holland contains but 8,000,000 acres, or less than one-fourth the
area of Illinois, only one-third of which is really good land, as large
tracts in the eastern part are merely peat or barren sand. This com-
paratively small area of land, equivalent to one-twelfth the area of
Illinois, has developed important things, agriculturally. The size seems
to be no hindrance to progress, as over five million inhabitants, noted
for their thrift and cleanliness, make their living on this small area.
Their exports are $14,520,000 worth of butter and $12,480,000 worth
of cheese, making a total of $27,000,000 annually. At this rate, Illinois
would have to export $108,000,000 of butter and cheese.

Most of the farms are owned l)y the men operating them. These

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

199

energetic farmers keep their places in the best of condition, and drive to
town in a substantial, well finished two-wheeled carriage, behind a
sleek, chunky, active horse. A poor farmer is seldom found, as the life
of the Hollander has been devoted to the one subject — dairying — and
his education has been such as to make him appreciate the importance
of thorough, careful methods. His children are well educated, and in
some cases are sent to another country to complete their study of for-
eign language.

From an agricultural stand-
point, Holland is one of the
most interesting dairy countries
in the world. Though frequent-
ly ignored by tourists, it is full
of interest, instructive sights,
and quaint old customs.

Their conditions differ so
markedly from ours in many re-
spects that it is impossible for
us to learn much from them
that we can copy directly, yet
there are many underlying principles which are worthy of our most
careful study. The foresight shown by these people in providing per-
manent roads, buildings and equipment for their dairy work, and many
of their cleanly methods, could well be studied and copied on this side
of the Atlantic.

Rear view of farm buildings showing
manure pile wliich is to be spread on
tlie pasture in Augiist.

PAKM MANAGEMENT.

There is little grain farming or mixed husbandry in Holland and
almlost no stock is to be seen excepting dairy cattle. Dairying is the

principal occupation of the Dutch
and the greater portion of the
land is either in pasture or meadow.
Milk production is practically a
grass proposition. Plows and grain
raising are almost unknown in
the intensive dairy sections.

The farms are much smaller
than with us. They vary some-
what in size wath the locality, but

A familiar scene during summer in a usually Contain about tWCnty-flVe

Holland cow pasture. hectares, or sixty acres. On farms

.%..i

200 Missouri Agricultural Report.

of this size the live stuck will usually consist of about twenty-two cows,
nine heifers, forty sheep, fifteen pigs and one or two horses. Of this
land about ten hectares is devoted to meadow and the rest pastured, as
dairying is conducted on a strictly grass basis. There is such an abun-
dance of moisture that the grass gi*ows very luxuriantly, and some
seasons great difficulty is experienced in curing hay.

Early May sees the cows turned to pasture, and the method of
feeding for six months is then very simple* as the cows only crop the
grass in the pastures. It is rare to find a field larger than five acres,
so the cows are easily restricted to a small area and are frequently
changed from one pasture to another, so that the grass may be renewed
in growth and freshness. A drought in July or August may cause a
shortage of grass, and some oil cake may be fed, but as a rule the cows

Gateway to a Hollanrl pasture. The canals make fences unnecessary. The bridge over
the canal is the usual communication afforded between pastures.

subsist for six months on grass alone. An exceedingly wet season
causes the grass to grow in excess, and if it is too wet to be cured as
hay it is cut and put in the ground or stacked and covered with nnid
for use as graas silage.

As the Dutch dairy farmer has nothing but grass, and no land to
plow or crops to till, it would seem that he would have an easy time
during the summer, but a closer acquaintance with his methods shows
that this is not the case.

The pastures and meadows receive special care. Through the sum-
mer the pastures are gone over at frequent intervals and the cow drop-
pings gathered with shovel and w^heelbarrow and placed in piles, thus
preventing the waste occasioned by fouling the grass, and the tufted ap-
pearance so often seen in our pastures. During the winter these drop-

Dairy Suggestions from Europe. 201

pings, having decomposed, are again spread upon the pasture. The
fields are usually pastured one season and in meadow the next. The
manure from the \^dnter before has been carefully stacked and rotted,
and the liquid confined in a cistern. In August this well rotted manure
is hauled onto the pasture by means of a three-wheeled, one-horse
wagon. The manure is put in piles of two to three hundred pounds
each, 25 feet apart, malting an application of from eight to ten tons
per acre. These piles are later carefully and evenly spread over the
land and after each pile is spread, the man goes over the ground, hitting
the chunks a glancing blow with the fork so as to pulverize it all very
thoroughly. [Besides this, the cleanings from the canals, the mud and
rank growth of soft reeds and water plants that are yearly removed
when the sides of the canals are cut down, are placed in piles, and after
they are thoroughly rotted are applied as fertilizers to the land.

Some meadows are cut twice in a season, and under ideal condi-
tions it is not infrequent for the grass to grow as much as fifteen inches
in a single month. Their method of handling hay seems crude, indeed,
to an American farmer. The grass is cut with a scythe and raked by
hand. The Dutch farmer claims it is cut closer and that less injury is
done the soft sod by this method. When once begun, the mowing pro-
ceeds uninterruptedly, regardless of the weather. When partially dry
the hay is put into small cocks and later, as the curing advances, these
are piled into larger ones, and so on until it is sufficiently dry for the
mow, when it is hauled to the barn in a one-horse wagon. It often
happens that these piles are wet through by rain and have to be re-
spread and dried, so that the hay may lose its greenish color and aroma,
but mustiness or decay is never permitted, and the cows relish the hay
as their winter ration.

DAIRY CATTLE.

One of the first things that attracts the attention of the traveler
in Holland is the large numlier of fine black and white cattle. Thick as
are the sheep on the Cheviot Hills of Scotland, even more numerous
seem the black and white cattle on the level pastures of Holland.
Everywhere, as far as the eye could reach, the landscape was thickly
dotted with fine cows. A more beautiful dairy scene could scarcely
be imagined. History tells us that for two thousand years the coun-
try now Imown as Holland has been famed for its cattle. For the last
two or three centuries these cattle have possessed good dairy qualities,
which have been gradually improved until we find today a breed of
dairy cattle of a high order of excellence. Although only a small per
cent, of the cows are registered, practically all look like pure-breds.

202

Missouri Agricultural Report.

Importations of Holstein-Friesians to this country did not become
frequent until about forty years ago, but they have spread rapidly, and
at the present time are found in every state in the Union.

Successful dairying depends largely upon efficient cows, keeping
them comfortable at all times by properly supplying their wants, and
treating them kindly. In this particular the Dutch cannot be excelled.

In establishing so fine a breed of dairy cattle, they owe their success,
in no small degree, to the careful selection of their breeding stock.
Only a few of the choicest bulls are kept for sires and the greatest care

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is also exercised in selecting females. The cows, as a rule, are excellent
individuals — a threefold method of selection being employed: first, in
the sire; second, in the young calf, judged largely by the milking quali-
ties of the dam ; and lastly, the greatest of all tests is applied — perform-
ance at the pail. Not till the cow answers this satisfactorily is she
accorded a permanent place in the daiiy.

In America nothing but black and white Holsteins are eligible to
registry, and red and white are met with only occasionally, while in
Holland the red and white are seen in all parts of the country. In the
province of Friesland are three men who are breeding nothing but red
and white IIolstein-Friesians.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

203

One of the most interesting features of the trip through Holland
was a visit to the farm of ]\Ir. Kuperus. For many years this gentleman
has been one of the largest exporters of IIolstein-Friesian cattle to the
United States and elsewhere. He has an exceptionally fine herd of
dairy cattle and keeps a careful record of each cow in the herd by
testing the milk every two weeks. The average yield of thirty of his
best cows for one year was 11,275 pounds of milk and 394 pounds of
butter fat. The average lactation period was 306 days and no cow was
milked more than one year. His best cow gave, in 329 days, 18,986
pounds of milk and 585 pounds of butter fat. He has one cow with an
average test for the year of 3.89 per cent, butter fat. This shows some-
thing of the character of the cattle that Mr. Kuperus is breeding, and it
is not strange that he has won many prizes at the different agricultural
shows where he has exhibited.

The cows are brought into a small pasture at milking time. As soon as drawn, the milk
is transported to the cheese factory in the cans on the dog cart at the gate.

At the present time there are over 250,000 cows in Friesland, 15,-
000 of which are registered. Test associations started in the province
of Friesland eight years ago, and today there are over two hundred of
these associations, having twelve members each.

Cattle markets are held once a week in many of the towns. One
section of the market is devoted to discarded dairy cows which are sold
for beef. Another section is devoted to springers and cows in milk,
which are to be sold to dairymen in South Holland. The cows sold
on these markets are usually of an inferior quality. At Leeuwarden
there was a large market for heifer calves, which go to South Holland

204

Missouri Agricultural Report.

to be raised, and later many are sold froin there to 'Belgium for milk
and beef. Eegistered cows of good quality are worth from $120 to
$200.

FEED AND CARE.

The cows are turned to pasture about ^May first. During the cold,
damp days of early spring the cows wear blankets in the pasture to
protect them from the weather. At milking time they are not driven

to the barn, but are milked in the
pasture, or a paddock, and the
milk brought back with a horse or
dogs and cart. ■ At the approach
of the cold winds of November the
cattle are taken from the pastures
and put into the stable and not let
out again until the following
spring.

The feeding is done by the
farmer, and all the feed, and
many times the water, is carried in between the cows from the rear.
The winter grain consists almost entirely of oil cake, fed only to the
heavy milkers in quantities of from two to four pounds a day. The
principal feed, however, is hay, each cow receiving nearly thirty pounds
daily. It takes the great capacity of these cows to handle such a large
quantity of roughage, and special care is taken to see that they are
always ready for their feed. The cows are given the best of care. They

Calf market, Leeuwarden, Holland.

"Beast Market," Leeuwarden, Holland, where hundreds of farmers, in their long blue
frocks and wooden shoes, gather one day each week.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

205

are carefully curried and their tails suspended by a string from the
ceiling, so that while the animal has free use of its tail, it can never get
into the gutter to be fouled. Scarcely an hour pa,sses, day or night, that
the cows are not visited by an attendant. They are watered, fed and
milked Avith the greatest regularity, and given eveiy comfort possible.

r.Iaikit clay in Leeuwarden, Holland. A boat being loaded witli cows.

Caring for the cows, gathering food for them, and the manufacture
r.nd sale of the product occupies the attention of the Hollander to a de-
gree difficult to midertand luiless one has paid them a visit. Holland
is often called the cow's paradise, and it well deserves the name.

HOLLAND cow STABLES.

. It is not easy for a stranger to gain access to a Holland home, but
it wa.s our good fortune on both visits to Holland, in company with in-

Typical Holland farm home.

206

Missouri Agricidtural Report.

terpreters who were acquainted in tlie vicinity, to get inside of many
farm homes in Nortli Holland, where the house and stable are under
one roof. These homes are models of neatness, and are interesting in
the extreme. The buildings are commodious, the roof steep and the
eaves rather low, usually not over ten feet from the ground. The walls

are built of stone or brick and the
roof- covered with an ingenious ar-
rangement of tile and thatch, giv-
ing the building a substantial and
artistic appearance. The one
building contains the cow stalls,
wagon shed, hay loft and living
apartments.

The houses are usually richly
and artistically furnished — much
better taste being displayed than
is often seen in America. The fur-
niture is of good quality and many
times some finely carved old pieces
are seen. The Dutch love music, and a piano is not infrecjuently a part
of the household equipment.

The stables are as different from what we are accustomed to in
America as one can well imagine. A cow stable in America is usually

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land home. The bridge affording a com-
munication between the road and house,
is closed in the middle with a gate.

Farm home. House and cow stable under one roof. Double doors in barn. Windows

in parlor.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

207

an untidy, uninviting, and in many cases, absolutely filthy place where,
to the disgrace of civilization, human food is produced. In Holland a
cow stable is as clean and carefully cared for as any other room in the
hoiLse. The Holland cow stable usually contains from twelve to sixteen
double stalls, the floor of which is raised about eighteen inches. In one
stable this portion of the floor was covered during the summer with
small white sea shells; in another it was covered w-itli matting, while
the floor behind the stalls w^as of polished stone. The woodwork in all
of the stables w^as neatly painted a bright blue. Some are elaborately
appointed. On the floor of one stable, around each stall was a row oi
China plates, and at the end of each division between the stalls was a
milk stool on which rested a plate. In one stable a polished copper tea-

A tenant farmer's cow stable in Holland. Note the raised platform and double cow

stalls with windows in front.

kettle occupied the stool at each stall and the partitions between the
stalls were covered with fine riigs. The small semi-circular windows in
front were draped with lace curtains. In one end of this room was ex-
hibited a fine specimen of wood carving. The family frequently occu-
pies a portion of the stable itself. In several instances the dining room
was at one end of the stable and either a sewing room or kitchen at the
other end. The parlor and other living rooms are separated from the
cow stable by a single partition.

When winter comes the plates, shells and carpets are removed. The
cows are arranged in the stalls so that the largest ones are in the center,
thus giving the herd a more uniform appearance and causing them to

208

Missouri Agricultural Report.

make a more pleasing impression upon a prospective buyer. Since so
many of the cows are sold for dairy purposes, this is a rather important
item in the dairy management. Long and short cows are lined on the
gutter by means of a double tie, the usual rope from the horns being
fastened to one side of the stall and a trace chain attached to a wood
or iron yoke about the cow's neck is brought back and hooked over a
staple in the floor back of the stall partition, thus preventing her mov-
ing forward. A backward step would put the cow in the gutter, and

A well-to-do farmer's cow stable in Hollancl. Stalls for cows decorated with plates,
copper tea kettles and wood carving. Lace curtains at windows. Edam cheese
curing on table at right. This is the way the stable is furnished during summer
months while cows are on pastui'e.

as its bottom is about three feet below the stall floor, one step over the
edge is usually sufficient to cause the cow to remember the occurrence
and recover herself on the slip edge that jn-otrudes some four inches a
little way below the platform on which she stands. This ledge is also
used to support the portable approach used to span the gutter while
placing the cows in the stalls.

CITY MILK SUPPLY.

The greater part of the milk consumed in the large cities of Hol-
land is distributed through central supply houses or milk depots. A

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

209

visit was paid to one of these depots in Amsterdam, where over 16,000
pounds of milk were received and distributed daily. The milk is
brought by wagons from farms eight or ten miles out, and by steam

canal boat from a greater distance.
It is brought in tin cans or
wooden casks holding about six
gallons.

In Holland, as in all other
European coimtries, they do not
appreciate the advantage of thor-
oughly cooling the milk and hold-
ing it at a low temperature. In
the smaller towns it is frequently
delivered warm from the cow and
is at best very improperly cooled in the large cities, thus necessitating
frequent delivery, as the milk will remain sweet but a short time after
reaching the customer. Nearly half the milk handled by this distribu-
ting house is delivered in long-necked, small-mouthed bottles. The

Farm buildings in P'riesland. House and
barn not under the same roof but con-
nected.

Milk delivery cart, Amsterdam. Bottled milk in box and in crates. Bulk milk in

copper casks.

greater part of the bottled milk is pasteurized. Milk is sold by meas-
ure and not by the amount of butter fat it contains, although objection
is made if the butter fat falls below three per cent. The farmer receives
$1.20 per 100 pounds for the milk. The price delivered to the customer

A— 14

210

Missouri Agricultural Report.

is four cents a quart for whole milk, two cents for skim milk and twenty-
five cents for 25 per cent, cream.

All milk in Amsterdam is delivered by hand, either in a cart pushed
by a man, or carried in pails with
a yoke. The supply house which
we visited, runs fifty delivery
carts — a man and a boy going with
each cart. The bottled milk is
carried in a box in the middle of
the cart, and usually on each end
is a brass cask having copper
hoops and handles. As the Hol-
landers pay much attention to ap-
pearance, these are kept highly
polished. There are one hundred

men and a large number of boys Farmer's wagon delivering milk at dis-
employed— the men receiving from tributing plant Amsterdam, Holland.

fifty to ninety cents a day and the boys ten cents. The cheapness of
labor accounts for the popularity of hand delivery.

CHEESE AND BUTTER.

At Rotterdam we made a more familiar acquaintance with the
chief product for Avhich Holland is noted, namely, cheese. We paid a

Cheese market, Alkmaar, Holland. Showing carriers on which cheese is transported

from the market to the boats.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

211

visit to the commission firm of Learning «& Sons, wlio are the largest
cheese exporters in Holland. They have shelving capacity for 600 tons
of Edam and Gouda cheese, these being the two varieties most com-
monly made in Holland. In the province of North Holland, Edams are
made almost exclusively, and until recently were made in the farm
dairies. During the last few years factories are coming in quite exten-
sively. The Edam is the spherical variety, and when sold in America is
stained red. In Holland they are left their natural color — a deep yel-
low — being stained only for export. The standard size is four pounds,
but some are made as large as eight pounds. AVe saw one installment
of Edams that was to be sent several hundred miles up the Amazon
river, and each cheese was encased in a bladdtM*. AVe were allowed to

Loading export butter and cheese on boats at the close of market-day in Leeuwarden,

HoUand.

sample cheese of nearly every description ; some were made to the queen's
taste, and others so tough that it was difficult to get a trier into them.
The price ranged according to the quality, varying from seven to twenty
cents a pound.

A cheese market is held one day each week in the towns and it was
our privilege to visit the to\^^LS of Leeuwarden, Pemerand, Hoorn, and
Alkmaar on market day. One of the largest markets is in the town of
Alkmaar, and as these markets are quite similar, a description of this
one, will suffice. The market consists of a government weigh house
and a square black of pavement. On market day the farmers drive in
early with the cheese they have made, pile them in neat piles on straw
on the pavement and cover them with a canvas to protect them from the
sun or rain. Cheese buyers, representing commission firms from the
different part of the country, are present. Precisely at ten o'clock the

212

Missouri Agricultural Report.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

213

gong sounds, the market opens, and the scene is a busy one. In about
two hours we saAv 60,000 cheese change hands. After being sold the
cheese were removed on carriers, each borne by two men, to the official
weigh house, where they are weighed and then packed into boats on the
canal near by and taken to the different cities, or stored in large curing
houses close by.

In the province of Friesland most of the butter and cheese is made
in factories, practically all of which are co-operative. There are 70 co-
operative factories that receive on the average 25,000 pounds of milk
per day. The average price paid the farmer last year at these factories
was 4% Dutch cents per lieter, or practically one dollar per 100 pounds,
of milk. The butter sold on the average at 25 cents per pound and the
cheese at 10 to 12 cents.

JJelivering milk to co-operative creamery and cheese factory, Leeuwarden, Holland.
This factory received milk from 2,000 cows. About one-third is delivered by boat
on the canal and two-thirds by wagon.

]\Iost of the butter exported from Friesland goes to England. It is
put in wooden casks resembling a small barrel. Each cask of butter is
numbered so it can be traced back to the creamery and to the churning
from which it was made. The butter must contain less than 16 per cent,
of water or the manufacturer is fined.

We visited a ccnbined creamery and cheese factory near Leeu-
warden that cost $50,000. This fine brick structure, with its slate roof,
tile floors, Avhitewashed walls and ceiling, and everything built in the

214

Missouri Agricultural Report.

most sanitary manner possible, is in striking contrast with most of the
cheaply constructed creameries and cheese factories in this country,
with their soft wood floors, filthy sewers and general unsanitary condi-
tions. This factory receives 50,000 pounds of milk a day in summer and
16,000 pounds in winter. It comes from 150 farms averaging ten cows
each. The milk is delivered twice a day and paid for according to the
amoimt of butter fat which it contains.

FEWER NATURAL ADVANTAGES THAN ILLINOIS.

The little country of Holland supports a population nearly twelve
times as dense as that of Illi-
nois, and exports an immense
amoimt of butter and cheese,
without the natural advan-
tages enjoyed by the Central
States. They do, however,
have cheaper labor, and the
milk flow is not reduced for
three months during the
summer by the cows being
tormented with flies.

Here is a country where
the land is worth from $500
to $1,000 an acre, and in

many cases naturally no better than much of our Illinois land. Yet
these people pay their rents or interest on the investment by producing

Milk hauler in Holland. One horse will
haul two tons on the good, level road.

Creamery at Leeuwarden, Holland. Unloading- at receiving room on right.

cans with skim milk on the left.

Fillinj

Dairy Suggestions fro^rn Europe. 215

butter and cheese, which they place on the European markets in suc-
cessful competition with that produced in America on land of less than
one-fifth the value. They do this in spite of the fact that they cannot
produce the amount of digestible nutrients per acre that we can with
either corn or alfalfa.

The secret of their success is easily understood, and may be stated
in a few words — efficient cows, excellent care, co-operation and superior
quality of butter and cheese.

DAIRYING IN DENMARK.

Denmark is a coimtry of small land holdings. The chief occupa-
tion of the Danes is dairj^ing, and in wealth per capita, Denmark is next
to Great Britain, but has the advantage of having this wealth distrib-
uted among the many. One-half of the two and one-half millions of
people in Denmark are engaged in agriculture. These self-respecting
farmers live in a style of refinement and comfort that is surprising.
They are intelligent, industrious and honest, and their system of co-
operation is based on these conditions. Their interests are those of a
small nation given up largely to one occupation and one aim so that the
difficulties of one are experienced by the many, and that which is
beneficial to one is a benefit to the coimtry as a whole.

It is important for the American dairyman to consider briefly the
recent history of the agricultural conditions of Denmark and what has
brought about the marvelous daiiy development. After the Napole-
onic wars the country was worn and wasted. When only partly re-
covered, the Prussian war of 1864 again brought great agricultural and
commercial depression. At this time the chief agricultural pursuit
was wheat raising, and it did not take the shrewd, far-seeing mind of
the Dane long to discover that a continuance of wheat raising on the
already worn and impoverished soil was not in accordance with sound,
economic principle. Some radical changes in their general methods
of farming were imperative if they were to prosper in any marked de-
gree. It is because of these facts, coupled with their present prosperous
conditions, that every American farmer should study what has taken
place in Denmark, agriculturally, in the last forty years. Some of the
factors that led to their success are here noted.

The history of the rise of dairying in Denmark is one of the most
interesting and instructive chapters in agriculture. It is only a gen-
eration ago that the Danes changed from wheat raising to livestock,
and the cows of the country were very inferior dairy animals, but by a
course of careful, persistent and systematic selection and co-operation

216

Missouri Agricultural Report.

they have built up two strictly dairy breeds of a high order, and au
efficient system of cropping adapted to the largest possible production
of milk. To show what Denmark is producing it is only necessary to
mention that she exports annually $87,000,000 worth of butter, bacon
and eggs, nearly all of which go to Great Britain.

As a part of the general movement for reconstruction, the increase
of the high schools and all other agencies of education formed no small
part. The number of small holdings was also increased and a gen-
eral system of co-operation started which was followed later by govern-
ment assistance. Each community, with the help of its neighbors and
the government, has worked out its own plan, based on the principles
of economic production and co-operation. It is on these two principles
that Danish agriculture is built. While the size of the country lends
nuK'h to the possibility of a national system of co-operation, the fact that
the United States is so large and has such varying aims and conditions,
does not prevent the application of economic methods, nor does it in
any way hinder the development of successfully planned community co-
operative interests — interests which would greatly aid in the establish-
ment of a uniform product, a dependable basis of supply, and constant
markets.

FARM MANAGEMENT.

Lying as it does, with the narrow peninsula exposed to the cold north
winds, and the islands in a land locked sea, Denmark exposes its area to

A typical Danish farmer and his home.

varying climatic conditions and contains markedly different soils. Com-
pared, with the sandy lands of the northern peninsula, the warm, rich
soils of the islands are much more productive and enjoy a longer season

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

217

of growth, calling for different management. It should be kept in mind
that the country contains less than 15,000 square miles, or only one-
fourth the area of Illinois. On the whole, the land is naturally poor
and the climate not congenial. The country lies low and is either flat or
undulating. The summers are comfortable, l)ut so short and dry that
oats have only time to mature and,
of course, Indian corn cannot be
raised. The cows have to be kept
indoors more than half the year.
The two significant and impor-
tant factors in Danish agriculture
are that ninety per cent, of the
land is owned by the men operat-
ing it and the greater part of the
country is under cultivation.
The British farmer has sought

A large windmill for grinding grain.

economy in putting more land

to grass and thus saving labor, wliile the Danish farmer has
found success in the opposite direction. About the only resource of the
Danes is their land, and although it is in many places poor by nature,
they have made the most of it. Improved land laws and systems of
land tenure, with education and co-operation, have gradually changed
the agricultural conditions of Denmark from distress to prosperity.
Large estates have been divided into smaU farms that are now tilled by
their owners. The careless methods of former days have given place
to an intensive and skillful dairying. The beef producing cattle have
been displayed by dairy cows until they hold full sway on almost every
farm and have brought success and prosperity to Denmark.

The farms vary in size from ten to three hundred acres, the aver-
age being about fifty acres. The whole country is given up to the most

Danish farm cottages.

intensive methods of agriculture, about seventy per cent, of the farm
land being under cultivation, and the thirty per cent., that is in grass,
is not pastured. A seven year rotation is in general practice, as follows :

218 Missouri Agricultural Report.

First year Clover and grass

Second year Clover and grass

Third year Rye

Fourth year Wheat

Fifth year Roots

Sixth year Barley

Seventh vear Oats

The land is in grass only two years. The first year it usually grows
a strong crop of rye, grass and clover. Part of this is carted to the
bam and fed to the cows green, part is eaten off by the cows being
tethered on it, and the remainder is made into hay. The second year in

grass, the land is tre.ited the last
of April or first of May with the
liquid manure which every farmer
carefully saves in a cistern. In this
way they produce heavy crops of
grass, for the first crop is generally
good as a result of previous ma-
nuring.

The rye is cut green for early
soiling, and from this time until
fall the cows are either soiled with
green feed in the barn or tethered
on it, or both.

The aim of the Danish farmer
is to keep the largest number of efficient cows possible on a given area.
On the large farms a cow is kept to about two and one-half acres, while
on the smaller farms a cow is kept on even less area, as more intensive
methods are practiced. In addition to this, enough young stock is
raised to keep the herd supplied with cows.

From their feeding of cake and meal and the stall feeding of green
crops, an immense amount of manure of fine quality is made, and with
their careful methods of husbanding the solids in a covered manure pit
and the liquids in a cistern, and applying in small quantities at fre-
quent intervals during the rotation, the producing power of their land
is increasing from year to year. This, again, increases the number of
cows they are able to keep, and thus from year to year the comitry is
becoming more productive and more dairy products are being made.
But even the Danes have not yet realized the full possibilities of inten-
sive dairying.

A Danish farm house, with rose garden
in front.

Dairy Suggestions from, Europe.

219

FARM BUILDINGS.

The arrangement of the buildings on the Danish farms is quite
uniform. They are usually placed in a square around an open court.
On the smaller farms the square is frequently incomplete, having build-
ings on only three sides, while on the smallest farms there are but two

U^

Old Danish farm house.

buildings, placed at right angles. When the buildings are in a square
the house occupies the side of the court toward the road. Opposite this
is the hay and straw barn. On one side of the court are the horse
stable and cow stable, and on the other side the granary, storage for
machinery, and the pig sty. In the central court, which is paved with
stone, is frequently foimd a large
Danish piunp and a horse power
for threshing and cutting hay or
straw. Outside of this court, but
adjacent to the stable, is usually
the manure pit, which is walled
up four feet on the sides and has
an impervious bottom. Many
times this has a roof to protect the
manure from waste by rain. A
cistern for liquid manure is near,
and if the manure in the pit be-
comes too dry to decompose prop-
erly, the liquid is pumped onto it. ^°'''''^'' °^ ^^^^^'^^ court showing cottage

and stable. Stork's nest on ridge of

On some oi the large farms wliere roof.

the court has more size the manure pit is inside the court.

Danish buildings are constructed of stone or brick, and on the older
ones the roof is of thatch, held on with cross sticks at the ridge. The

220

Missouri Agricultural Report.

buildings are kept whitewashed, and willi llicir thatehed roofs present
a neat, tidy niid nrtistic appearance. The bai-ns are low at the eaves —

A large Danish barn.

not over eight to ten feet, and the height of the peak depends upon the
width of the barn. This determines the size of the mow for storing
hay over the cows.

The cow stable is universally
built with a feed alley in front of
the cows. In some of the stables
the cows head toward the center,
and in others they head toward the
wall, but are never placed against
the wall with no feed alley in
front, as in Scotland and Holland.
The floors of the older barns are
of cob])le stones, but in the more
I'ecently constructed ones thev are

House on large Danish farm.

of cement. The cows are fastened
with a rope around the neck, rods
extending from a swivel on this
rope below the neck to a perpen-
dicular rod fifteen inches long
fastened to a post at either side,
giving the cow a considerable
amount of freedom with her head.
The platform on which the cows
stand slopes gently toward the
gutter, the latter being about nine
inches deep and eighteen inches
wide, and connected with the
liquid manure cistern.

The houses are neat, attractive

Stable corner of court. Danish pump in
center. Horse power on right.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

221

and homelike, with frequently a fine rose garden in front and large trees
to furnish shade.

Interior of court on large farm. Dairy on right. Cow stable on left.

DAIRY CATTLE.

The million dairy cows of Denmark are confined almost exclusively
to two breeds — the Danish Red, of Zealand and the islands, and the
Jyske, or Black and AVhite cow of Jutland. Both of these have been
developed within the last thirty-five years from the native stock of the
country, by careful selection for milk production. The Red cow is a

Corner of court on a large dairy farm.

product of a cross of Schleswig blood on the native rather scrubby cattle.
The result is a race of fine dairy cattle, weighing from 1,000 to 1,100
pounds. They are dark red, with black muzzle, medium size, deep body,

222

Missouri Agricultural Report.

medium bone, fine skin and well developed ndder and veins. The Black
and Whites of Jutland have been developed from the beef breed in use
in earlier times. They are a larger breed than the Red cow, resembling
the Holstein-Freisians in color and size, but are shorter in leg and deeper
in body than the Dutch cow. Both of these breeds have a distinctively
dairy conformation and are good, economical producers.

Interior Danish cow stable.

The development of the breeds to such a high degree in twenty-
five to thirty years has been due to the farmers' skill, intelligence and
common sense in selecting and breeding for milk production alone, and
the efficiency of these cows is a most striking exampe of what may be
accomplished in a short time if good, systematic work is done and
common sense and judgment are exercised. While many of the bulls
used are young and untried, they are always individuals of merit and

Large herd of Danish red cows tethered in second crop clover, August 3.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

223

from cows ^vitl^ large records. Only the best heifers are raised, and
with the record of the dam and the qualities of the sire Icnown, their
selection is compartively simple, and better cows can be raised than
can be bought on the open market. The price of cows is from $80 to
$90, some of the best averaging as high a-s $100, so that it is also profit-

The black and white cow common in Jutland. Herd tethered in distance.

able from the financial standpoint to raise the young stock to replenish
the herd. Heifers drop their first calf at from two to two and one-half
years of age, and if they prove to be good producers, are usually kept
in the dairy until twelve years old, when they are fattened for beef. In
fairly good condition, cows bring 51/2 cents per pound. Old, thin cows
bring less.

Cows at tether. A typical scene on a Danish dairy farm.

FEED AND CARE.

The COWS are treated with kindness, and eveiy effort is made to
have them comfortable at all times. On many farms the cows are reg-

224

Missouri Agricultural Report.

iilarly groomed. Tethering the cows on grass is usually commenced the
foi-e part of May, for a portion of the day, at least.

The soiling crops used are rye, oats and j)eas, oats and vetch, and
clover and grass. These are hauled to the barn and fed green, or pas-
tured off by tethering the cows along the edge. In some sections
where the farms are small all the land is under cultivation and the
cows are kept in the barn until tlie oats and peas are nearly mature,

when the cows are tethered on
these during the month of July,
after which they are too ripe to
be well relished. The cows are
then changed to the second crop
of clover which by this time is
from twelve to eighteen inches
high. Some dairymen practice
partial soiling all the time, cutting
green rye the last of J\Iay, which
was sown the previous September.
When this rye becomes ripe in
June, they feed clover, and when this is mature, about July 1, oats and
peas are fed. After these, the second crop of clover is ready. It must
be remembered that in the cool European countries it requires much
more time for grain to ripen after it is fully headed than in the Cen-
tral States, thus making the soiling season of the crop much longer.
It is the general rule to pasture until short of grass, about July 1, and
then soil until the grass is good again. The cows are left on pasture

'Pctliei'ed in plenty. Harve.sting oats three
feet high August 7.

Bringing- tethered cows to stable at millving time. Field of roots in foreground.

until October, the exact time depending upon the season, thus making
the period cows receive green feed extend over nearly six months.

The cows are seldom turned to pasture in Denmark, but tethered
by means of a halter on the head and a rope or chain twelve to twenty
feet long, which is attached to a ten-inch pin driven into the groimd.
The cows are moved, five times a day, from three to six feet, depending

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

225

upon the amount of feed. In this manner the crops are grazed off
without waste from tramping. The great advantage of this system of
tethering is that the crops can be allowed to grow two or three feet
high and yet be eaten down without wasting, thus producing much
more feed per acre than can be grown on pasture that necessarily must
be kept cropped fairly close. This is the Dane's chief point in the

Calves tethered in clover.

economy of feeding during the summer. Practically no grain is fed
while coAvs are on grass. A few dairymen feed a little oil cake to
their best milkers.

The usual method of watering is to haul the water in a tank on a
low-wheeled, one-horse wagon twice a day to the tethered cows. Doors
are placed in the top of this tank at either end, and by proceeding
directly across the field along the line of tethered cows, stopping the
horse midwav between the tether stakes, two cows can drink at the

Water supply for tethered cows. Instead of driving cows to water the Dane drives

the water to tlie cows.

same time, making the task of watering easy. Some take the cows to
the stable to be milked three times a day, and in this case the watering
is done there. During the winter the cows are watered by pumping
into the cement manger, or at an indoor watering tank.

A— 15

226

Missouri Agricultural Report.

Milking in Denmarlt.

The COWS are put into the stable in the fall and not let out again
imtil the following spring. They are fed all the straw they will eat,
and, on the average, 4 poimds of hay, 40 to 100 pounds of roots, and
about 6 pounds of grain per day, consisting of oil cake, bran, barley
and oats — the grain being fed according to the milk flow.

]Many of the dairymen on the
small farms milk three times a
day. having ten cows to the milker.
On the large farms they usually
milk but twice a day having from
fifteen to twenty cows to the
milker, requiring two and one-
half hours, night and morning, to
do the milking.

The cows are allowed to go drA
from six to eight weeks. To sup-
ply the Danish export trade of
butter, an even flow of milk is re-
quired the year roimd, and most
of the cows freshen from September to May. The male calves and any
heifers not needed for future cows are sold for veal at from three to
four w^eks old. Calves are not allowed to suckle their dams. They are
fed whole milk for the first week. After this it is gradually changed
to skim milk and this is fed to the heifers imtil they are four to six
months old. From this time on they are raised on pasture during the
summer, and in winter are given hay, straw and roots, and sometimes a
little oil cake.

cow TESTING ASSOCIATION.

The first co-operative cow testing association was organized in

1895. Later these proved so help-
ful a factor in weeding out the
unprofitable cows, that they have
increased rapidly, until at the
present time there are about five
hundred associations in operation.
A man is employed by each asso-
ciation to visit the farms and do
the testing every three weeks. He
weighs the milk of each cow and
keeps an accurate record of the
feed consumed, so that at the close

^^I^^H§

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mSBKR

1

|fi|^.iiy'ylfcd»T>>^|||

WKm

M

i^*iylfe*«c^«»»teaD»»««^<'Wt« ^,^**^j«eMmiS«u

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Returning from millving cows at tether
Laborer's cottage in bacliground.

Dairu Suggestions from Europe.

227

of the year the dairyman can determine the net profit per year from
each individual eow, and which of his cows are the most efficient pro-
ducers. By raising the future herd from the best cows the average pro-
daction has been greatly increased, both in milk and butter fat, and, as
would naturally be expected, the yield per one hundred feed units con-
sumed is also greater. This system of feed and milk records has been
a prime factor in improving the dairy cattle of Denmark to such a high
degree in so few years.

CITY -MILK SUPPLY.

The question of a pure milk supply for cities was first solved in
Denmark when, about 1878, 3ilr.
Busck, an able and philanthropic
man, attempted to supply Copen-
hagen with absolutely reliable
milk produced from cows war-
ranted free from tuberculosis. He
was assisted by a board of physi-
cians, and established the basis on
which the city is now supplied

Avitll milk as nearly perfect as can Town dairyman's house and cow stable.

be obtained.

The real problem of supplying a large city with milk occurs but a
few times in Denmark, so that a brief description of the methods em-
ployed by the two large companies of Copenhagen will give an idea of
the care taken to secure the proper results. These two companies handle
over 100,000 pounds of milk a day, all of which is produced under

veterinary inspection and in ac-
cordance with strict rules laid
down by the company. Inspectors
are employed, whose duty it is to
Hce that every producer lives up
to these rules, which require clean-
liness at every step. As soon as
drawn, the milk must be cooled
and kept below 50 degrees F., un-
til delivered at the bottling plant
in Copenhagen. Here it is sam-
pled and tasted — the slightest off
flavor being sufficient to cause its refusal. After passing the inspector
and weigh can it is pasteurized at 180 degrees F., cooled to below 50 de-

City milk delivery.

228 Missouri AgricuUural Report.

grees F., and put into small-necked bottles sealed with corks or ex-
panded pulp covers.

Milk of different standards is sold, l)ut each is distinctly marked
Avith a label stating the quality and price. ]\Iilk sold in bulk is sent
out in large sealed cans from which it may l)e drawn only through a
faucet, over which must appear a statement of its quality. In this way
skim, one-half skim, whole milk and ereainjnay be put out by the same
wagon at prices varying according to the quality without danger of
the purchaser being defrauded. But all of this milk is of the same
high standard from a sanitary standpoint, as it has all been produced
under the same rules, which require the dairymen to provide healthy

Co-operative creamery.

cows, clean barns and utensils, proper care and feed at all seasons, and,
to insure proper cooling, thirty pounds of ice must be provided for
every eleven gallons of milk x:)roduced.

This system of inspection and company control has been brought
about largely through the guidance of the directors who, without re-
muneration or money interests, serve to see that the supply of milk is as
nearly perfect as possible.

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS.

In Denmark dairy manufactures are confined almost exclusively to
the making of butter. The first co-operative creamery was started in
1863, but co-operative creameries were not generally successful until
after 1880. It was about this time that the centrifugal cream separator
came into practical use, and this gave creameries a special impetus and
advantage. From this time the dairy industry grew with marvelous
rapidity until for several yeai*s the production of milk and making it
into butter in co-operative creameries has been the chief industry of

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

229

the country. There are 1,100 co-operative and 300 private creameries
in Denmark. These manufacture over 200.000,000 pounds of butter a
year, eighty per cent, of which is exported to Great Britain.

Rear view Danish creamery. Milk cans on receiving platform at left.

The milk is hauled to the creameries in large milk wagons which
pass along the main roads. Farmers living off these roads bring the
milk to the hauler. Same farmers combine with their neighbors and
haul the milk themselves. In summer the milk is delivered twice a day

Milk hauler.

and in winter once. Stringent rules are laid down in regard to cooling
the milk on the farm and in not mixing morning's and night's milk.
All foods which may impart an objectionable flavor to the milk are
forbidden. JNIilk from newlv calved cows must not be sent to the cream-

230

Missouri Agricultural E< port.

ery until after the fifth day, and milk from diseased cows is prohibited.
The creameries are compelled hy law, to pasteurize all skim milk by
heating to 180 degrees F. before it leaves the creamery, to prevent the
spread of tuberculosis through this medium. Penalties are imposed
for nonobservance of these rules, but the loyalty of the Danes to their
o^nl organization makes it rarely, if ever, necessary to inflict these
penalties.

When the JDanes decided to make butter
for the English market, they, of course,
had a large amount of skim milk as a by-
product, and in looking for a way to get
the most money out 'of this, they soon dis-
covered that English bacon was selling at
a high price, and at once set about con-
verting their surplus skim milk into bacon
hogs, and exporting bacon to England with
the butter.
The creamery buildings are always sanitary and substantial, being
constiTicted of brick, with slate roofs and cement or tile floors. They
have a tidy appearance and are surrounded by a lawn kept neatly
trimmed and planted with trees, shrubs and flowers.

The machinery used in the creameries is not as convenient or up-to-
date as ours. Of the 1,400 creameries in Denmark, only 300 have the
combined churn and worker — the

A mother of Danish bacon.

remaining 1,100 using the old up-
right Danish churn and table
worker. ]\lany of the butter makei"s
still use six or eight old fashioned
shot giui cans in which to develop
their starter.

The secret of the Danish butter
makers' success lies largely in their
habit of thoroughness. They first
construct a sanitaiy building and
then keep it clean by daily scrub-
bing. This applies equally well to all the machinery and apparatus in
the creamery. In addition to this thvy have milk delivered to the
creamery in almost ideal condition. Another secret of the Danish butter-
makers' success is that they study their business thoroughly, becoming
very proficient, as they expect to remain at this occupation for their
life work. Because of this proficiency they tuni out a product of

Dani.sh farmer's wagon delivering liacon
liogs at train.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe.

231

uniformly high quality which is the chief factor in the success with an
export trade.

WHAT WE MAY LEARN PROM DENMARK.

To show the marvelous recent development in Danish dairying it
is only necessary to state that the receipts from cows at the present
time are seventeen times what they were thirty years ago. From the
million dairy cows of Denmark is exported 200,000,000 pounds of but-
ter a year, worth $44,000,000. At this rate, Illinois, in proportion to
her area, would have to export $176,000,000 worth of butter annually.

With all our boasting about rapid progress and a developed civili-
zation in America, we are a slow people. The Danes owe their rapid
rise and marvelous success as a dairy nation to the fact that they were

A load of Danish butter for export to England.

alive to the demands of the markets of the world and strove to meet
those offering the greatest remuneration. To secure and hold these,
when a practice has been proved by economic value they do not waste
a generation or two in adopting and putting it into general use.

The Danish dairyman understands that co-operation is one of the
chief underlying principles for the highest success. This attitude is
in striking contrast to that of the average American dairyman. Co-
operative creameries are frequently pointed to in America as the only
thing in which co-operation among farmers has been successful, yet
most of our creameries in Illinois started co-operative, and in a few
years either closed or changed to independent ownership. This shows
in a most striking manner the lack of the co-operative, trustful spirit
among American dairymen, which has proven of such great value to
the dairymen of little Denmark.

232 Missouri Agricultural Report.

The Danes have incorporated in their people the important knowl-
edge that money is not the only thing in life, and that each man owes
a duty to his fellows — that the interests of the community — yes, the
nation — may prosper. This has yet to be instilled in the hearts of many
Americans.

The Danes do not have as good a climate or soil as is enjoyed in
the Central West. They have small patches of different crops, and
cannot take advantage of four-horse teams' large implements and ma-
chinery'', as can the Americans. They cut much grain by hand, and
many of their methods are laborious.

The important question then is : How can the Dane afford to im-
port and feed our corn and sell his butter in competition with us? He
does this by being a close student of all the principles of dairying. He
understands that dairying is an occupation requiring brains, thought
and skill ; that he must have efficient cows, economically fed and well
cared for.

"When such a state of dairy intelligence as is found in Denmark
exists among even the American farmers who pretend to be dairymen,
there wall be less wasting of years of weary unprofitable toil." — Hoard.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS.

It is the history of the world that it is not the largest nations
that have done the really great things. In the dairy world it has re-
mained for the little countries of Denmark and Holland to achieve the
most enconomical production of high grade dair^^ products.

The production of clean milk is what every American dairyman
must come to before we can hope to attain for our dairy products the
high standard of execellence so conspicuous in the dairy products of
Scotland, Holland and Denmark.

In general, European dairymen have learned most thoroughly that
to make money in dairying the first essential is to eliminate every
"star boarder" that pulls down the profits, and have a good herd — a
herd in which every individual cow is an economical producer of a high
order. They have also learned that these good cows must be well and
economical!}^ fed and cared for.

The American dairymen should wake up to a full realization of
his natural advantages in the cheap feed and good markets, and go at
dairying in earnest, realizing that it requires brains, study and common
sense to succeed. He should fit up convenient, substantial and perma-
nent buildings and not shift from one phase of agriculture to another,
but stay at dairying for a lifetime.

Dairy Suggestions from Europe. 233

In no country does everything give place to dairying as it does in
Denmark and Holland, and in no country in the world are the farmers
so prosperous and self respecting.

There is no dairy country, though the land may be worth $1,000
an acre, that has the natural advantages for the production of dairy
products enjoyed in the central part of the United States. None of the
intensive dairy countries of Europe can produce and preserve in good
condition for winter feeding of dairy cows the amount of digestible
nutrients per acre that can be secured in the Central West with corn
silage and alfalfa hay.

There must be great opportunities ahead of the American dairymen
if Denmark can profitably feed our grain and maintain, through dairy
exports, her place as one of the most thrifty nations of the world.

To embrace these opportunities, the American dairyman must re-
alize that the four things practiced in Europe that make the difference
between success and failure with the individual and that apply directly
to the American dairyman are : a herd of efficient cows : economical feed
and care ; and clean methods.

ESSENTIALS TO SUCCESS WITH ALFALFA IN MISSOURI.

(Prof. M. F. Miller, Ag-ricultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo.)

The Missouri Experiment Station has been conducting experi-
ments with alfalfa on the various soils of the State for a number of
years, and as a result of these experiments the following summary of
the essentials to success may be given :

1. It takes good land to grow alfalfa without considerable care.
Well drained creek and river bottoms, as well as all well drained and
rich uplands, especially those containing plenty of lime, will grow it
readily where it is properly handled. For average to thin lands much
care is necessary to success. A stand may frequently be secured on
average and even thin lands, but the yield is usually not sufficient to
pay, and it is sooner or later taken by the summer grasses unless par-
ticular pains is taken to keep these out.

2. On rich lands alfalfa may be spring sown, but on average lands
fall or late summer sowing is much better. From the middle of August
to the middle of September is usually the best time for uplands in
Central and North Missouri, but in the extreme southern part of the
State it may frequently be sown as late as the first of October. Much
depends upon the weather during August as to just what time it
should be somti. Frequently the first of August is better than later

234 Missouri Agricultural Report.

sowing, and very good returns have been gotten by sowing in July.
From fifteen to t\\enty pounds per acre is the ordinary rate of seed-
ing. Twenty pounds is usually l)est, unless the seed is very good and
the ground is in very good condition. The seed is best broadcasted and
lightly harrowed in, and a more even stand will l)e secured if one-half
the seed is sown ^^■hen the sower is walking north and south and the
other half when walking east and west, The seed may also be drilled
Avith a grain drill, using the grass seed 'spouts and running the seed
through the hoes. l)ut this is not ordinarily as satisfactory as broad-
casting.

3. The seed bed must be well prepared. For spring seeding it
should be plowed in the fall preferably, so as to allow it to be well
settled below. This settling is very essential. It should be worked to
an excellent seed bed on the surface. For fall sowing the land should
be plowed early, preferably in June or July. It should be plowed deep
and weir settled below by thorough working. It should then be kept
harrowed frequently to conserve the moisture and kill the weeds as
they start until time to sow.

4. Inoculation on uplands which have never grown alfalfa before
is beneficial and usually necessary to success. This is especially true
of regions where sweet clover does not grow. Where sweet clover grows
commonly, the land is usually inoculated for alfalfa. Bottom lands
which overflow never need inoculating. Inoculation is best accom-
plished by scattering on two or three hundred pounds per acre of soil
from an old alfalfa field, and harrowing in immediately. This harrow-
ing in shriiild be done so as not to expose these bacteria to sunlight for
any length of time. The soil for inoculation may also be dried away
from the sun, sifted and drilled in with an ordinary fertilizer grain
drill.

5. Liming is beneficial to alfalfa on many South ]\Iissouri soils,
and it is sometimes necessary to success. To begin with, however, one
should learn to grow alfalfa on good land that does not need lime if
he has such land on the place. AVhere lime is used, it should be applied
at the rate of three or four thousand pounds per acre in a convenient
form, except that from gas works, which contains injurious compomids.
The ground limestone is the cheapest where large amounts are to be
applied. Few of th